Location of civilian ballistic femoral fracture indicates likelihood of arterial injury

Background

We evaluated whether the location of a ballistic femoral fracture helps predict the presence of arterial injury. We hypothesized that fractures located in the distal third of the femur are associated with a higher rate of arterial injury.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of electronic medical records at our level I trauma centre and found 133 consecutive patients with femoral fractures from civilian gunshots from 2002 to 2007, 14 of whom sustained arterial injury. Fracture extent was measured with computerized viewing software and recorded with a standard technique, calculating proximal, distal, and central locations of the fracture as a function of overall length of the bone. Analyses were conducted with Student's t, Chi-squared, and Fisher's exact tests.

Results

The location of any fracture line in the distal third of the femur was associated with increased risk of arterial injury (P < 0.05). The odds ratio for the presence of arterial injury when the proximal fracture line was in the distal third of the femur was 5.63 (95% confidence interval, 1.7–18.6; P < 0.05) and when the distal fracture line was in the distal third of the femur was 6.72 (95% confidence interval, 1.78–25.44; P < 0.05).

Conclusions

A fracture line in the distal third of the femur after ballistic injury is six times more likely to be associated with arterial injury and warrants careful evaluation. Our data show that fracture location can help alert clinicians to possible arterial injury after ballistic femoral fracture.     

Multifocal arterial haemorrhage in a partially stable pelvic fracture after a crush injury: a case report

Introduction: Most pelvic haemorrhages are thought to be caused by injury to small arteries or veins in the fractured cancellous pelvic bone or in the surrounding soft-tissues, and only 6–18% of patients with unstable pelvic fractures have haemorrhage from larger arteries. When arterial injuries are present, the majority involve branches of the internal iliac artery with only few published reports of injuries to the external iliac artery or its branches. Materials and methods: We report of a patient who sustained a combined pelvic and acetabular fracture with multifocal bleeding involving branches of both the internal iliac as well as the external iliac arteries after a crush injury. The primary attention was focused on the most probable arterial injury, the internal iliac artery and only at repeat angiography was the injury to the internal epigastric artery, caused by degloving injury to the trunk, recognized. Results: Arterial control was achieved only following aggressive fluid resuscitation, pelvic packing, repeated embolization and ligation of the peripelvic inferior epigastric artery. After initial haemodynamic control was achieved, the patient sustained multiple complications, partly as a consequence of the injury, but also as a consequence of the life-saving treatments. Conclusion: The case describes a rare combination of arterial injuries in a complex pelvic fracture constituting a partially stable pelvic fracture and a dislocated acetabular fracture in a patient with pelvic crush injury and a degloving injury to the trunk. The case also describes the complex nature of these injuries and rarely reported problems related to the treatment of them. None of the authors have received or will receive benefits for personal or professional use from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. No identifiable conflicts of interest are present.     

Arterial wall injury,arterial wall healing and restenosis

Substantial damage is inflicted on the arterial wall by conventional balloon angioplasty as well as by newer interventional devices. Restenosis seems to be due to an exaggerated, albeit normal healing response of the arterial wall to interventional injury. Since the relationship between arterial wall damage and restenosis is not entirely clear, experimental studies were performed in the normal rabbit to assess the effects of the nature and the extent of injury on the subsequent myointimal proliferation. The results suggest that the myointimal proliferation is an aspecific repair response to wall injury. The results further suggest an on-off character of myointimal proliferation after injury, which would imply that alternative, less damaging interventional methods may not reduce the problem of restenosis.     

