Secondary intraocular lens implantation in children

PURPOSE: We describe a technique for secondary intraocular lens implantation in the ciliary sulcus in patients with congenital cataract or with primary aphakia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Secondary intraocular lens implantation was performed in 119 eyes of 74 children. The average age at this procedure was 6.8 (range 22 months to 10 years), whereas the average age at primary cataract surgery was 18 weeks (range 7 weeks to 19 months). The average follow-up was 5.7 years. All eyes received a PMMA IOL. The sites of IOL fixation was ciliary sulcus. All patients had cataract extraction (lensectomy) via the pars plana, leaving in situ peripheral collarette of capsular bag to enable secondary lens implantation. RESULTS: Complications included IOL dislocation in five eyes, visual axis opacification in four, pupillary capture in one eye. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary IOL implantation in the ciliary sulcus is a safe and effective method to correct aphakia in pediatric patients with adequate capsular support. This surgical procedure is associated with a low rate of complications.     

外伤性无晶状体眼二期后房型人工晶状体植入术

目的探讨外伤后无晶状体眼的二期后房型人工晶状体植入的手术方法和疗效。方法对58例（58眼）外伤性无晶状体眼行二期后房型人工晶状体植入术。其中50例伴有不同程度眼前段结构紊乱,同时行眼前段重建,包括虹膜粘连松解、虹膜根部离断缝合、瞳孔成形、以及瞳孔区机化膜切开等。8例晶状体玻璃体切除术后的无晶状体眼,应用玻璃体腔放置灌注管维持眼压。结果均顺利植入后房型人工晶状体,术后随访5～24个月。后房型睫状沟二期人工晶状体植入41眼（70．69％）,缝襻固定后房型人工晶状体17眼（29．31％）;术后视力均达到或优于术前矫正视力,最佳矫正视力t〉0．3者38眼（65．52％）。术后瞳孔圆者32眼（55．17％）,人工晶状体正位者50眼（86．21％）,7眼稍偏位,1眼人工晶状体倾斜。结论二期后房型人工晶状体植入术是治疗外伤性无晶状体眼的有效而安全术式,可取得良好效果,术前手术设计和熟练的操作技巧是手术成功的关键。     

儿童玻璃体切除术后无晶状体眼的二期人工晶体植入术

目的评价儿童玻璃体切除术后无晶状体眼二期人工晶体植入术的视力效果、手术技巧及其安全性.方法对32例儿童眼内炎玻璃体切除术后的无晶状体眼行人工晶状体植入术.采用颞下方平坦部巩膜灌注,行后房型人工晶体睫状沟缝线固定术,术后随访6～24月.结果所有患者均达到或超过术前最佳矫正视力,术后裸眼视力＜0.1者2眼,0.1～0.2者8眼,0.2～04者16眼,＞05者4眼.无严重远期并发症.结论儿童眼内炎玻璃体切除术后二期人工晶体睫状沟缝线固定术,手术效果可靠,术后并发症少,是矫正儿童无晶状体眼的理想手术方法.     

Sulcus fixation without capsular support in children.

PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term follow-up in eyes of children who had sulcus fixation of an intraocular lens (IOL) without capsular support. SETTING: St. Eriks Eye Hospital/Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. METHODS: This retrospective study included 21 eyes of 13 children. Seven eyes had Marfan's syndrome, 7 essential lens dislocation, 2 perforation with lens injury, and 5 spherophakia. The IOL implantation was primary in 16 eyes and secondary in 5 eyes. Lensectomy was performed with a limbal approach. An IOL with holes in the haptics was sutured in the sulcus, with the knots buried in the scleral bed. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 5.8 years +/- 2.6 (SD). Follow-up ranged from 9 to 33 months. No complications occurred during surgery. In all cases after IOL implantation, best corrected visual acuity was equal to or better than preoperatively. After surgery, no opacification of the visual axis, secondary glaucoma, or retinal complication was recorded. Posterior synechia formation occurred in 4 eyes, and 4 had cells on the IOL surface in 2 eyes, the IOL optic subluxated into the anterior chamber with the haptics in place. Both cases were successfully treated with pilocarpine 4%. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that sulcus fixation of an IOL without capsular support is an option to correct aphakia in children.     

