IL-24基因与肿瘤免疫治疗

白细胞介素-24（IL-24）又称为黑色素瘤分化相关基因-7（MDA-7），它主要由CD3^＋T淋巴细胞和单核细胞表达，为分泌蛋白，由206个氨基酸组成，属于IL-10家族成员。IL-24是第1个被报道的具有白介素作用的肿瘤抑制分子，具有选择性的广谱抗肿瘤活性。IL-24基因通过抑制血管形成、激活生长抑制和DNA损伤基因（GADD）等信号传导途径，抑制肿瘤细胞生长和促进肿瘤细胞凋亡，而对正常细胞无明显影响。INGN241是一种新开发的基因治疗制剂，对多种肿瘤具有抑制和治疗作用。     

白细胞介素24抗肿瘤治疗的研究进展

白细胞介素24(IL-24)是一种新发现的肿瘤细胞抑制因子,能抑制肿瘤细胞生长、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制血管形成,又可刺激外周血单核细胞分泌细胞因子等.研究表明,IL-24与化疗、放疗、靶向基因-病毒治疗等治疗方法综合应用能明显提高抗肿瘤效应.IL-24有望成为肿瘤临床综合治疗的有效手段之一.     

白细胞介素24抗肿瘤治疗的研究进展

白细胞介素24(IL-24)是一种新发现的肿瘤细胞抑制因子,能抑制肿瘤细胞生长、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制血管形成,又可刺激外周血单核细胞分泌细胞因子等.研究表明,IL-24与化疗、放疗、靶向基因-病毒治疗等治疗方法综合应用能明显提高抗肿瘤效应.IL-24有望成为肿瘤临床综合治疗的有效手段之一.     

白细胞介素-24抗肿瘤分子调控机制

黑色素分化相关基因-7(mda-7)经过减数杂交后大量表达于终末分化的人类黑色素细胞中。新近的研究证实,mda-7与白细胞介素-10(IL-10)家族具有相同的结构和序列,并重新命名为白细胞介素-24(IL-24)。Northern blot检测发现,IL-24在和人类免疫系统相关的组织中表达, 如脾脏、胸腺、外周血白细胞和终末分化的黑色素瘤细胞。IL-24的显著特性就是可抑制人类大多数肿瘤细胞生长,并导致细胞凋亡,刺激免疫细胞分泌多种细胞因子以及抑制肿瘤血管形成。     

IL-24诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的信号转导通路

应用增生活跃和诱导终末分化的人类HO-1黑素瘤细胞产生的cDNA文库进行减数杂交,获得了一组黑素瘤分化相关基因,其中mda-7/IL-24被证明具有抑制黑素瘤增生和促进终末分化的能力。IL-24基因作为目前被发现的唯一的既抑制肿瘤细胞生长、转移和血管形成,并诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,又刺激表达次级细胞因子免疫调理而日益受到关注。正常表达的IL- 24通过配体-受体介导的JAK/STAT通路在免疫应答的调控中起着重要作用。过表达IL-24通过内部的(线粒体介导或内质网应激)和外部的(死亡受体介导)通路诱导肿瘤细胞的凋亡,并有抑制肿瘤细胞侵袭转移和抗血管发生的作用。     

MDA 7/IL-24抗肿瘤作用研究进展MDA 7/IL-24抗肿瘤作用研究进展

黑色素瘤分化相关基因(melonoma differentiation associated gene 7,MDA 7)是通过消减杂交法从人黑色素瘤细胞中分离出来的,因其分子生物学特性与IL-10相似,故将其归入IL-10家族,并命名为IL-24。MDA 7/IL-24具有广泛的抗肿瘤生物学作用,它能够通过多种途径对肿瘤细胞产生生长抑制作用,其作用机理与凋亡诱导、细胞自噬、抑制肿瘤新生血管形成和侵袭转移、免疫调节作用等有关。作为一种具有多种途径抗肿瘤作用的细胞因子,MDA 7/IL-24在临床Ⅰ期试验中已显示出良好的治疗效果,被誉为治疗癌症的“魔法子弹”。本文就MDA 7/IL-24在肿瘤治疗中的作用及其机制研究作一综述,以期为MDA 7/IL-24在肿瘤基因治疗中研究提供参考和借鉴。     

