运动疗法在心脏术后患者中的作用

目的探讨运动疗法在心脏术后康复中的作用.方法21例心脏手术后患者均接受功率自行车或/和跑台训练为主的康复训练,并采用常规心电运动试验对康复训练前后的各项指标进行比较.结果运动训练后,运动时间和最大运动负荷显著增加,安静时,心率、血压(包括收缩压和舒张压)、心率-血压乘积均显著下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),安静时心电图最大ST段压低明显改善(P<0.01);同等负荷量运动时,心率、血压、心率-血压乘积及运动诱发的最大ST段压低与安静状态时有相似的改变(P<0.05,P<0.01).结论心脏术后的康复训练有助于增加体能,减轻心肌缺血,增加心肌储备功能,从而改善了患者的生活质量.     

综合护理干预在心脏瓣膜术后患者华法林抗凝治疗的应用效果

目的 探讨综合护理干预在心脏瓣膜术后患者华法林抗凝治疗中的应用效果。 方法 选取2015年2月-2017年2月接受心脏瓣膜置换术且术后采用华法林抗凝的患者100例,随机分为观察组与对照组各50例。对照组予以心脏瓣膜术后常规护理,观察组行综合护理干预。比较2组患者华法林抗凝治疗的依从性、不良反应发生情况以及患者满意度情况。 结果 观察组患者华法林抗凝治疗完全依从性显著高于对照组(Z=-2.568,P=0.010)。出血以及血栓的发生率均低于对照组(χ²=5.473,P=0.019; χ²=4.332,P=0.037)。患者满意度高于对照组(χ²=6.061,P=0.014)。 结论 综合护理应用于心脏瓣膜术后华法林抗凝中,可显著提高患者依从性,降低不良反应发生率,提高患者满意度。     

Gastric deformity following cardiac surgery

An extraperitoneal collection of chilled irrigation fluid used for hypothermic cardioplegia caused marked deformity of the stomach. It was demonstrated by upper gastrointestinal study performed 2 weeks after a coronary aortic bypass operation. The mass was drained following ultrasonic demonstration of its superficial location and fluid content.     

Rapid progression following cardiac surgery

This article examines one institution's transition into rapid progression after cardiac surgery. This includes clinical guidelines and the integral use of outcomes measures to govern care. Fast-track initiatives are examined in the scope of cost containment. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach is emphasized throughout.     

Gastrointestinal dysfunction following cardiac surgery

Cardiac surgery is associated with a low incidence of GI complications, but with a disproportionate mortality. A number of risk factors have become established which identify patients at risk. CPB is associated with profound reductions in mucosal blood flow. Mesenteric perfusion is altered by primary endothelial dysfunction, which may further be exacerbated by the use of vasoconstrictors during CPB; inflammatory mediators can 'prime' the mesenteric vasculature. Cardiac surgery with or without CPB is associated with increased tissue oxygen demands, particularly by the splanchnic bed. The disparity in general and regional oxygen supply and demand results in the development of mucosal hypoxia and this cannot be attributed to CPB alone. This injury is measurable by reductions in both absorptive and barrier functions of the gut. Protection may be conferred by modulating the perfusion protocol during bypass and pharmacological interventions which modify the inflammatory response to surgery.     

Factors affecting suitability for coronary bypass surgery

Factors responsible for unsuitability for bypass surgery were assessed prospectively in 324 consecutive patients with serious angina pectoris undergoing cardiac catheterization. One hundred patients were found to be unsuitable for surgery (31%). These patients usually had peripheral coronary atherosclerosis (44%), stenotic/occluded artery distributing to an infarcted (35%) or small area (25%), or reduced global left ventricular (LV) function (15%). Age over 65 years (p less than 0.05), female sex (p less than 0.05), previous myocardial infarction (p less than 0.05), 1-vessel disease (p less than 0.01) and a low LV ejection fraction (p less than 0.01) occurred more often in patients not accepted for surgery. Of the patients with 3-vessel disease 75% were referred for surgery while only 25% of patients with 1-vessel disease (p less than 0.001) Stepwise logistic regression analysis identified LV ejection fraction as an inverse predictor (p less than 0.001) and number of stenotic coronary arteries as a predictor (p less than 0.001) of suitability for surgery. Thus, peripheral coronary atherosclerosis and global LV function are the main factors determining unsuitability for coronary bypass surgery.     