两种硅油取出联合人工晶状体Ⅱ期植入术疗效比较

目的:比较经睫状体平坦部三切口硅油取出联合人工晶状体囊袋内或睫状沟植入术与既往二切口硅油取出联合人工晶状体睫状沟缝合术治疗玻璃体切割术后硅油填充无晶状体眼的疗效及并发症。方法:回顾性分析2004-01/2006-12及2007-01/2009-12于中国医科大学附属第一医院眼科分别行上述两种硅油取出联合人工晶状体Ⅱ期植入术共计698例713眼,其中二切口组305例314眼,三切口组393例399眼,比较两组视力提高、术中及围手术期并发症、术后1a内玻璃体再出血、视网膜脱离复发、视网膜前膜发生率。结果:二切口组术后视力提高2行及以上98眼(31.2%),术后发生角膜内皮失代偿6眼(1.9%),术后发生低眼压13眼(4.1%),高眼压者11眼(3.5%),人工晶状体严重偏位者17眼(5.4%),术后1a内玻璃体再出血37眼(11.8%),视网膜脱离复发24眼(7.6%),视网膜前膜者45眼(14.3%);三切口组术后视力提高2行及以上者217眼(54.4%),术后角膜内皮失代偿及术后高眼压者均为0,术后低眼压5眼(1.3%),人工晶状体严重偏位者6眼(1.6%),术后1a内玻璃体再出血9眼(2.3%),视网膜脱离复发7眼(1.8%),视网膜前膜者3眼(0.8%),两组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:与既往二切口硅油取出联合人工晶状体睫状沟缝合术比较,经睫状体平坦部三切口硅油取出联合人工晶状体囊袋内或睫状沟植入术疗效更好,并发症少,适宜广泛应用。     

儿童人工晶状体二期植入术

目的探讨人工晶状体（IOL）二期植入术矫正儿童无晶状体眼的疗效和手术适应证。方法对37例（57眼）后囊和悬韧带完整或仅中央区后囊缺损的儿童无晶状体眼,二期植入人工晶状体,术后随访3～54个月。结果术后裸眼视力均等于或高于术前矫正视力,其中术后裸眼视力≥0．5者30眼（52．63％）,术后矫正视力≥0．5者45眼（78．95％）。并发症包括虹膜后粘连9眼（15．79％）,前房渗出物7眼（12．28％）,人工品状体偏位2眼（3．51％）。结论对于尚存完整或部分后囊支撑的无晶状体眼进行前后囊软性分离,注吸周边增生的皮质,虹膜粘连分离,后囊切开,前段玻璃体切除,再植入人工晶状体,可改善患儿视功能。     

Original three-point fixation technique for sutured posterior chamber intraocular lens

PURPOSE AND METHODS: In order to avoid the complications associated with posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) scleral fixation, the authors have developed an original surgical technique by which the IOL is secured at the ciliary sulcus by suturing the haptics to the sclera in three points (at the 3, 5 and 9 o'clock positions). This technique was utilized for secondary IOL implantation in 21 aphakic eyes. The mean follow-up was 18 months, range 6-28 months. RESULTS: All eyes that underwent secondary implants had equal or better visual acuity postoperatively; none developed serious intra- or postoperative complications. No tilt or decentration of the IOL was observed postoperatively. DISCUSSION: The technique described appeared easy to perform and produced good visual outcomes with stable transscleral fixation of the IOL.     

Role of ultrasound biomicroscopy in the planning for secondary implantation of intra ocular lens in aphakia

Purpose This is a prospective investigational study that was performed at Tanta University Eye Hospital, Tanta, Egypt to evaluate the role of ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in planning secondary implantation of intra ocular lens (IOL) in aphakia. Methods Preoperative UBM was performed for the assessment of anterior segment of 30 aphakic eyes admitted for secondary IOL implantation with special attention to central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), ciliary sulcus (CS), anatomical changes, and posterior capsular (PC) integrity which had been assessed by measuring the remnants of PC with special attention to the 12, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 9 o’clock meridians. Results This study involved 30 eyes in 27 patients; 16 males and 11 females. The mean age was 8.39 ± 2.36 years. The causes of aphakia were: congenital cataract extraction in14 eyes (46.7 %); trauma in 14 eyes (46.7 %); and after extracapsular cataract extraction in 2 eyes (6.6 %). The mean CCT was 0.61 + 0.35 mm and the mean ACD was 3.03 + 0.41 mm. The ciliary sulcus was patent in 28 eyes (93.4 %). Posterior synechia was observed in 8 eyes (26.7 %), lens remnants in 11 eyes (36.7 %), corneal scars in 11 eyes (36.7 %), and vitreous in anterior chamber in 1 eye (3.3 %). The integrity of PC was illustrated with a diagram. Conclusions UBM is a useful device to evaluate aphakic eyes before secondary IOL implantation through good evaluation of the anterior segment with special attention to the posterior capsular integrity, ciliary sulcus, anterior chamber depth, corneal thickness, and detection of any structural changes in the anterior segment resulting from the remote cause of aphakia.     

