塞克硝唑胶囊在健康人体内的生物等效性

目的研究塞克硝唑胶囊与片剂的药动学特征,并评价其生物等效性。方法随机交叉试验设计,20名健康志愿者单剂量口服塞克硝唑胶囊和塞克硝唑片剂1.5 g后,在规定时间取血,用HPLC法测定血药浓度,进行数据处理,计算2种制剂的主要药动学参数,进行人体生物利用度比较。结果受试制剂和参比制剂药动学参数分别为:tmax(2.00±0.00)、(2.15±0.37)h;ρmax(38.89±4.18)(、38.77±3.20)mg.L-1;ACU0→∞(1 320.25±287.29)(、1 292.40±234.39)mg.h.L-1;ACU0→96h(1 239.05±260.99)(、1 232.12±217.63)mg.h.L-1;t1/2(22.64±3.58)、(20.70±2.83)h;药动学参数差异无统计学意义。相对生物利用度(F)101.47%。结论塞克硝唑2种制剂在健康人体内具有生物等效性。     

塞克硝唑片剂健康人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究塞克硝唑试验片与参比片的生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价。方法:20名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服塞克硝唑试验或参比制剂各2 g;采用反相高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度。结果:人体药动学研究表明,口服塞克硝唑片的药-时曲线符合一级吸收的单房室模型。试验片与参比片的主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(2.30±1.06)和(2.28±1.10)h;Cmax分别为(49.63±6.35)和(46.17±4.24)mg/L;t1/2分别为(28.84±3.41)和(29.05±4.01)h;AUC0-96分别为(1832.06±180.15)和(1847.14±204.14)mg.h-1.L-1;相对生物利用度为(99.99±11.92)%。结论:塞克硝唑片两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

吉米沙星片在健康人体中的生物等效性

目的评价国产(受试制剂)及进口(参比制剂)吉米沙星片在中国健康人体内的生物等效性。方法 22名男性健康受试者采用随机交叉设计试验,用高效液相色谱-紫外检测(HPLC-UV)法测定单剂量口服吉米沙星片受试制剂和参比制剂各320 mg后吉米沙星的血药质量浓度。所得数据经WinNonlin4.2药动学计算程序处理计算主要药动学参数,并进行双单侧t检验确定是否生物等效。结果吉米沙星参比制剂与受试制剂主要药动学参数:tmax分别为(1.1±0.4)h和(1.0±0.5)h;ρmax分别为(2.39±0.58)mg·L-1及(2.54±0.76)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(7.2±1.2)h及(7.5±1.6)h;AUC0-36 h分别为(12.88±2.29)mg·h·L-1和(13.07±2.83)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(13.57±2.32)mg·h·L-1和(13.82±2.87)mg·h·L-1;吉米沙星片受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(102.5±17.9)%,统计学结果表明受试制剂与参比制剂的tmax、ρmax、t1/2、AUC均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论本文HPLC-UV法样品处理简便迅速,方法灵敏度高,可准确测定吉米沙星血药浓度。测定的国产吉米沙星片与进口品具有生物等效性。     

三种左奥硝唑制剂在健康人体的生物利用度与生物等效性分析

目的比较3种国产左奥硝唑制剂在健康人体内的药代动力学,并评价3种制剂的生物等效性。方法 24名健康男性志愿者三交叉单剂量口服受试制剂左奥硝唑分散片、胶囊和参比制剂左奥硝唑片500mg后,用HPLC-UV法测定血药浓度,用DAS Ver 2.1计算其药代动力学参数并评价三者的生物等效性。结果受试制剂左奥硝唑分散片、胶囊和参比制剂左奥硝唑片的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(10.6±3.5)、(10.4±3.7)和(11.1±3.3)mg.L-1t;max分别为(0.76±0.70)、(1.35±0.80)和(0.92±0.84)ht;1/2分别为(13.2±1.4)、(12.9±1.7)和(12.3±1.9)h;AUC0→48分别为(140.7 31.3)、(149.5±28.5)和(143.2±37.2)mg.L-1.h;AUC0→∞分别为(152.6±33.4)、(162.0±31.8)和(153.7±30.1)mg.L-1.h。以AUC0→48、AUC0→∞作为评价依据,受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度F分别为(98.3±12.0)%、(99.512.1)%和(104.9±9.5)%、(106.0±10.5)%。结论左奥硝唑分散片、胶囊和参比制剂左奥硝唑片三种制剂生物等效。     

HPLC-MS法测定人血浆中氨氯地平浓度及其生物等效性评价

目的研究氨氯地平片在健康志愿者体内的药动学及其生物等效性。方法采用随机双交叉试验设计,18名健康受试者口服受试制剂和参比制剂5 mg,用HPLC-MS法测定血浆中氨氯地平浓度。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:AUC0→t分别为(152.73±44.50)和(147.02±40.65)μg.h.L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(167.92±50.71)和(161.56±46.56)μg.h.L-1;ρmax分别为(3.93±0.75)和(3.87±0.91)μg.L-1;tmax分别为(6.6±2.3)和(6.0±1.4)h;t12分别为(34.34±6.43)和(34.11±4.62)h。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(104.0±11.3)%。结论氨氯地平片的受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