白细胞介素24基因抑制体内胶质瘤生长的机制研究

目的:探讨人白细胞介素24(interleukin-24,IL-24)基因抑制胶质瘤生长的作用机制.方法:建立人胶质瘤裸鼠动物模型,瘤内注射含有IL-24基因的重组腺病毒Ad5F35-IL24,观察肿瘤生长情况, TUNEL 法检测肿瘤细胞凋亡率, Western印迹法检测肿瘤组织中IL-24、双链RNA激活的蛋白激酶(double-stranded RNA activated protein kinase,PKR)、p-PKR、p38-MAPK和p-p38-MAPK蛋白的表达情况.结果:Ad5F35-IL24重组腺病毒感染裸鼠胶质瘤组织后,IL-24蛋白呈现高表达,胶质瘤的生长受到明显抑制(P＜0.01);TUNEL法检测发现肿瘤细胞凋亡率明显升高(P＜0.05);Western印迹法检测发现Ad5F35-IL24感染后PKR和p38-MAPK的蛋白表达及其磷酸化均较对照组显著升高(P＜0.01).结论:IL-24具有抑制胶质瘤生长和诱导其细胞凋亡的作用,其机制与上调并激活PKR和p38-MAPK蛋白途径有关.     

黑色素瘤分化相关基因-7研究进展

黑色素瘤分化相关基因-7(MDA-7)是一分泌型肿瘤细胞抑制因子.许多肿瘤细胞MDA-7 mRNA水平明显高于原发和转移的人黑色素瘤细胞.MDA-7通过抑制血管生成、激活GADD等信号传导途径,促进肿瘤细胞的生长抑制和凋亡,而对正常细胞无明显影响.MDA-7是第一个被报道的具有白介素作用的肿瘤抑制分子.     

黑色素瘤分化相关基因－7研究进展

黑色素瘤分化相关基因-7(MDA-7)是一分泌型肿瘤细胞抑制因子。许多肿瘤细胞MDA-7mRNA水平明显高于原发和转移的人黑色素瘤细胞。MDA-7通过抑制血管生成、激活GADD等信号传导途径，促进肿瘤细胞的生长抑制和凋亡，而对正常细胞无明显影响。MDA-7是第一个被报道的具有白介素作用的肿瘤抑制分子。     

白细胞介素24的研究进展

白细胞介素24（Interleukin24，IL24）又称为黑色素瘤分化相关基因7（melanoma differentiationassociated gene 7，mda7），它主要由CD3- T淋巴细胞和单核细胞表达，属分泌型蛋白，由206个氨基酸组成，属于IL10家族的成员。mda7/IL24作为细胞因子能诱导多种其它细胞因子的表达；作为肿瘤抑制基因能选择性诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡，抑制肿瘤生长，以及引起黑色素瘤细胞末端分化。在肿瘤免疫治疗中具有应用价值。     

Synergistic tumor suppression by adenovirus-mediated inhibitor of growth 4 and interleukin-24 gene cotransfer in hepatocarcinoma cells

