Energy Requirements of US Army Special Operation Forces During Military Training

Special Operations Forces (SOF) regularly engage in physically demanding combat operations and field training exercises, resulting in high daily energy expenditure, and thus increased energy requirements. However, the majority of studies assessing energy requirements of SOF have been conducted on soldiers going through intense SOF initiation training. The objective of the current investigation was to determine the energy expenditure of SOF conducting military training operations. Thirty-one soldiers taking part in Pre-Mission Training (PMT n = 15) and Combat Diver Qualification Courses (CDQC n = 16) volunteered to participate in this observational study. Energy expenditure was determined using doubly labeled water. Body weight (83 ± 7 kg) remained stable during both training periods. Overall energy expenditure adjusted for body composition was 17,606 ± 2326 kJ·day⁻¹. Energy expenditure was 19,110 ± 1468 kJ·day⁻¹ during CDQC and 16,334 ± 2180 kJ·day⁻¹ during PMT, with physical activity levels of 2.6 ± 0.2 and 2.2 ± 0.3 during CDQC and PMT, respectively. Compared to the Military Dietary Reference Intakes for energy (13,598 kJ·day⁻¹), these data are in agreement with previous reports that energy requirement for SOF Soldiers exceed that of the average soldier.     

Role of Drill Sergeants in Nutrition Behaviors of Soldiers in Basic Combat Training

Background

In the US Army, soldiers’ nutrition behaviors have a direct impact on their performance. The emphasis in basic combat training is on “soldierization” (transforming a civilian into a soldier), and drill sergeants are instrumental in this process. Limited information about how drill sergeants use their influence to have an impact on nutrition behaviors of new soldiers is available.

严肃游戏在外军战术战伤救治模拟训练的应用和思考

近年来随着信息化智能化技术的发展,严肃游戏越来越多地应用于外军战伤救治模拟训练领域。本文从严肃游戏的概念和特征出发,梳理了外军战伤救治相关严肃游戏产品的发展现状,重点介绍了两款严肃游戏产品技术特点,并提出了对我军的借鉴启示。     

Seasonal variations in cryptorchidism.

The month of birth of boys undergoing orchidopexy in the Oxfordshire Health District during the years 1974-83 was analysed. A significant seasonal variation with a peak in April was found for those boys operated upon by paediatric surgeons at a young age (0-4). Possible causes of this variation and its relationship to the aetiology of cryptorchidism are discussed.     

美军后勤保障及其社会化

经过60多年的演变、发展，美军建立起范围遍及全世界、精简、高效的后勤保障组织体系。美军后勤保障基本形成了商业化保障及自主保障两种，其中商业化保障的比重越来越大，成为后勤保障的主要组成部分，但自主保障不可替代，具有重要战略地位。美国国防部制定的后勤商业化活动详细目录及后勤自主保障任务分类明确了两种保障方式的执行范畴，但二之间区分并非绝对化，根据时势需要处于动态的转换之中。目前，美军国防采办及后勤保障业务具体操作已基本实现计算机化网络化。     

Overview: Seasonal variations in cholesterol

There is a common belief that strong evidence supports significant seasonal variations in serum cholesterol. An examination of 19 studies from 1965 to 1979 suggests that the evidence for seasonal variation is not compelling and that some of the earlier studies suffered from a serious methodological error of analysis: comparing means with extreme values. This practice is demonstrated to result in significant findings which are mathematical artifacts rather than meaningful characteristics of distributions.     

驻南方部队防治训练中暑对策探析

本文针对南方部队训练中暑发病率高的特点,分析影响因素,探讨救治措施和预防对策,降低中暑发病率,减少非战斗减员,提高部队战斗力。     

History of food acceptance research in the US Army

The history of food acceptance research by the US Army in Chicago and Natick is reviewed. The review covers the staff of the two research centers, the research programs, and the significant accomplishments of the Army laboratories from the 1940s to the present. Accomplishments begin with the development of the nine-point hedonic scale, and the development of the first Food Acceptance Laboratory. Further accomplishments include studies of sensory psychophysics, food preferences, food choice and food intake. The laboratories designed methods and conducted research on the role of consumer variables in the acceptance of food products and food service systems. Recent work has focused on new scaling approaches, the role of contextual factors and the importance of product expectations. Throughout the period of the review, the Army research has examined the relationship of laboratory acceptance to field acceptance, and the relationship of acceptance to intake.     

Seasonal variations in eating disorder subtypes in Japan

OBJECTIVE: This study estimated the degree of seasonal changes in eating disorder subtypes in Japan. METHOD: A Japanese version of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) was mailed to 228 outpatients with eating disorders in Kyoto (latitude 35 degrees 01' N). Ninety responses were analyzed. The mean of the global seasonality score (GSS) in the SPAQ and the comorbidity rate of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and subsyndromal-SAD in each subtype were used as indices of seasonality. RESULTS: The mean (8.2) of the GSS of the bulimia nervosa (BN) group and the sum (43%) of the comorbidity rates of SAD and subsyndromal-SAD in the BN group were significantly higher than those in the nonclinical comparison group. DISCUSSION: The seasonality of BN in Kyoto is the highest among eating disorder subtypes, although lower than that in North America. This finding suggests that light therapy could be useful for Japanese BN patients.     