Ciliary sulcus anatomical dimensions

Trans-scleral ciliary sulcus and iris suture fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lenses (IOLs) in eyes without posterior capsular support are techniques gaining wider acceptance. Primary indications are IOL exchange in pseudophakic bullous keratopathy and secondary IOL insertion in aphakia. Accurate placement of the posterior chamber lens loops within the ciliary sulcus is based on knowledge of ciliary sulcus anatomy. Nineteen postmortem eyes were sectioned in the coronal plane to expose the posterior iris border and the ciliary body. Ciliary sulcus diameters were measured, and the mean diameter was 11.0 +/- 0.37 mm. The mean limbus-ciliary sulcus distance was then measured by passing 26-gauge needles through the ciliary sulcus and sclera. The mean limbus-ciliary sulcus distance was 0.9 mm. These measurements may guide ophthalmic surgeons in choosing appropriate IOL designs for IOL exchange or secondary IOL procedures.     

玻璃体切割术后无晶状体眼行前房灌注下Ⅱ期IOL缝线固定术

目的：探讨前房灌注下玻璃体切割术后无晶状体眼Ⅱ期人工晶状体(IOL)缝线固定术的方法及疗效。

方法：对30例30眼玻璃体切割术后6～12mo无晶状体眼的患者行前房灌注下后房人工晶状体缝线固定术,术后随访1.5a。

结果：患者30例30眼在前房灌注下,成功实施了后房缝线固定IOL植入术,术中出现睫状体出血1例,术后玻璃体出血1例,脉络膜脱离2例。所有患者术后视力均得到提高,视力≥0.3者24例(80%),其中视力≥0.5者8例(27%); 视力<0.3者6例(20%),其中视力<0.1者2例(7%)。

结论：前房灌注下行此类手术,术中眼压控制稳定,手术效果可靠,术后并发症少,是治疗玻璃体切割术后无晶状体眼、恢复视功能的可靠手术方法。     

Influence of intraoperative complication on intraocular rigid lens fixation in pediatric cataract surgery

PURPOSE: This paper presents the intraoperative complications in pediatric cataract surgery with IOL implantation and their influence on fixation place. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 384 eyes of 276 children undergone operative procedure for cataract. Anterior capsulorhexis, lens cortical aspiration, primary posterior capsulorhexis with anterior vitrectomy and IOL implantation were done in all eyes. The place of IOL implantation was capsular sac or ciliary sulcus. RESULTS: There were no serious intraoperative complications but in cases with large anterior (5.2%) and posterior (14.6%) radial capsule tears, vitreous loss (12.3%), and hemorrhage (5.5%) to anterior and posterior chamber the IOL was fixated at ciliary sulcus (in 37.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The surgical procedure is useful and safe in the management of pediatric cataract. Location of an IOL in the ciliary sulcus in a child, is acceptable. To avoid decentration in this cases, we recommend rigid PMMA IOLs.     

Preoperative assessment of secondary intraocular lens implantation for aphakia: a comparison of 2 techniques

PURPOSE: To compare the preoperative evaluation of secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in aphakic adults following cataract extraction in childhood using slitlamp examination and high-frequency ultrasound (HFU). METHODS: In a prospective case series, patients who had had lensectomies for congenital cataracts without primary implantation IOL were evaluated for secondary IOL insertion. Slitlamp examination and HFU were performed to study the degree of ciliary sulcus support and iridocapsular adhesions. The choice of IOL (posterior sulcus supported or anterior chamber) was compared using the 2 techniques. RESULTS: Nine eyes of 5 patients (3 men and 2 women aged 15 to 40 years) were assessed for secondary IOL insertion. Clinical slitlamp examination suggested that 3 of 9 eyes had inadequate sulcociliary support, but HFU of these eyes revealed more than adequate capsular remnants. In all 9 eyes, sulcus-supported posterior chamber IOLs were implanted. No postoperative complications were observed, and no patients required surgery for dislocated IOL. CONCLUSIONS: High-frequency ultrasound is a useful adjunct for the preoperative assessment of secondary ciliary sulcus-supported IOL implantation in aphakic patients who had congenital cataract extraction without IOL implantation. In patients in whom inadequate dilation precludes the detection of capsular support, posterior ciliary sulcus-supported secondary IOL implantation should be considered preoperatively. Although the technique enhances surgical planning and informed patient consent, the final decision occurs at the time of surgery with direct visualization of the ciliary sulcus support.     

