嗅神经母细胞瘤的光镜、电镜和免疫组织化学观察

报道了１１例嗅神经母细胞瘤的光镜、免疫组化及其中２例超微结构观察结果。１１例嗅神经母细胞瘤中１０例可见瘤细胞排列成大小不等的巢状或条索状；８例有Ｈｏｍｅｒ－Ｗｒｉｇｈｔ菊形团，５例见Ｆｌｅｎｅｒ菊形团（其中４例同时伴有Ｈｏｍｅｒ－Ｗｒｉｇｈｔ菊形团）；８例可见瘤细胞之间由细胞突起形成的嗜酸性纤维样背景。电镜下１例瘤细胞内见神经原纤维，２例均有神经内分泌颗粒，并对其颗粒进行了形态测量。多种抗体免疫组化染色：ＮＳＥ１１例均为阳性，Ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ，Ｓ－１００、Ｋｅｒａｔｉｎ各有４例、３例和１例阳性，ＮＦ，ＥＭＡ，ＣＥＡ，ＬＣＡ均为阴性。文中对嗅神经母细胞瘤的病理形态及免疫组化特征在诊断中的意义进行了讨论。     

脊索样脑膜瘤临床病理分析

目的：研究脊索样脑膜瘤的临床与病理特征,以提高其早期诊断率。方法：运用组织病理学及免疫组化标记（Ｓ－Ｐ法）对３例脊索样脑膜瘤进行临床病理学和组化（ＰＡＳ）、免疫组化（ＥＭＡ、Ｖｉｍ、Ｓ－１００、ＣＫ）及电镜观察。结果：组织学瘤细胞胞浆内外均见粘液,在粘液基质背景中有成簇或成行的类液滴样细胞,瘤组织中有典型的脑膜上皮漩涡结构,组化及免疫组化示ＰＡＳ（＋）、ＥＭＡ（＋）、Ｖｉｍ（＋）、Ｓ－１００（＋）     

血管肌纤维母细胞瘤与侵袭性血管粘液瘤临床病理分析

目的：探讨血管肌纤维母细胞瘤（ＡＭＦＢ）的临床病理特点及与侵袭性血管粘液瘤（ＡＡ）的鉴别。方法：对５例ＡＭＦＢ和５例ＡＡ进行临床病理和免疫组化研究,对３例ＡＭＦＢ进行电镜观察。结果：ＡＭＦＢ位于外阴或腹股沟我,肿瘤边界清楚,大小０．８～４ｃｍ。光镜：肿瘤细胞呈梭形上皮样、束头及巢状排列,常围绕小至中等大小的薄壁血管周围。肿瘤有细胞密集区和细胞分散区。免疫组化：肿瘤细胞表达ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ,ｄｅｓｍ     

肌纤维母细胞肉瘤的病理学研究

目的：探讨软骨样肌纤维母细胞肉瘤的组织学、超微结构和免疫组化特点。方法：采用光镜、电镜、组织化学及免疫组化染色，观察肿瘤形态学表现。结果：光镜下见肿瘤主要由梭形细胞和软骨样细胞组成。ＶＧ染色呈红、黄相间，Ｍａｓｓｏｎ染色瘤细胞呈蓝、红相间，免疫组化ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ、α－ＳＭＡ、ｄｅｓｍｉｎ及α－ＡＴ均为阳性，瘤细胞含有丰富的粗面内质网及数量等不等的骨丝束、密体和密斑。结论：肌纤维母细胞肉瘤是一型独     

脑上皮样血管内皮瘤1例及文献复习

目的：探讨脑上皮样血管内皮瘤（ＥＨＥ）的诊断及鉴别诊断。方法：通过ＨＥ、免疫组化及电镜观察１例脑原发性多灶性上皮样血管内皮瘤、并复习文献。结果：肿瘤由排列呈巢状、索状的上皮样细胞组成,胞浆丰富、嗜酸性;内含明显空泡呈“印戒”状,有的空泡内可见红血球,间质含粘液样基质。免疫组化染色显示ＦⅧ、ＣＤ３４、ＣＤ３１、ＵＥＡ－１和ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ阳性;而ＣＫ、ＣＥＡ、ＥＭＡ、ＧＦＡＰ、Ｓ－１００蛋白及Ｍａｃ     

肾恶性横纹肌样瘤15例临床病理及免疫组织化学分析

报道１５例肾恶性横纹肌样瘤（ＭＲＴＫ）的临床病理及免疫组化特点。男女之比为２．８：１。年龄４个月至４岁７个月，平均１岁零６个月。随访１０例，８例均于术后半年内死１０亡，２例健在。典型组织学改变为细胞弥漫排列，多边形，胞浆丰富嗜酸性，核仁突出。部分细胞胞浆内有嗜酸性包涵体，部分病例可见上皮样排列，间质硬化及梭形细胞成分。免疫组化显示１５例Ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ（＋），１２例ＥＭＡ（＋），８例Ｃｙｔｏｋｅｒａｔｉｎ（＋）。结果提示，本瘤是一种好发于婴幼儿、预后差、多表现型的恶性肾肿瘤。可能来源于某种具有双向分化能力的多潜能细胞。     

