盐酸戊乙奎醚抑制脂多糖致急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的活化

目的:观察盐酸戊乙奎醚(PHC)对脂多糖(LPS)致急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠肺组织p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)、c-jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)活化的影响。方法:SD大鼠随机分为对照组、LPS模型组（5 mg/kg LPS,iv）和LPS+PHC高、中、低(3.0、1.0和0.3 mg/kg)3个剂量组,每组6只,进行PHC对肺组织p38MAPK、JNK表达的量效性分析;另取大鼠在注入NS后即刻0（对照组）和注射LPS后2 h、4 h、6 h和12 h共5个时点,每时点6只,进行肺组织p38MAPK、JNK表达的时效性分析。蛋白免疫印迹法检测肺组织p38MAPK、JNK的表达。结果:LPS模型组大鼠肺组织磷酸化p38MAPK、JNK的表达显著高于对照组（P＜0.05);PHC高剂量组显著抑制LPS诱导的大鼠肺组织磷酸化p38MAPK表达（P＜0.05);PHC在造模后6 h时最能有效抑制磷酸化p38MAPK上调。与LPS模型组相比,PHC高、中、低剂量组磷酸化JNK的表达均无显著差异(均P＞0.05);造模后不同时点,PHC对磷酸化JNK的表达均无抑制作用。结论:PHC抑制LPS诱导的ALI大鼠肺组织p38MAPK活化,但不能抑制JNK活化,PHC对LPS诱导大鼠ALI的拮抗作用可能与其抑制p38MAPK的活化有关。     

二烯丙基三硫通过NF-κB抑制脂多糖诱导小鼠肺组织IL-1β表达

目的探讨核因子-κB(NF-κB)在二烯丙基三硫(DATS)抑制脂多糖(LPS)致急性肺损伤(ALI)小鼠IL-1β表达中的作用。方法小鼠随机分为对照组、ALI组、DATS组、DATS预防组和DATS治疗组。RT-PCR检测肺组织中IL-1βmRNA表达。电泳迁移率改变(EMSA)检测肺组织NF-κB活性,Western blot检测肺组织中磷酸化及非磷酸化IκB的表达。结果ALI组小鼠肺组织中IL-1βmRNA表达明显升高(P<0.01),NF-κB活性及磷酸化IκB表达也明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。DATS预防组可显著抑制肺组织中IL-1βmRNA表达(P<0.05)、NF-κB活性及磷酸化IκB表达(P<0.05),但DATS治疗组的抑制效果不明显。结论DATS可通过抑制LPS诱导的IκB磷酸化及随后的NF-κB活化,进而抑制ALI小鼠肺组织IL-1βmRNA表达,这是DATS发挥抗ALI作用的信号传导机制之一。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚抑制脂多糖性肺损伤大鼠肺泡II型上皮细胞损伤和ERK活化

目的： 观察盐酸戊乙奎醚(PHC)对脂多糖(LPS)性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠肺泡II型上皮细胞(ATII)和肺组织细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）活化的影响。 方法： SD大鼠随机分为对照组、LPS组（静脉注射5 mg/kg LPS）和LPS+PHC高、中、低(3.0、1.0和0.3 mg/kg)3个剂量组,每组8只,测定肺湿重/干重（W/D）比值,考马斯亮蓝法测BALF蛋白含量,双缩脲法测血浆蛋白含量,并计算肺通透指数（LPI=BALF蛋白/血浆蛋白）,透射电镜观察各组ATII超微结构,并进行PHC影响肺组织ERK表达的量效性分析;另取大鼠在注入生理盐水（NS）后即刻0 h（对照组）和注射LPS后2 h、4 h、6 h和12 h共5个时点,每时点6只,进行PHC影响肺组织ERK表达的时效性分析。蛋白免疫印迹法检测肺组织ERK的表达。 结果： LPS组大鼠电镜下可见ATII板层小体排空明显而致空泡化,微绒毛脱落,微丝模糊、断裂、缩短,线粒体空泡变性,基膜不完整,而PHC显著减少ATII板层小体空泡化,减轻ATII损伤。LPS模型组大鼠肺W/D比值、LPI及肺组织磷酸化ERK表达显著高于对照组（均P＜0.05),PHC高剂量组显著降低LPS诱导的大鼠肺W/D比值、LPI（均P＜0.05),显著抑制LPS诱导的大鼠肺组织磷酸化ERK表达（P＜0.05);PHC在LPS注射后6h时最能有效抑制ERK磷酸化。结论： PHC抑制LPS诱导的ALI大鼠肺组织通透性增加、ATII损伤和肺组织ERK活化,PHC对LPS诱导大鼠肺组织通透性增高和ATII损伤的拮抗作用可能与抑制ERK活化有关。     