急性上肢动脉栓塞的外科治疗

目的 探讨急性上肢动脉栓塞的合并疾病、栓塞部位、手术与非手术及治疗前缺血时间等因素与疗效的关系.方法 回顾1988年7月至2008年1月约20年问62例急性上肢动脉栓塞的临床资料,采用累加Logit回归模型分析数据,以年龄、性别、心功能情况、栓塞部位、手术与非手术治疗、缺血时间等为参数,分析这些因素与临床疗效的相关关系.结果 本组62例,男33例,女29例,年龄35～86岁,平均63.5岁,男女之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).62例中37例接受了Fogarty球囊导管取栓术,25例接受非手术治疗而给予溶栓、抗凝、祛聚治疗.其中55例(88.7%)的肢体缺血状态得到改善,截肢2例,死亡2例.累加Logit回归模型分析表明治疗开始时间、心功能情况、手术取栓对决定预后有统计学意义(P<0.01);而年龄、性别和栓塞部位对疗效无统计学意义(P>0.05).而非手术的25例中,23例缺血状态得到改善.结论 对于急性上肢动脉栓塞,8 h以内Forty导管取栓术是最有效的治疗方法 ,而对于无法耐受手术的高危患者,积极的药物治疗仍可能改善栓塞肢体的缺血状态.     

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目的总结9例脾动脉瘤的临床治疗经验。方法1999年12月至2003年3月上海第二医科大学附属仁济医院经多普勒B超、CT、数字减影血管造影术(DSA)或磁共振成像(MRI)检查9例病人术前确诊为脾动脉瘤。手术方法包括动脉瘤体近远端动脉结扎术2例，动脉瘤切除脾动脉重建2例，动脉瘤切除、动脉瘤-门静脉内瘘关闭、脾切除1例，动脉瘤伴胰体尾部切除加脾切除4例。结果随访5个月至3年所有病人均手术治愈。无死亡及严重并发症。随访期间无动脉瘤复发或上消化道出血，腹水消失。结论脾动脉瘤一般起病隐匿．很少有临床症状。选择性内脏动脉造影最具有诊断价值。手术切除是脾动脉瘤最可靠的治疗方法，由于动脉瘤有破裂可能，有症状的脾动脉瘤是手术治疗的绝对指征。     

人脐血内皮祖细胞对脐动脉内膜损伤的修复作用

目的 体外分离培养人脐带静脉血内皮祖细胞(EPCs),观察EPCs对损伤脐动脉的修复作用.方法 采用磁珠分选法(MACS)从人脐血中分离培养EPCs,用流式细胞术、免疫细胞化学和免疫荧光检测进行鉴定;牵拉钳夹损伤法制备去内膜脐动脉段,与EPCs共孵育7 d后,通过病理切片、免疫组织化学和图像分析技术评价EPCs对动脉损伤的修复效果.结果 成功从人脐血中分离培养EPCs,流式细胞术分析结果 为培养7 d后CD133+细胞＞90%;CD34、vWF因子相关抗原免疫染色均为阳性.EPCs移植组新生内膜厚度(43.5±5.5)ìm显著低于对照组内膜厚度(90.7±12.7)ìm,(t=-28.88,P＜0.01);EPCs移植组的再内皮化程度(77.8±0.1)%明显高于对照组(52.2±0.1)%,(t=21.86,P＜0.01).结论 成功从人脐血中培养出EPCs,人脐血EPCs可修复内皮损伤血管.     

Management of common upper limb fractures in adults

Upper limb fractures are common, and potentially disabling, injuries. This article provides an overview of common upper limb injuries in adults that present to the emergency department, and subsequently the fracture clinic. We highlight some of the clinical aspects and pitfalls to consider for each injury, and provide a brief overview of the classification systems often used. Furthermore, we discuss the non-operative and operative management options available.     