Inhibitor of growth 4 (ING4) is a novel member of ING tumor suppressor family and has apparent tumor-suppressive effect. Interleukin-24 (IL-24) as a unique cytokine-tumor suppressor displays ubiquitous antitumor property and tumor-specific killing activity. Multigene-based combination therapy may be an effective practice in cancer gene therapy. The therapeutic potential of a conjunction of ING4 and IL-24 for cancers is still elusive. This study evaluated the combined effect on SMMC-7721 and HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells by adenovirus-mediated ING4 and IL-24 coexpression (Ad-ING4-IL-24) and also elucidated its underlying molecular mechanism. It was demonstrated that Ad-ING4-IL-24 induced synergistic growth inhibition, apoptosis, invasion suppression, as well as an enhanced effect on upregulation of P21, P27, Fas, FasL, FADD, Bad, Bax, Bak, cleaved Bid, cleaved Caspase-8, -9, and -3, and cleaved PARP, downregulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, 9, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), IL-8, CD34, and microvessel density, and cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytosol in in vitro SMMC-7721 and HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells and/or in vivo SMMC-7721 hepatocarcinoma subcutaneous xenografted tumors in athymic nude mice. The in vitro and in vivo synergistic antitumor activity elicited by Ad-ING4-IL-24 was closely associated with the cooperative activation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways and reduced proangiogenic factors' production of VEGF and IL-8, leading to synergistic inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Thus, results indicate that cancer gene therapy combining two or more tumor suppressors such as ING4 and IL-24 may constitute a novel and effective therapeutic strategy for hepatocarcinoma and other cancers.     

The efficacy of combination therapy using adeno-associated virus-mediated co-expression of apoptin and interleukin-24 on hepatocellular carcinoma

Multigene-based combination therapy is an effective practice in cancer gene therapy. Apoptin is a chicken anemia virus-derived, p53-independent, Bcl-2-insensitive apoptotic protein with the ability to specifically induce apoptosis in various human tumor cells. Interleukin-24 (IL-24) displays ubiquitous antitumor property and tumor-specific killing activity. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a promising gene delivery vehicle due to its advantage of low pathogenicity and long-term gene expression. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of combination therapy using AAV-mediated co-expression of apoptin and interleukin-24 on hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that AAV-mediated co-expression of IL-24 and apoptin significantly suppressed the growth and induced the apoptosis of HepG2 cells in vitro. Furthermore, AAV-mediated combined treatment of IL-24 and apoptin significantly suppressed tumor growth and induced apoptosis of tumor cells in xenograft nude mice. These data suggest that AAV vectors that co-express apoptin and IL-24 have great potential in cancer gene therapy.     

Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 7/interleukin (IL)-24 is a novel ligand that regulates angiogenesis via the IL-22 receptor

The melanoma differentiation-associated gene 7 (mda-7), also called interleukin (IL)-24, suppresses the growth of some cancers in vitro and in vivo as a result of the ectopic expression of its protein. However, the function of the secreted form of the protein in cancer has not been previously studied. The purpose of this study was to determine the antiangiogenic function of a secreted form of the MDA-7/IL-24 protein (sMDA-7/IL-24). In vitro, sMDA-7/IL-24 inhibited both endothelial cell differentiation and migration of endothelial cells induced by vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. The sMDA-7/IL-24-mediated inhibitory effect was 10-50 times more potent than endostatin, IFN-gamma, and IFN-inducible protein 10 in vitro. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect was not mediated by IFN or IFN-inducible protein 10. IL-22 receptor mediated the antiangiogenic activity of sMDA-7/IL-24. Administration of a blocking antibody to IL-22 receptor in conjunction with sMDA-7/IL-24 led to abrogation of inhibition of endothelial differentiation. sMDA-7/IL-24 inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis as evidenced by reduced vascularization and hemoglobin content in in vivo Matrigel plug assays. In vivo, the growth of human lung tumor cells was significantly inhibited, and vascularization was reduced when the cells were mixed with 293 cells stably expressing sMDA-7/IL-24. Systemic administration of sMDA-7/IL-24 inhibited lung tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Associated with tumor growth inhibition was decreased tumor microvessel density and hemoglobin content, indicating the presence of antiangiogenic activity. These data demonstrate that sMDA-7/IL-24 is a novel and potent antiangiogenic effector and support the development of MDA-7/IL-24-based therapeutics.     