心脏瓣膜置换术后影响华法林抗凝疗效的人口学因素分析

目的:探讨影响心脏瓣膜置换术后患者华法林维持剂量的人口学因素,以指导术后的抗凝治疗.方法:收集852例心脏瓣膜置换术后使用华法林抗凝治疗的患者资料,分别将华法林维持剂量与性别、年龄、体表面积、吸烟、饮酒等因素进行相关性分析,采用逐步回归方法分析这些人口学因素对华法维持剂量的影响.结果:(1)女性患者华法林的维持剂量和 PT-INR(凝血酶原国际标准化比值)都要比男性患者小.(2)华法林维持剂量与年龄呈负相关(r=0.250,P<0.001),与体表面积呈正相关(r=0.337,P<0.001).(3)年龄和体表面积可以解释华法林维持剂量个体异的17.9%.结论:本研究证实一些人口学因素例如年龄和体表面积可以解释华法林维持剂量的部分个体差异,接下来还需进一步地探讨其他因素,例如遗传因素对华法林剂量的影响.     

Neurologic dysfunctions following cardiac surgery.

This article has discussed three major categories of neurologic injury following cardiac surgery. The primary pathophysiologic mechanisms for cerebral injury are thought to be related to reperfusion phenomena and neuronal cellular changes, hypoperfusion, and microemboli while on CPB. The type of symptoms the patient manifests range from fatal cerebral injury to more commonly seen episodes of mild, transient confusion. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative risk factors are discussed. The critical care nurse's role in assessing early detection of changes, offering reassurance to both the family and patient, and providing continuity of care are summarized.     

Late-onset hyperlactataemia following paediatric cardiac surgery

Objective  To investigate the clinical significance of a late rise in blood lactate concentration, developing after PICU admission, in older children undergoing cardiac surgery. Design  Retrospective, observational study. Setting  Single UK PICU. Patients and participants  A total of 147 children, aged 2–16 years, in 2 cohorts: FONTAN (n = 63) Fontan operation; and MIXED (n = 84) operations of varying complexity. Interventions  None. Measurements and results  Sequential data were collected up to 12 h postoperatively: arterial blood gas, lactate, glucose concentrations; haemodynamic variables; inotropic support; urine output, core-peripheral temperature gradient. Data were collected on clinical outcomes: PICU mortality; length of ventilation, PICU stay; renal and hepatic function. Late-onset hyperlactataemia (LOH) was defined if blood lactate increased to or above 3 mmol/l. Data from the LOH group were compared to a group with a low blood lactate (<3 mmol/l) throughout (No_LOH). LOH occurred in 28 (44%) and 21 (25%) of patients in FONTAN and MIXED cohorts, respectively. A strong association was found between LOH and hyperglycaemia (P < 0.001). No significant difference was found in postoperative urine output, core-peripheral temperature gradient or inotrope requirement in the LOH versus No_LOH groups. No significant differences were found with respect to clinical outcomes in the LOH versus No_LOH groups. All LOH patients were discharged from PICU within 1 day and survived. Conclusions  LOH is common in older children following cardiac surgery. We found no evidence to suggest that it is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The strong association between LOH and hyperglycaemia supports a metabolic aetiology.     

心脏手术与急性肾功能不全

目的　分析心脏手术后急性肾功能不全的原因 ,提出围手术期的处理要点。方法　对 13 45例心脏手术后发生肾功能不全的 2 82例的临床资料进行分析 ,其中轻度肾功能不全 189例 ,中度 69例 ,重度 14例 ,极重度 10例。结果　总的肾功能不全的发生率 2 0 97% (2 82 /13 45 ) ,总住院死亡率 3 712 % (4 2 /13 45 ) ,2 82例肾功能不全患者住院死亡 2 4例(8 5 1% ) ,术前伴发病、心功能分级、手术种类和心肺转流时间与术后肾功能不全的发生率有显著差异。结论　心脏手术后肾功能不全的发生和轻重程度 ,与术前伴发病、心功能分级、手术种类和心肺转流时间有密切关系。轻度、中度肾功能不全以强心、利尿、扩血管、保护肾功能为主 ,中度和重度肾功能不全者以腹膜透析为主 ,部分重度和极重度肾功能不全者以血液透析治疗为主     

198例心脏机械瓣膜置换术患者口服华法林的临床监测及护理

目的研究心脏机械瓣膜置换术后口服华法林患者血浆凝血酶原前体蛋白(prothrombin precursor protein,PIVKA-Ⅱ)、凝血酶原时间(prothrombintime,PT)、国际标准化比率(international normalized rate,INR)的变化及其临床意义。方法 198例心脏机械瓣膜置换术后口服华法林患者为病例组,30例门诊体检人员为健康对照组,分别进行血浆PIVKA-Ⅱ、PT、INR测定。结果研究组首次服华法林后8h后,血浆PIVKA-Ⅱ浓度即显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);首次服华法林24h后,PT、INR显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。抗凝后多数患者有不同程度的出血,其中2例出现腰大肌血肿,3例出现脑出血,1例出现脑血栓,经手术治疗、药物调整及护理后均康复。结论上述指标能较客观地反映心脏机械瓣膜置换术后口服华法林患者的病理变化过程。对患者进行心理治疗等护理可以提高治疗效果、减少并发症。