核因子-κB对大鼠烧伤早期中性粒细胞在肺组织聚集中的作用

目的： 探讨大鼠烧伤早期肺组织核因子-κB（ NF-κB）活化对中性粒细胞(PMN)在肺组织中聚集和发生损害作用的影响。方法： 用Wistar大鼠 Ⅲ°35%TBSA烧伤模型。实验分正常大鼠对照组、烧伤组、烧伤后吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸盐（ PDTC）干预组。凝胶电泳迁移率分析法检测肺组织NF-κB活性；逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）检测白细胞介素8（IL-8）和 细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1） mRNA的表达；并测定肺组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性和肺微血管von Willebrand因子（vWF)含量。结果： 大鼠烧伤后肺组织NF-κB活性在伤后1 h内即迅速增高，并持续增高到伤后24 h。伤后肺组织ICAM-1 和 IL-8 mRNA表达、MPO活性均明显高于、肺微血管vWF含量低于对照组。 PDTC处理显著缓解上述变化。结论： 严重烧伤后肺组织NF-κB活化，从而启动细胞黏附因子和趋化因子的合成和释放，导致PMN在肺组织中聚集，引起肺血管组织细胞损伤。     

槲皮素对脓毒症急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织NF-κB表达的影响

目的观察槲皮素对脓毒症相关急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠的炎症信号转导通路NF-κB p65的影响。方法选用健康雄性Wistar大鼠36只,随机均分为4组:对照组、脂多糖(LPS)组、槲皮素低剂量组(30mg/kg),槲皮索高剂量组(50mg/kg),用LPS 10mg/kg溶于生理盐水2ml腹腔内注射,建立脓毒症ALI大鼠模型,对照组予等量生理盐水2ml腹腔注射,治疗组于造模前30min腹复腔注射槲皮素,所有实验动物于造模后24h应用10%水合氯醛4ml/kg腹腔注射进行麻醉,并处死。所有大鼠取肺组织进行苏木素-伊红(HE)染色,观察病理学改变并进行病理评分且对比,应用免疫组化及Western blot检测NF-κB p65在肺组织的表达。结果与对照组相比,LPS组的肺损伤明显,病理评分明显增加(P0.05);较LPS组,槲皮素治疗组肺组织HE病理染色明显改善,病理评分显著下降(P0.05),但两个治疗组之间病理评分无统计学差异。与对照组比较,LPS组的免疫组化及Western blot检测的NF-κB p65含量明显增高(P0.05),而槲皮素治疗组比LPS组NF-κB p65含量明显下降(P0.05),但两治疗组比较无明显差异。结论槲皮素对脓毒症ALI大鼠的肺脏保护作用可能与其抑制NF-κB p65的表达相关。     

丙酮酸乙酯对LPS致急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织NF-κB p65及TNF-α和IL-lβ的影响

目的:观察丙酮酸乙酯(EP)对内毒素性急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠肺组织核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)p65表达及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)含量的影响,探讨EP可能的肺保护机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠30只随机分为三组(n均=10):正常对照组,静脉注射与其它二组等量生理盐水;LPS组,静脉注射脂多糖(LPS)5mg/kg复制大鼠ALI模型;EP+LPS组,于静脉注射LPS前1h腹腔内注射EP(40mg/kg)。所有动物于注射LPS或生理盐水后4h颈动脉放血处死,取肺组织用Westernblot测定其NF-κBp65的表达,用ELISA测定其TNF-α和IL-1β的含量。结果:与对照组相比,LPS组、EP+LPS组肺组织NF-κBp65表达增加,肺组织TNF-α和IL-lβ含量升高(P0.05);与LPS组相比,EP+LPS组肺组织NF-κBp65表达降低,肺组织TNF-α和IL-lβ含量降低(P0.05)。结论:EP通过下调大鼠LPS诱导的肺组织NF-κBp65表达,降低了TNF-α和IL-lβ的释放。EP可减轻ALI大鼠肺的炎症反应。     