Oncolytic adenovirus armed with IL-24 Inhibits the growth of breast cancer in vitro and in vivo

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Interleukin-24 (IL-24) is a cytokine that belongs to the IL-10 family. It can selectively induce cancer cell apoptosis which has been utilized as a cancer gene therapy strategy. METHODS: A recombinant type five adenovirus containing IL-24 gene (designated CNHK600-IL24) was constructed, whose replication is activated only in tumor cells. The replication of CNHK600-IL24 in breast tumor cells and fibroblasts were assessed by TCID50 and MTT assay; the secretion of IL-24 was measured by ELISA and western blotting. The in vivo anti-tumor effect of CNHK600-IL24 was investigated in in nude mice carrying orthotopic or metastatic breast tumor. RESULTS: We observed that CNHK600-IL24 could replicate efficiently and resulted in high level IL-24 expression and massive cell death in human breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 but not in normal fibroblast cell MRC-5. In addition, orthotopic breast tumor growth in the nude mice model was significantly suppressed when CNHK600-IL24 was administered. In the metastatic model generated by tail vein injection, CNHK600-IL24 virotherapy significantly improved survival compared with the same virus expressing EGFP (median survival CNHK600-IL24, 55 days vs. CNHK600-EGFP, 41 day, p<0.05 Mantal-Cox test). A similar phenomenon was observed in the metastatic model achieved by left ventricular injection as suggested by in vivo luminescence imaging of tumor growth. CONCLUSION: The oncolytic adenovirus armed with IL-24, which exhibited enhanced anti-tumor activity and improved survival, is a promising candidate for virotherapy of breast cancer.     

Inhibition of pancreatic carcinoma growth by adenovirus-mediated human interleukin-24 expression in animal model

Interleukin-24 (IL-24) has been shown to be a tumor-suppressor gene and the protein product found to be constitutively expressed by melanocytes, nerve cells, and some primary melanomas. The potential effect of adenovirus (AdV)-mediated IL-24 gene therapy was explored on human pancreatic carcinoma by using a pancreatic carcinoma cell line, patu8988. A recombinant adenovirus, AdVGFP/IL-24, expressing the marker, green fluorescent protein (GFP), and the tumor-suppressor gene, IL-24, was constructed. AdVGFP/IL-24 treatment of pancreatic carcinoma cells in vitro significantly induced pancreatic carcinoma cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis, compared with AdVGFP without IL-24 expression. In nude mice bearing patu8988 tumors, intratumoral injections of AdVGFP/IL-24 significantly inhibited pancreatic carcinoma growth. In addition, the molecular mechanism of tumor suppression was elucidated by downregulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, CD34, and Bcl-2, as well as inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. Therefore, AdVGFP/IL-24 has the potential to serve as a novel tool for pancreatic carcinoma gene therapy.     

Enhanced tumor suppression by an ING4/IL-24 bicistronic adenovirus-mediated gene cotransfer in human non-small cell lung cancer cells

ING4 as a member of inhibitor of growth (ING) tumor suppressor family has potent inhibitory effects on a variety of tumors. Interleukin-24 (IL-24), a cytokine-tumor suppressor, also shows broad-spectrum and tumor-specific antitumor activities. In this report, we constructed an ING4/IL-24 bicistronic adenovirus (Ad-ING4-IL-24) and assessed its combined effect on in vitro and in vivo A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells. We demonstrated that ING4 and IL-24 combination treatment by adenovirus-mediated ING4 and IL-24 coexpression induced additive growth suppression and apoptosis as well as an overlapping effect on upregulation of P21, P27, Fas, Bax and cleaved Caspases-8, 9, 3 and downregulation of Bcl-2 in in vitro A549 lung carcinoma cells. Moreover, Ad-ING4-IL-24 treatment additively inhibited in vivo A549 lung carcinoma subcutaneous (s.c.) xenografted tumor growth and reduced CD34 and microvessel density in A549 xenografted tumors in athymic nude mice. The enhanced antitumor activity elicited by Ad-ING4-IL-24 was closely associated with the coordinate activation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways and additive inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Thus, our results indicate that cancer gene therapy combining two or more tumor suppressors such as ING4 and IL-24 may constitute a novel and effective therapeutic strategy for lung carcinoma and other cancers.     