Occupational and geographic risk factors for hepatitis B among US Army enlisted personnel during 1980

Hepatitis B hospitalization rates for US Army enlisted personnel were determined by occupation and geographic area for 1980. The only group in the US Army currently recommended to receive hepatitis B vaccine is medical personnel regularly exposed to blood. Other groups of Army personnel, specifically those working in areas of high hepatitis B endemicity, have been thought to be at higher risk. Therefore, this work was undertaken to document hospitalization rates for all personnel using occupational blood exposure criteria as well as geographic area of assignment as risk factors for hepatitis B. The hospitalization rates underestimate true rates of hepatitis B incidence by a wide margin, and therefore were not used to calculate specific costs and specific benefits for a new vaccination strategy. In spite of this limitation, these data were useful for calculating relative risk, attributable risk, and amount of vaccine preventable disease. The risk of hospitalization for blood-exposed employees was consistently higher than that for non-blood-exposed personnel. The magnitude of the relative risk for blood exposure may be as high as 3.8 times or as low as 1.2 times, depending on which occupational comparison group is used. The relative risk of hospitalization in South Korea vs. the United States was 3.1 (p less than 0.0001), that for Europe vs. the United States, 2.1 (p less than 0.0001). Of all occupational and geographic risk comparisons, assignment to South Korea carried the highest attributable risk: 225 per 100,000. The amount of vaccine preventable disease in personnel assigned to South Korea was similar to that in occupationally blood-exposed employees (5.5 vs. 5.2 hospitalized cases per 1,000 vaccinees) after prorating exposure to risk based on average number of days of exposure to risk over three years. These data support the argument that geographic factors are as important as occupational blood exposure in defining risk of hepatitis B hospitalization among the US Army enlisted personnel.     

基层部队卫生装备管理初探

根据近几年为体系部队巡回检修卫生装备积累的大量经验，对部队在卫生装备管理上存在的问题和解决办法进行了初步探讨。旨在逐步加强基层部队的卫生装备管理规范化，提高卫生装备保障力。     

美军卫生军官成长管理给我军的启示

为推进部队卫生机构改革试点向纵深发展,探索建立部队卫生专业技术干部的合理流动机制,本文对美军的卫生军官职业管理、教育培训、人员编配和晋升体系等内容进行分析,为我军完善教育培训制度、优化职业发展路径、优化部队卫生人员机构组成提出建议,为我军部队卫生专业技术干部培训和使用提供借鉴。     

8周基础军训对入伍新兵红细胞及其相关指标的影响

目的探讨8周基础军训(basic military training,BMT)对入伍新兵血像中红细胞及其相关指标的影响,为指导科学的军事训练提供参考。方法数据来自新疆边防部队2015年度入伍的50名男性新兵,分别在BMT前后测定并记录受试新兵的红细胞计数、血红蛋白浓度及血清铁蛋白等。结果经过8周的BMT,新兵血液中血红蛋白浓度、红细胞计数及血清铁蛋白均显著下降(P0.05,P0.01)。结论 8周BMT可能导致入伍新兵发生运动性贫血,铁缺乏可能是其主要原因。     

军队护理函授教育人才培养方案改革的探讨

为了适应新形势下军队建设任务,军队护理人员亟需不断提高自身理论水平、技术能力及综合能力.本校在以往办学基础上,对护理函授继续教育人才培养方案进行改革创新,突出新培养方案内容的灵活性、自主性、全面性、针对性、层次性,并采取学生自学、教师面授、网络教学、专题讲座等多种教学形式,积极推行素质教育和创新教育,努力培养函授学生创造性思维能力和综合素质.     

Seasonal variations of antioxidant imbalance in Cuban healthy men

OBJECTIVE: To determine the antioxidant imbalance in healthy Cuban men 2y after the end of the epidemic neuropathy (50 862 cases from 1991 to 1993) and to evaluate its change over 1 y. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: La Lisa health centres (Havana, Cuba). SUBJECTS: One-hundred and ninety-nine healthy middle-aged men were selected and 106 completed the study. Subjects were studied at 3 month intervals over 1 year. INTERVENTIONS: No invervention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: An assessment of dietary intake and the determination of blood lipid peroxides (TBARS), glutathione, diglutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, vitamin E, carotenoids, copper, zinc and selenium were performed at each period. RESULTS: While dietary zinc, vitamins C and E, carotenoids and fat dietary intakes and blood concentrations were low for adult men compared to international reference ranges, serum TBARS concentrations were high at every period. Some significant seasonal variations were observed. The lowest carotenoids (P < 0.002) and vitamin C(P = 0.0001) intakes, serum beta-carotene (P = 0.0001) and lutein/zeaxanthin (P < 0.05) concentrations, and the highest blood TBARS (P = 0.0001) and diglutathione (P < 0.001) concentrations were observed at the end of the rainy season (October). This period seemed to pose the greatest risk of antioxidant imbalance. CONCLUSIONS: Cuban men still represent a vulnerable population in terms of antioxidant imbalance. A national program of vegetable growing and increase in fruit and vegetable consumption is now evaluated in Cuba.     

基层部队卫生装备使用管理浅析

从近几年对体系部队进行卫生装备检修所掌握的情况出发,阐述了目前基层部队卫生装备使用管理中存在的问题及原因。在强化教育、完善制度、坚持维护保养、加强人才培养及检修机构建设5个方面提出了改进意见,旨在更好地发挥卫生装备效益,提升保障能力。