高迁移率族蛋白1对内毒素急性肺损伤大鼠中性粒细胞凋亡改变的影响

目的 观察体外高迁移率族蛋白1（HMGB1）对内毒素急性肺损伤（ALI）大鼠中性粒细胞（PMN）凋亡改变的影响，以探讨HMGB1在ALI发病机制中的作用。方法 脂多糖注射复制大鼠急性肺损伤模型，在LPS致伤后不同时相点（有或无正丁酸钠干预时）获取肺组织、外周血中性粒细胞（PMN）、支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）。RT-PCR检测肺组织HMGB1 mRNA表达，流式细胞术（FCM）、Giemsa染色及TUNEL法检测PMN的凋亡改变。结果 与对照组比较，LPS急性肺损伤大鼠PMN凋亡率逐渐减低，鼠BALF中PMN凋亡开始时间及无存活细胞时间明显延长；LPS致伤后6-24h肺组织HMGB1 mRNA表达明显增高。正丁酸钠（SB）处理组动物肺组织于伤后6、12h肺组织HMGB1 mRNA表达均显著抑制，与LPS组比较，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；形态学检查显示，LPS致伤后大鼠肺组织出现水肿及明显的病理变化，SB干预可减轻肺损伤的严重程度。致伤后肺损伤程度与肺组织HMGB1表达水平及PMN凋亡改变有关。结论 LPS致伤后，鼠肺HMGB1 mRNA高表达发生较晚，但持续较长时间；SB处理可削弱LPS诱导的PMN凋亡延迟及抑制，下调肺组织HMGB1 mRNA表达。HMGB1可能参与内毒素急性肺损伤时PMN的凋亡延迟及抑制效应。     

右美托咪定改善感染性休克大鼠急性肺损伤及对TLR9/NF-κB通路表达的影响

目的用,并探讨其可能的机制。方法将SD大鼠分为假手术组(Sham),模型组(LPS)和DMED治疗组(LPS+DMED);称重并计算各组大鼠肺系数、肺组织湿/干重比(W/D)和含水量;HE染色检测各组大鼠肺组织病理变化;ELISA检测各组大鼠肺组织IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白的表达;免疫荧光化学法染色各组大鼠肺组织NF-κB(p65)的表达;Western blot法检测TLR9和NF-κB(p65)的蛋白表达。结果与LPS组比较,DMED明显降低感染性休克大鼠的肺系数、肺组织湿/干重比(W/D)和含水量,改善感染性休克大鼠肺组织病理变化,显著降低IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白表达水平,减弱肺组织中NF-κB(p65)的活化,抑制TLR9和NF-κB(p65)的蛋白表达。结论 DMED对感染性休克大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用,与减轻炎症因子和抑制TLR-9/NF-κB信号通路相关。     

白藜芦醇通过减弱中性粒细胞迁移和浸润改善LPS诱导的急性肺损伤

目的：探究白藜芦醇（RSV）通过减弱中性粒细胞迁移和浸润改善脂多糖（LPS）诱导的急性肺损伤（ALI）。方法 ：将BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、RSV组、模型组及模型+RSV组（LPS+RSV）,模型组和LPS+RSV组采用LPS诱导小鼠ALI模型,RSV组和LPS+RSV组以40 mg/kg RSV灌胃,连续灌胃7 d。末次给药后,收集小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）,检测BALF中白细胞、中性粒细胞和蛋白含量,评估肺组织髓过氧化物（MPO）活性,H-E染色观察肺组织病理损伤,检测肺组织和BALF中炎症细胞因子、趋化因子的表达。体外培养中性粒细胞,分别以1μg/mL LPS、1μg/mL RSV处理细胞,流式细胞术检测中性粒细胞凋亡、趋化因子受体（CXCR2、Mac-1）表达,活性氧荧光探针（DCFH-DA）检测细胞内活性氧（ROS）水平,评估中性粒细胞趋化性和迁移能力,免疫印迹检测核因子NF-κB p65磷酸化水平。结果：与模型组比较,LPS+RSV组BALF中细胞总数、中性粒细胞数、蛋白量、TNF-α、IL-6及CXCL2表达降低,肺组织MPO活性、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL...     