奥拉西坦颗粒在健康人体中的药动学和生物等效性

目的:研究奥拉西坦颗粒的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:健康志愿者20名,随机双交叉单剂量口服奥拉西坦颗粒(受试试剂)和奥拉西坦胶囊(参比试剂),剂量均为1600 mg,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中奥拉西坦的浓度,用DAS2.1药动学程序计算药动学参数和生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价。结果:单剂量口服奥拉西坦受试和参比制剂后,血浆奥拉西坦的Cmax分别为(32.9±13.9)mg.L-1和(31.9±6.4)mg.L-1,tmax分别为(1.01±0.34)h和(1.1±0.4)h,t1/2分别为(4.2±2.3)h和(4.0±2.2)h,AUC0→24分别为(147.7±63.6)μg.h.mL-1和(148.2±41.1)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0→∞分别为(153.7±64.6)μg.h.mL-1和(153.1±42.7)μg.h.mL-1。AUC0-24、AUC0-∞和Cmax的90%可信区间分别为84.9%～107.2%,85.6%～108.1%和89.7%～107.0%。受试制剂的相对生物利用度F0-24和F0-∞分别为(99.9±29.6)%和(100.7±28.8)%。结论:奥拉西坦受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产盐酸丁螺环酮片的人体相对生物利用度

目的:研究盐酸丁螺环酮片的药动学及相对生物利用度。方法:受试者交叉口服单剂量(15mg)受试制剂和参比制剂,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度。结果:受试及参比制剂的主要药动学参数Tmax分别为(0.87±0.18)h与(0.81±0.09)h,Cmax分别为(25.2±8.0)μg.L-1与(25.1±7.9)μg.L-1,AUC0?t分别为(52.7±17.9)μg.h.L-1与(51.9±17.2)μg.h.L-1,AUC0?∞分别为(55.1±18.2)μg.h.L-1与(54.9±17.0)μg.h.L-1,T1/2分别为(2.8±0.5)h与(2.8±0.4)h。两种制剂主要药动学参数比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(102.7±5.9)%。结论:两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

盐酸托莫西汀胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的:研究国产盐酸托莫西汀胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性志愿者按2×2交叉试验方案设计,分别口服受试制剂和参比制剂各20mg,并采集24h内动态血标本;用HPLC-MS-MS法测定血浆中托莫西汀浓度,计算药动学参数,并判定2种制剂的生物等效性。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(257.1±57.8)μg.L-1和(260.6±51.6)μg.L-1,tmax分别为(1.6±0.9)h和(1.5±1.0)h,t1/2分别为(3.5±1.3)h和(3.3±1.2)h,AUC0-24分别为(939.8±179.2)μg.L-1.h和(983.6±177.3)μg.L-1.h,AUC0-∞分别为(965.2±174.8)μg.L-1.h和(993.8±170.5)μg.L-1.h,2种制剂主要药动学参数经对数转换后进行方差分析及双单侧t检验,并计算90%置信区间,表明2种制剂生物等效,受试制剂的人体生物利用度为(95.6±16.9)%。结论:2种制剂生物等效。     

安吡昔康胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的:进行试验制剂安吡昔康胶囊与参比制剂安吡昔康片的单剂双交叉人体生物等效性考察。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定安吡昔康代谢物吡罗昔康血浓度,以DAS软件计算吡罗昔康主要药动学参数,评价两制剂的生物等效性。结果:安吡昔康试验制剂和参比制剂活性代谢物吡罗昔康主要药动学参数t1/2分别为(44.7±9.0)h和(46.2±13.0)h,Tmax分别为(7.7±2.2)h和(7.2±1.6)h,Cmax分别为(2.6±0.5)mg.L-1和(2.6±0.5)mg.L-1,AUC0~144分别为(187.3±32.1)mg.L-1.h和(188.7±30.0)mg.L-1.h,AUC0-∞分别为(216.6±36.6)mg.L-1.h和(219.1±40.2)mg.L-1.h。试验制剂人体相对生物利用度(100.2±15.9)%。结论:安吡昔康试验制剂和参比制剂中吡罗昔康主要药动学参数周期间和剂型间无显著性差异,为生物等效制剂。     

西洛他唑片在健康志愿者体内的药动学及生物等效性

目的:研究国产西洛他唑片在人体的药动学和生物等效性.方法:20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服西洛他唑受试和参比制剂(Pletaal)100mg,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性.结果:西洛他唑受试和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t1/2分别为(11.9±4.6)h和(11.2±3.0)h,Tmax分别为(3.7±1.2)h和(4.0±1.2)h,Cmax分别为(749.2±348.7)μg·L-1和(655.2±222.1)μg·L-1,AUC0-48分别为(10 088.5±4 606.1)μg·L-1·h和(9 259.0±3 511.8)μg·L-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(10 926.3±4 713.6)μg·L-1·h和(10 183.4±3 540.7)μg·L-1·h,西洛他唑受试制剂的相时生物利用度为(107.5±14.9)%.结论:经统计学分析,两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.