Gastroduodenal bleedings in critical illness

Acute erosive lesions of upper parts of gastrointestinal tract with bleeding aggravate severe burn trauma, postoperative period after extensive surgeries and is the often component of polyorganic insufficiency syndrome. Gastric secretion in patients with severe burn trauma and neurotrauma was studied. Decrease of gastric secretory function due to central paresis of gastrointestinal tract and reflux of bile into stomach was seen in majority of patients with neurotrauma and acute gastric ulcers. On the contrary, in patients with burn shock increase of acid-secretory function of stomach was revealed. Schemes of prophylaxis and treatment of acute ulcers were developed. They included antacid therapy (for patients with increased secretion), regulators of motor-evacuatory function of stomach and intestine (for patients with paresis), drugs increased regenerative properties of mucosa, early enteral nutrition with balanced mixtures. This treatment in combination with hemostatic therapy and cure of main disease permitted to reduce number of gastroduodenal bleedings and lethality in these patients.     

Enteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis

The metabolism of acute pancreatitis is characterized by hypermetabolism and catabolism. Evidence for glucose intolerance occurs in anywhere from 40 to 90% of cases and urine urea nitrogen may increase up to 40 g/day. The most important aspect when considering nutritional therapy is determining the severity of the pancreatitis. The APACHE-II-scoring-system and the time honored Ranson criteria are useful for differentiating severe from mild pancreatitis. Despite some limitations in sensitivity and specificity, studies have suggested that patients with 2 or less Ranson criteria and an APACHE-II-score of 9 or less have mild pancreatitis, while patients with 3 or more Ranson criteria and an APACHE-II-score of 10 or more have severe pancreatitis. Evidence of organ failure on clinical presentation and pancreatic necrosis on dynamic CT scan are also important factors in determining severity of pancreatitis and are probably the two major indicators of patient outcome. Only 3 prospective randomized controlled trials have compared enteral to parenteral nutrition for pancreatitis. All studies described successful use of enteral feeding without exacerbating the disease process although a mild stimulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion could not be prevented, even when the tube was placed below the ligament of Treitz. Kalfarentzos [11] and McClave [14] could show that hyperglycemia was worse in the parenteral feeding patients compared to the enteral feeding group and Windsor [24] concluded with respect to the results of his study, that enteral feeding modulates the inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis. Conclusions regarding the use of enteral or parenteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis are difficult to form, as there is a need of more prospective studies. As ileus may be a problem in patients with greater severity of pancreatitis, limiting the application of early enteral feeding, the route of nutritional support should be determined by the clinical course and the severity of the disease.     

Enteral therapy of the syndrome of intestinal insufficiency in patients with peritonitis

Sixty five patients with peritonitis were examined and divided into two groups. The operative intervention in all the patients included transnasal intubation of the small intestine. The basic enteral therapy used in the first group of patients was made with the glucose-saline solution and transition to a balanced polysubstrate mixture "nutrient standard" with the increasing concentration. For the patients of the second group a special program was developed for enteral therapy in which glutamine and pectine were included in the glucose-saline solution as well as nutrient mixtures containing middle chain triglycerides. Active decompression of the small intestine followed by the enteral administration of the nutrient mixtures facilitated quicker correction of the intestinal insufficiency in patients with severe forms of peritonitis.     

Morphofunctional characteristic of enteral insufficiency and means of nutritional maintenance in casualties with a severe trauma

Examinations of 257 casualties were performed at different terms after trauma. The criteria for determination of the degree of enteral insufficiency in patients with traumas were the severity of the injury, the severity of the state, the absorption state in the small intestine and the degree of errosive-ulcerous processes in the upper parts of the gastro-intestinal tract. The clinico-laboratory gradation of the enteral insufficiency was developed according to the severity degree that allows to establish the algorithm of its diagnosing and treatment based on the principle of outstripping therapy of the appearing disorders and to optimize the terms and methods of the nutritional maintenance of the patients with traumas.     

Complex diagnostics and surgical treatment of acute small bowel adhesive obstruction

Results of the complex diagnosis and surgical treatment of 85 patients with acute commissural obstruction of the small bowel have shown that at the present-day stage of the early diagnosis of this disease the method of USI in combination with using metallic "contrast marks" (carried out in 14 patients) holds the leading place. U-shape anastomoses were preferred when making entero-enteral anastomoses and ileoascendoanastomoses which considerably decreased the frequency of incompetent sutures. The developed method of antegrade intubation of the digestive tract was used for correction of syndrome of enteral insufficiency in 46 patients that resulted in a quicker restoration of the small bowel functioning (4-5 days) and correction of the enteral insufficiency syndrome (5-6 days).     