丹酚酸B减轻LPS诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤

目的研究丹酚酸B(SAB)能否减轻脂多糖(LPS)诱导的急性肺损伤。方法将48只小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组(气管滴注LPS)、SAB低/中/高剂量干预组、莱菔硫烷阳性对照组,检测肺湿/干重比(W/D)值;检测肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中蛋白浓度;HE染色法评价肺组织病理损伤;ELISA检测BALF中TNF-α、 IL-1β和IL-6的含量,检测肺组织MPO、SOD的活性和MDA含量;Western blot检测肺组织中Nrf2、NQO1、HO1、Keap1、NF-κB及p-NF-κB的蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组相比,模型组小鼠肺组织产生病理性变化,W/D值、BALF中蛋白质浓度、炎性细胞因子含量明显升高(P0.05),急性肺损伤模型建立成功。与模型组比较,SAB干预组的各指标值发生显著变化(P0.05);减轻LPS诱导的急性肺损伤小鼠氧化应激,且呈浓度依赖性增强,同时降低Keap1的表达(P0.01);升高Nrf2、NQO1和HO1的表达(P0.01);抑制LPS诱导的NF-κB的表达和NF-κB的磷酸化。结论 SAB可以减轻LPS诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤。     

Suppression of MAPK and NF-κB Pathways by Limonene Contributes to Attenuation of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Acute Lung Injury

The present study aimed to investigate the protective role of limonene in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). ALI was induced in mice by intratracheal instillation of LPS (0.5 mg/kg), and limonene (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 1 h prior to LPS administration. After 12 h, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were collected. Limonene pretreatment at doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg decreased LPS-induced evident lung histopathological changes, lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, and lung myeloperoxidase activity. In addition, pretreatment with limonene inhibited inflammatory cells and proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 in BALF. Furthermore, we demonstrated that limonene blocked the phosphorylation of IκBα, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in LPS-induced ALI. The results presented here suggest that the protective mechanism of limonene may be attributed partly to decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines through the inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK activation.     

灯盏细辛对肺缺血-再灌注损伤时核转录因子-κB表达的影响

目的：探讨灯盏细辛对肺缺血-再灌注（I/R）损伤时核转录因子-κB（NF-κB）表达的影响。方法: 建立大鼠在体肺原位I/R损伤模型，将32只大鼠随机分为假手术组（I组）、缺血-再灌注组（II组）、小剂量灯盏细辛组（25 mg/kg,III组）、大剂量灯盏细辛组（50 mg/kg,IV组）；观察各组肺湿干重比（W/D），检测各组肺组织髓质过氧化物酶（MPO）活性，应用免疫组化及Western blotting法检测肺细胞核内NF-κB活性及含量，光镜下HE染色观察病理形态学改变、电镜观察肺组织超微结构变化。结果: III、IV组W/D、MPO活性及细胞核内NF-κB含量均明显低于II组，肺水肿程度及肺超微结构损害显著轻于II组；III、IV组之间比较差异显著（P<0.05）。结论: 灯盏细辛对肺缺血-再灌注损伤具有防治作用，其机制可能与其抑制NF-κB活化，从而减少中性粒细胞浸润、抑制炎症损伤有关。     

Propofol Protects Rats and Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Inhibiting HMGB1 Expression

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) plays a key role in the development of acute lung injury (ALI). Propofol, a general anesthetic with anti-inflammatory properties, has been suggested to be able to modulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. In this study, we investigated the effects of propofol on the expression of HMGB1 in a rat model of LPS-induced ALI. Rats underwent intraperitoneal injection of LPS to mimic sepsis-induced ALI. Propofol bolus (1, 5, or 10 mg/kg) was infused continuously 30 min after LPS administration, followed by infusion at 5 mg/(kg?·?h) through the left femoral vein cannula. LPS increased wet to dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase activity in lung tissues and caused the elevation of total protein and cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Moreover, HMGB1 and other cytokine levels were increased in BALF and lung tissues and pathological changes of lung tissues were excessively aggravated in rats after LPS administration. Propofol inhibited all the above effects. It also inhibited LPS-induced toll-like receptor (TLR)2/4 protein upexpression and NF-κB activation in lung tissues and human alveolar epithelial cells. Propofol protects rats and human alveolar epithelial cells against HMGB1 expression in a rat model of LPS-induced ALI. These effects may partially result from reductions in TLR2/4 and NF-κB activation.     