眼外伤晶状体玻璃体切除术后二期IOL植入术

目的 探讨复杂性眼外伤玻璃体切除术后无晶状体眼二期人工晶状体植入术临床疗效，评估手术的可行性及安全性。方法 手术31例(31眼)，术后随访3～20月，观察视力、散光度、眼压及并发症：结果 30眼术后裸眼视力均达到或接近术前矫正视力：后房型人工晶状体睫状沟植入7眼中视力≥0．5者占28．57％，后房型人工晶状体透巩膜睫状沟缝线固定术18眼中视力≥0.5者占22．22％，虹膜型人工晶状体植入术6眼中视力≥0．5者占33．33％：1眼视力下降。结论 复杂性眼外伤行玻璃体切除术后二期人工晶状体植入，经过术前病例的选择，术中采用眼内灌注，适宜的人工晶状体植入，可获得较好的视力。     

Implantation of a black diaphragm intraocular lens in ten cases of post-traumatic aniridia

PURPOSE: To retrospectively review the safety and efficacy of black-diaphragm intraocular lenses (IOL) implanted for the treatment of post-traumatic aniridia. METHODS: Ten patients (mean age 48 years, range 21-75) were implanted with a black-diaphragm posterior chamber IOL (Morcher GmbH, model 67F) for correction of post-traumatic aniridia associated with cataract or aphakia. This IOL, in poly(methylmethacrylate), consists of an opaque diaphragm surrounding the transparent optic, and was inserted through a 10-mm scleral tunnel (seven eyes) or through the corneal trephination in cases of simultaneous penetrating keratoplasty (three eyes), and in-the-sulcus implanted, trans-sclerally sutured (six eyes) or on capsular support (four eyes). Mean follow-up was 33.4 months (range 12-52). RESULTS: Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved in eight eyes and remained unchanged in two. Glare and photophobia decreased in all patients. Intraoperatively, ciliary sulcus bleeding occurred in two cases and haptic rupture during lens insertion in one. Postoperatively, persistent intraocular inflammation was seen in four eyes, secondary glaucoma in four eyes, transient hyphema and/or hemovitreous in four, IOL decentration in two, and post-traumatic haptic detachment in one eye. CONCLUSIONS: Although in our experience the haptics still seem weak and the diaphragm diameter too large, implantation of the black-diaphragm IOL type 67F appeared sufficiently safe and provided satisfactory functional results for correction of post-traumatic aniridia combined with cataract or aphakia, improving BCVA and reducing glare and photophobia in most patients, though clearly more cases and longer follow-up are needed to assess its clinical performance properly.     

后房型人工晶状体置换42例临床分析

目的探讨后房型人工晶状体置换的原因及处理方法。方法对42例（42只眼）行后房型人工晶状体置换术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结手术原因及方法。观察手术前后人工晶状体位置、最佳矫正视力、角膜、眼压及并发症情况。结果在42例人工晶状体置换病例中,人工晶状体全脱位与不全脱位39只眼;人工晶状体度数错误1只眼;瞳孔夹持1只眼;人工晶状体混浊1只眼。经角巩膜缘切口直接取出人工晶状体27只眼;联合玻璃体切割15只眼。人工晶状体置换联合睫状沟襻固定38只眼;单纯人工晶状体置换4只眼。手术前后最佳矫正视力比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。术后患者视力有所提高,眼压稳定。术后无严重并发症发生。结论人工晶状体置换是人工晶状体植入术后出现严重并发症的有效处理方法。根据具体情况适时正确置换人工晶状体,可有效改善患者视功能。     

改良后房型人工晶状体缝线固定术临床观察

目的：评价改良的后房型人工晶状体经巩膜缝线固定术的临床疗效。方法：将82例拟行后房型人工晶状体经巩膜缝线固定术的患者随机分成两组：改良后的无巩膜瓣线结埋藏式及经睫状体平坦部固定组;常规的有巩膜瓣经睫状沟缝线固定组。分别观察两组的手术时间、术后视力、术后并发症。结果：本研究中改良组的手术时间平均为39.95±5.87min,常规巩膜瓣组的时间平均为45.77±5.21min,两组手术时间存在显著差异。术后视力两组无显著差异。两组均未发生线结外露缝线磨损、术后眼内炎、视网膜脱离并发症。常规巩膜瓣组易出现人工晶状体光学部夹持现象。结论：改良的后房型人工晶状体经巩膜缝线固定术是一种矫正无足够后囊膜支持眼的安全、有效、简洁的术式。     

Use of AcrySof acrylic foldable intraocular lens for secondary implantation in children.