Iatrogenic arterial injury is an increasingly important cause of arterial trauma

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic arterial injuries (IAI) may result from any invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. The relative occurrence and severity of IAI compared with those of penetrating and blunt vascular trauma is unknown. A review of arterial trauma at a university hospital level 1 trauma center, with a focus on iatrogenic injury, forms the basis of this report. METHODS: Patients treated for arterial trauma from January 1994 through October 2002 were identified from prospectively maintained registries. Record review included injury etiology, type of repair, 30-day all-cause mortality, and permanent morbidity. Permanent morbidity was defined as amputation or loss of extremity function. RESULTS: In all, 252 patients required treatment, 85 (33.7%) from IAI, 86 (34.1 %) from penetrating trauma, and 81 (32.1%) from blunt trauma. During the study period, the number of IAIs per year increased. Femoral artery injury from percutaneous intervention (50, 58.8%) was the most frequent IAI; intraoperative injury (including 14 tumor resections and 5 orthopedic procedures) was next most frequent (23, 27.1%). Three patients (3.5%) with IAI had permanent morbidity. The 30-day all-cause mortality was 7.1% (6) for patients with IAI. CONCLUSIONS: Iatrogenic arterial injury is increasingly frequent and caused one third of the arterial trauma at our level 1 trauma center. These data suggest education and training regarding IAI deserves equal priority with the study of penetrating vascular trauma.     

上肢神经损伤458例临床分析

目的 通过458例上肢神经损伤的治疗，分析神经损伤的疗效与年龄、受伤机制和部位、受伤到治疗的时间、治疗的方法的关系。方法 手术探查后采用端端外膜缝合、束膜缝合、外膜缝合加静脉套接及神经移植和束间松解方法共修复217例，273条神经，术后随访8个月－6年。结果 按中华医学会手外科学会功能评定标准进行评定，优119例，良45例，优良率76％。结论 神经损伤的病人。通过各种不同的方法治疗，可取得较好的效果。     

Treatment of limb arterial in juries caused by traffic accidents

Objective:To analyze the features,diagonosis and treatment of limb arterial injuries caused by traffic accidents.Methods:A total of 43 patients with limb arterial injury admitted in our department over the past 30years(about50%of them happened during the last10 years)were analyzed retrospectively in this article.The popliteal,femoral and brachial arteries were mainly involved,accounting for 432%,20.5%and20.5%respectively of all the involvements.There were 35cases of open injury and9of close injury,The involved vessels were transected in 43.2%of the cases and contused in 40.9%,All the patients had various complications,such as fractures,dislocations and severe soft tissue injuries.The injured vessels were repaired by means of end-to-end anastomosis in 10cases,autogenous vein graft in 23cases and intraluminal hydraulic dilatation in 4cases.Results:Successful limb salvage was achieved in 34cases initially,whereas10amputations were carried out due to injuries to popliteal arteries in7,femoral arteries in2and humeral artery in 1and severe soft tissue damages in9 cases.Twenty-nine patients were followed up for 1-156months,with the averageof48.8months.There was good circulation in 22 cases and certain ischemia in 5cases.Two amputations were carried out in the late stage because of popliteal artery thrombosis after repair in 2cases.There was no death in this series.Conclusions:The limb arterial injuries caused by traffic accidents are severe and complicated.It is proposed that particulatr attentions should be paid to the features in diagnosis and treatment for this type of injury and special efforts should be made for both life saving and limb salvage.     

Bilateral persistent sciatic arteries complicated with chronic lower limb ischemia

INTRODUCTION

Persistent sciatic artery (PSA) is a rare vascular anomaly associated with a higher rate of aneurysm formation or thromboembolic complications causing lower extremity ischemia.

PRESENTATION Of Case

A 15-year-old female patient with bilateral PSA presented with lower extremity ischemia. Considering the age and symptoms of the patient, we did not perform any intervention, but continued surveillance with duplex ultrasonography in case of the high incidence of aneurysmal formation or thromboembolic event.

DISCUSSION

Epidemiology, development, anatomical structure, diagnosis and treatments of PSAs are discussed.

CONCLUSION

PSAs, are prone to early atheromatous degeneration and aneurysm formation. Treatment of a PSA mainly dependent on the symptoms is either by surgical procedures or by endovascular interventions.     