Anti-inflammatory Role of Pilose Antler Peptide in LPS-Induced Lung Injury

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of pilose antler peptide (PAP) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury. BalB/c mice intraperitoneally received PAP (10 and 20 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) 1 h prior to intratracheal instillation of LPS. PAP significantly decreased lung wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio and lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and restored LPS-induced lung histopathological changes. PAP also increased super oxide dismutase (SOD) level and inhibited malondialdehyde (MDA) content and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in LPS-stimulated mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PAP inhibited Rho/NF-κB pathway in LPS-induced mice. Our experimental results indicated that the protective mechanism of PAP might be attributed partly to the inhibition of Rho/NF-κB pathway.     

Cavidine Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury <Emphasis Type="Italic">via</Emphasis> NF-κB Signaling Pathway <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vivo</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>

Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by widespread inflammation in the lungs and alveolar-capillary destruction, causing high morbidity and mortality. Cavidine, isolated from Corydalis impatiens, have been exhibited to have potent anti-inflammatory effects in previous studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of cavidine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI and to enunciate the underlying in vivo and in vitro mechanisms. Mice were intraperitoneally administrated with cavidine (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg) at 1 and 12 h, prior to the induction of ALI by intranasal administration of LPS (30 mg/kg). Blood samples, lung tissues, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were harvested after LPS challenge. Furthermore, we used LPS-induced lung epithelial cells A549 to examine the mechanism of cavidine to lung injury. The results showed that pretreatment with cavidine significantly decreased lung wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels including TNF-α and IL-6 in BALF and serum from LPS-stimulated mice, and attenuated lung histopathological changes. In addition, western blot results showed that cavidine inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65 and IκBα induced by LPS. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that cavidine protects against LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice via inhibiting of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-6 production and NF-κB signaling pathway activation. Taken together, cavidine may be useful for the prevention and treatment of pulmonary inflammatory diseases, such as ALI.     

急性肺损伤小鼠肺内热休克蛋白A12B的表达

目的:观察急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)小鼠肺内热休克蛋白A12B(heat shock protein A12B,HSPA12B)的表达改变,以及脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)对血管内皮细胞HSPA12B表达的影响.方法:采用气管注射LPS(5 mg/kg)复制小鼠ALI动物模型,6 h后取小鼠肺组织,采用real-time PCR和Western印迹检测肺组织内HSPA12B mRNA和蛋白表达.体外研究采用LPS(1μg/mL)诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞炎症反应,real-time PCR和Western印迹检测细胞HSPA12B mRNA和蛋白表达,采用NF-κB信号通路抑制剂PDTC观察LPS诱导HSPA12B表达的可能分子机制.结果:与正常组相比,LPS诱导的ALI小鼠肺组织HSPA12B mRNA和蛋白含量显著增加,同时LPS可时间依赖性地上调人脐静脉内皮细胞HSPA12B mRNA和蛋白表达,而PDTC预处理可部分逆转LPS诱导的HSPA12B mRNA和蛋白上调.结论:ALI小鼠肺内HSPA12B的表达增加,其机制可能与LPS激活NF-κB信号通路有关.     

Celastrol attenuates impairments associated with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in rats

Celastrol, a constituent from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb belonging to the family Celastraceae, has been shown to impart anti-inflammatory properties, in part, by inhibiting NF-κB activity and related induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine formation/release. The present study investigated the effects of celastrol in an animal model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Celastrol pre-treatment groups received celastrol by intraperitoneal injection on seven consecutive days before LPS treatment. In rats evaluated 24?h after LPS administration, oxygenation indices and lung injury were measured, as were levels of inflammatory cells and cytokines in isolated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Lung tissue expression of proteins involved in NF-κB and ERK/MAPK pathways were measured by Western blot analyses. Celastrol pre-treatments appeared to attenuate LPS-induced lung injury and inflammatory responses in the rats, including decreases in inducible aggregation\infiltration of inflammatory cells and production/release of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the lung airways. Celastrol appeared to also inhibit NF-κB activation, but had no effect on ERK/MAPK pathways in the LPS-induced ARDS. The results here thus indicated that celastrol pre-treatment could impart protective effects against LPS-induced ARDS, and that these effects may be occurring through an inhibition of induction of NF-κB signaling pathways.