PURPOSE: Secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is an increasingly viable option in the management of pediatric aphakia. We report our experience of secondary IOL implantation in pediatric patients using the AcrySof (Alcon Surgical, Fort Worth, Texas) 3-piece foldable lenses through a small incision. METHODS: We reviewed the records of all our patients < 18 years undergoing secondary IOL implantation of the AcrySof lens from 1997 to 2001. All patients with a minimum of 6 months follow-up were included. Records were analyzed for age at surgery, postoperative acuity change, postoperative refractive error and anisometropia, surgical complications, and length of follow-up. RESULTS: Fifty-five eyes of 36 patients were included in the review. Mean age at surgery was 7.4 years (1.1 to 15.4), and mean follow-up was 28 months (6.3 months to 5 years). Vision decrease > 2 lines was noted in 3 eyes (5.8%) during the follow-up period. Complications included IOL decentration in 3 eyes (5%), wound leak in 3 eyes (5%), secondary membrane formation in 5 eyes (9%), pupillary block glaucoma in 1 eye (2%), and ptosis in 1 eye (2%). Four eyes (7%) required reoperation for complications. Mean postoperative refractive error was -0.1 +/- 3.2 diopters (D), and mean anisometropia was 2.01 +/- 1.44 D. Glaucoma subsequently developed in 6 eyes (11%), 2 of which required surgical correction. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary placement of the AcrySof IOL in the ciliary sulcus is a safe and effective method to correct aphakia in pediatric patients with adequate capsular support. The incidence of complications requiring reoperation is low.     

无晶状体眼屈光矫治方法的概述

无晶状体眼的屈光矫治方法包括框架眼镜矫正、角膜接触镜矫正和人工晶状体(IOL)植入术.框架眼镜矫正物像放大率高,视野受限,婴幼儿无晶状体眼因眼球尚处在发育阶段致无法植入人工晶状体而多选用框架眼镜矫正.角膜接触镜物像放大率低,分为软性角膜接触镜和硬性角膜接触镜,前者因透氧性差易致眼表病变故应用较少,后者透氧性强,尤适合于眼外伤所致不规则散光者或虹膜缺失者.目前临床上最常用的还是人工晶状体植入术,植入人工晶状体的眼更符合生理解剖结构,可以尽量避免屈光参差、像差等不足.根据人工晶状体的植入位置共分为前房型人工晶状体植入术和后房型人工晶状体植入术,前房型人工晶状体植入术又分为房角固定型人工晶状体植入术和虹膜固定型人工晶状体植入术,后房型人工晶状体植入术分为Ⅱ期囊袋内人工晶状体植入术、睫状沟人工晶状体植入术和经巩膜缝线式人工晶状体植入术.     

无晶状体眼二期人工晶状体植入20例临床观察

目的:观察无晶状体眼二期人工晶状体植入的疗效。方法:对20例无晶状体眼的患者,采用睫状沟悬吊固定手术二期植入人工晶状体。随诊3～12mo,观察术后视力、眼压、人工晶状体位置及术中术后并发症。结果:所选20例患者术后第1d裸眼视力0.1～0.3者1例,0.4～0.5者6例,0.6～0.8者12例。眼压平均18～20mmHg。术后角膜水肿1例,经氯化钠眼药水及复方妥布霉素眼药水治疗1wk后吸收。角膜切口处水肿5例,1wk后自行吸收。结膜下出血5例,5～10d吸收。随访3～12mo,20眼手术后人工晶状体位置居中,未发现明显偏斜。无青光眼、视网膜脱离等严重的并发症。老年性白内障术后无晶状体眼的患者二期人工晶状体植入后视力恢复较理想。结论:对于白内障术后无晶状体眼患者,采用睫状沟悬吊固定手术二期植入人工晶状体,不仅获得良好的裸眼视力和矫正视力,同时可减少一系列并发症。     

后囊破损的Ⅱ期后房型人工晶体植人术

目的探讨后囊破损Ⅱ期后房型人工晶体植入术的临床疗效。方法对２２例（２２只眼）后囊破损的白内障术后患者,根据后囊破损的大小和位置,分别采用睫状沟或囊袋内固定和缝线睫状沟单襻或双襻固定的Ⅱ期后房型人工晶体植入术。结果后囊破损的Ⅱ期后房型人工晶体植入术术后矫正视力≥０．５者占５９．１％（１３例）,术后前房及人工晶体表面渗出者占２２．７％（５例）,而同期所做的后囊破损的Ⅰ期后房型人工晶体植入术者术后矫正视力≥０．５者占４０％,术后前房及晶体表面渗出者占４０％。结论后囊破损的白内障患者,在破损的范围不能确定或范围过大时,主张选择Ⅱ期后房型人工晶体植入术。