乳腺恶性肌上皮瘤2例报道及文献复习

探讨原发于乳腺的恶性肌上皮瘤的临床病理学特点及组织发生。方法：２例乳腺岂上皮瘤进行了光镜观察及免疫组化染色。结果：镜下示１例以梭形细胞为主，肿瘤细胞有异形性，中１例透亮细胞为主，２例均未见到腺样结构，核分裂较多。免疫酶标示瘤细胞ＣＫ，ＥＭＡ，ＭＳＡ，ＤＥＳ，Ｓ－１００，ＥＲ，ＰＲ均阳性。     

通过维持微环境IL－2水平抑制肿瘤形成

为研究肿瘤微环境中ＩＬ－２对肿瘤生长的抑制效应，用转基因方法，将携带ｍＩＬ－２ｃＤＮＡ基因的牛乳头瘤病毒载体（ＢＣＭＧ）转染小鼠Ｂ１６瘤细胞，获稳定持久分泌ｍＩＬ－２的Ｂ１６细胞株（ｍＩＬ－２＋Ｂ１６）。动物实验结果显示：ｍＩＬ－２＋Ｂ１６细胞的致瘤性明显下降，但体外生长率与其亲代Ｂ１６细胞相比较无区别。用ｍＩＬ－２＋Ｂ１６细胞诱导的小鼠腹腔渗出细胞（ＰＥＣ）对ＹＡＣ－１靶细胞和Ｂ１６靶细胞的体外杀伤能力比对照组ＰＥＣ（Ｂ１６诱导的ＰＥＣ）高一倍以上（Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明提高微环境中的ＩＬ－２水平能提高抗肿瘤免疫细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤能力，从而抑制肿瘤的形成。     

通过维持微环境IL－2水平抑制肿瘤形成

为研究肿瘤微环境中ＩＬ－２对肿瘤生长的抑制效应，用转基因方法，将携带ｍＩＬ－２ｃＤＮＡ基因的牛乳头瘤病毒载体（ＢＣＭＧ）转染小鼠Ｂ１６瘤细胞，获稳定持久分泌ｍＩＬ－２的Ｂ１６细胞株（ｍＩＬ－２＋Ｂ１６）。动物实验结果显示：ｍＩＬ－２＋Ｂ１６细胞的致瘤性明显下降，但体外生长率与其亲代Ｂ１６细胞相比较无区别。用ｍＩＬ－２＋Ｂ１６细胞诱导的小鼠腹腔渗出细胞（ＰＥＣ）对ＹＡＣ－１靶细胞和Ｂ１６靶细胞的体外杀伤能力比对照组ＰＥＣ（Ｂ１６诱导的ＰＥＣ）高一倍以上（Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明提高微环境中的ＩＬ－２水平能提高抗肿瘤免疫细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤能力，从而抑制肿瘤的形成。     

分化诱导剂对人单核样白血病J6－2细胞凝集素结合及［~（125）I］UdR掺入的影响

将Ｊ６－２细胞分别用分化诱导剂ＧＭ＿３（５０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）、ＤＭＳＯ（１．２％）处理６天、ＴＰＡ（１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ）处理３天，观察它们对１１种凝集素结合反应的影响。结果表明，经ＧＭ＿３处理后，Ｊ６－２细胞对凝集素结合反应增强的只有ＵＥＡ（－至＋），变弱的只有ＢＳＡ（＋＋至－），其余的都无变化。经ＤＭＳＯ处理后，结合反应变强的有ＵＥＡ（－至＋）及ＰＮＡ（－至＋＋），变弱的有ＢＳＡ（＋＋至－）及ＰＳＡ（＋＋至＋）。经ＴＰＡ处理后，结合反应变弱的有ＢＳＡ（＋＋至＋）、ＷＧＡ（＋＋至－）及ＲＣＡ（＋＋至＋），变强的有ＵＥＡ（－至＋）、ＳＢＡ（－至＋）及ＳＪＡ（－至＋＋）。对３种分化诱导剂处理后都无变化的有ＤＢＡ（－）、ＬＣＡ（＋＋）及ＣｏｎＡ（＋＋）。本文还观察到３种分化诱导剂都能抑制［￣１２５Ｉ］ＵｄＲ向Ｊ６－２细胞的掺入。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.