mda-7/IL-24 induces apoptosis in human GBC-SD gallbladder carcinoma cells via mitochondrial apoptotic pathway

mda-7/IL-24 has tumor-suppressor activity in a broad spectrum of human cancer cells. However, the therapeutic effect of the recombinant human IL-24 protein on human gallbladder carcinoma has rarely been explored. In this study, we used a human gallbladder carcinoma cell line (GBC-SD) to explore the effect of adenovirus-mediated IL-24 (Ad-IL24) gene therapy on GBC-SD cells. We show that Ad-IL24 treatment of GBC-SD cells in vitro conspicuously induced apoptosis of GBC-SD cells. We also demonstrate that the in vivo treatment of GBC tumor-bearing athymic nude mice intratumorally injected with Ad-IL24 significantly suppressed GBC growth. To further explore the mechanism that mda-7/IL-24 utilized in tumor cell apoptosis, we examined molecules and pathways involved in apoptotic regulation and found that Ad-IL24 induced the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and the release of cytochrome c, which subsequently activated caspase-9, caspase-3 and PARP to induce apoptosis. In summary, adenovirus (AdV)-mediated IL-24 overexpression exerted potent antitumor activity via stimulating mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in GBC-SD. Therefore, mda-7/IL-24 has the potential to serve as a tool for targeted gene therapy in the treatment of gallbladder cancer.     

Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA enhances IL-24-induced apoptosis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells

Background

Interleukin-24(IL-24), also referred to as melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7(mda-7), is a unique member of the IL-10 gene family, which displays nearly ubiquitous cancer-specific toxicity. The most notable feature of IL-24 is selectively induced growth suppression and apoptosis in various cancer cells, with no harmful effects toward normal cells. Autophagy is a self-protective mechanism in many kinds of tumor cells that respond to anticancer treatment. It is reported that autophagy inhibition could enhance the effects of many kinds of anticancer treatments, including gene therapy. However, whether IL-24 is effective to treat oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and if autophagy inhibition could improve the anticancer effect of IL-24 towards OSCC is has not been detected.

Methods

MTT assays were carried out to determine the cell proliferation; Transfection was used to gene transfer; Western Blot was performed to detect the protein level of LC3II, P62, Beclin 1, Cleaved caspase-3, β-Tubulin and β-actin; Apoptosis rates and cell cycle alteration were analyzed using flow cytometry; Autophagy induction was confirmed by MDC staining, GFP-LC3 staining and transmission electron microscopy. Amount of IL-24 in the culture medium was quantified by ELISA. Apoptosis in vivo was analyzed by TUNEL assay. HE staining was used to observe the morphology of the samples.

Results

In the present study, we proved that IL-24 have a novel anticancer effect towards KB cells and that autophagy inhibition could improve the anticancer effect of IL-24. IL-24 treated cells showed autophagy characteristics and autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) significantly enhanced IL-24-induced apoptosis. Similar results were obtained in the KB cells xenograft tumor model.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the combination of autophagy inhibitors and IL-24 based on the AdLTR₂EF1α-mediated gene transfer could be a promising way to cure OSCC.     

Adenovirus arming human IL-24 inhibits neuroblastoma cell proliferation in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo

Data have increasingly shown that interlukin-24 (IL-24) has growth suppression activity and can induce apoptosis in a broad spectrum of tumor cells. However, the therapeutic effect of IL-24 on human neuroblastoma has rarely been explored. In this study, we used a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) to reveal the effect of adenovirus-mediated IL-24 (Ad-IL24) gene therapy for neuroblastoma. We showed that Ad-IL24 effectively inhibited the proliferation of SH-SY5Y cells in vitro by conspicuously inducing apoptosis. To further explore the molecular mechanism by which Ad-IL24 induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y tumor cells, we found that Ad-IL24 increased the expression of Bax and promoted the activation of caspase-3, while decreasing Bcl-2 levels. We also demonstrated that Ad-IL24 significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo in a xenograft neuroblastoma tumor in athymic nude mice. In summary, Ad-IL24 overexpression exerted potent antitumor activity via inducing apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Therefore, IL-24 has the potential to serve as an agent for gene therapy in the treatment of neuroblastoma.