Management of upper limb amputations

Acquired upper extremity amputations beyond the finger can have substantial physical, psychological, social, and economic consequences for the patient. The hand surgeon is one of a team of specialists in the care of these patients, but the surgeon plays a critical role in the surgical management of these wounds. The execution of a successful amputation at each level of the limb allows maximum use of the residual extremity, with or without a prosthesis, and minimizes the known complications of these injuries. This article reviews current surgical options in performing and managing upper extremity amputations proximal to the finger.     

经导管动脉栓塞术治疗动脉性上消化道出血

目的评价经导管动脉栓塞术治疗动脉性上消化道出血的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析58例上消化道出血患者的临床资料。对58例动脉性上消化道出血患者行动脉造影,发现出血征象时超选择插管造影,并根据不同出血原因和出血部位采用不同栓塞材料进行栓塞。随访1~3个月,并观察疗效。结果 58例患者中,50例动脉造影表现为对比剂外溢、假性动脉瘤、血管畸形等,栓塞治疗止血有效率为94.00%（47/50）,栓塞后再出血率为4.26%（2/47）,未见严重并发症。结论经导管动脉栓塞术治疗动脉性上消化道出血安全、有效,具有较高临床应用价值。     

规范化护理干预在上肢损伤皮瓣移植术后患者中的应用

目的 探讨规范化护理干预在上肢损伤皮瓣移植术后患者中的应用效果.方法 采用方便抽样法,前瞻性收集2015年1月到2018年5月我院收治的80例上肢损伤行皮瓣移植术患者为研究对象,按照入院时间顺序分为对照组和试验组各40例,对照组采用常规护理方法,试验组在常规护理基础上实施规范化护理干预措施,比较两组患者术后疼痛程度、术...     

周围神经损伤显微修复术后的早期康复的疗效分析

目的回顾性分析和比较早期康复对上肢周围神经损伤显微修复后的影响。方法将62例上肢周围神经损伤的患者分为康复组和非康复组，患者根据情况（有些患者无康复治疗条件，如时间、经济问题）分为两组，两组均进行了显微修复及常规药物治疗，观察组的患者再加上早期的综合康复治疗。结果全部病例经过术后随访1年，按照中华医学会手外科学会上肢周围神经功能评定试用标准单根神经损伤评定标准进行评分，观察组优良率90.6％，对照组优良率63．3％（P〈0．05）。结论上肢周围神经损伤采用显微外科修复方法后，早期进行了综合康复治疗的患者恢复较好。     

Haemostatic efficacy of an ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate-based aerosol in combination with tourniquet application in a large wound model with an arterial injury

BACKGROUND: Tourniquet application is the standard method for the control of severe trauma haemorrhage. However, it may result in severe ischaemic injuries when used for a long time. In this study, we developed a modified ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate-based aerosol (ECA) aerosol spray and determined its efficacy for short-time control of bleeding of large wounds in pigs when used in combination with tourniquet application. METHODS: A large wound model with a femoral arterial injury was made in the middle of either thigh of the pig. Thirty white female hybrid pigs were divided evenly and randomly into three groups, including tourniquet application only group (group A), tourniquet-ECA group (group B, a combination of ECA with tourniquet application) and tourniquet-ECA with wound cleaning group (group C, a combination of ECA with tourniquet application plus wound cleaning). RESULTS: The success rates of haemostasis were 0%, 30%and 90% in groups A, B and C, respectively (P<0.05). The incidence of haematoma and the membrane forming time were 100% and 20%, and 5.9+/-1.0min and 8.3+/-1.1min, respectively, in groups B and C (both P<0.05). The haemostatic time and the thickness of membrane were 11.9+/-1.8min and 10.2+/-1.4min, and 0.68+/-0.29mm and 0.79+/-0.25mm, respectively, in the two groups (P>0.05, both). CONCLUSION: The ECA spray achieves haemostasis within a very short time when it is used in combination with tourniquet application in a large wound model with an arterial injury. It may effectively prevent the wound from bleeding without the need for any long-term pressure bandage to wrap the wound, and it is easy to be disposed in debridement. Therefore, it may serve as an optimal choice for the first aid of large wounds with an arterial injury.