肠内营养对重症胰腺炎患者免疫功能的影响

目的 研究肠内营养对重症胰腺炎患者免疫功能的影响。方法 对我院自2001～2002年32例重症胰腺炎病人行肠内营养(EN)的免疫球蛋白、细胞因子和红细胞免疫功能进行检测。并与30例采用肠外营养(TPN)的病人进行比较。结果 EN组应用1周后IgA浓度明显提高，IL-6明显提高，IL-10显著下降。红细胞C3b受体花结率(RRCR)明显提高。结论 肠内营养对重症胰腺炎病人免疫功能有增强作用。     

重症急性胰腺炎的早期营养支持治疗

目的分析重症急性胰腺炎的早期营养支持治疗方法及效果。 方法选取了2013年10月至2016年10月收治的122例重症急性胰腺炎患者作为研究对象,随机分为肠内营养组(EN组)和肠外营养组(TPN组),使用SPSS19.0统计软件进行分析,两组患者的并发症发生率采用χ²检验;各项营养指标、APACHEⅡ评分和Ranson评分采用( ±s)表示,独立t检验。P<0.05差异具有统计学意义。 结果两组患者治疗前的营养指标以及APACHEⅡ评分和Ranson评分相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后,肠内营养组患者的各项营养指标均明显优于肠外营养组(P<0.05),且肠内营养组患者的APACHEⅡ评分和Ranson评分明显低于肠外营养组(P<0.05);肠内营养组患者的肾衰、腹腔感染等并发症发生率明显低于肠外营养组(P<0.05)。 结论应用早期肠内营养治疗可以有效改善重症急性胰腺炎患者的身体营养状况,从而提高患者的免疫力,降低了患者的APACHEⅡ、Ranson评分以及并发症发生率,宜广泛应用于临床治疗中。     

Characteristics of the clinical course of gunshot peritonitis

The article gives characteristics of specific features of the clinical course of gunshot peritonitis due to specificity of the mechanism of the formation of gunshot wounds. Characteristic features of the clinical course of gunshot peritonitis are: high rate of the development of pathomorphological alterations in the abdominal cavity and severity of clinical manifestations. The multiple organ insufficiency in gunshot peritonitis at first is of primary character followed by the development of secondary organic insufficiency due to the progressing infectious process in the abdominal cavity.     

重症急性胰腺炎合并真菌感染的诊断和治疗

目的 由于重症急性胰腺炎病程迁延,常存在免疫和代谢功能紊乱,真菌感染成为突出的临床问题。方法 总结１９７４年８月至１９９７年１２月收治的３５２例重症急性胰腺炎,并作真菌感染的菌谱调查。诊断主要依据临床症状和细菌学证据两方面。预防措施包括早期应用肠道营养和预防性应用抗真菌药物氟康唑。治疗包括早期应用氟康唑或两性霉素Ｂ抗真菌治疗和及时的病灶清除手术。结果 ３５２例中,７３例非手术治疗,治愈率为９０．４     

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近年来重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)的营养模式发生了显著的变化,大致分为3个阶段:全胃肠外营养模式、阶段性营养支持模式和早期肠内营养模式。21世纪初期开始的早期肠内营养,即在SAP的急性期内,血流动力学和内稳态稳定后,立即建立空肠营养通道,开始肠内营养,只有当肠内营养不能实施时,才考虑用肠外营养。早期肠内营养不仅仅单纯作为"营养",而是同时作为调节过度炎性反应和预防肠源性感染的手段。越来越多的证据表明,早期肠内营养能够明显改善SAP预后,降低胰腺坏死组织感染发生率。     

Surgery for Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome—a Case Report

Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) is a rare disease characterised by multiple venous malformations and haemangioma in the skin and visceral organs. The lesion often involves the cutaneous and gastrointestinal tract. Most common visceral organ affected is the GIT. Most predominant region involved in the GIT is small bowel. However, vascular lesions can occur anywhere from oral mucosa to anal canal. GIT bleed is relatively slow, resulting in minor, chronic and occult blood loss. The syndrome in the GIT may also present with severe complications such as rupture, volvulus, intussusceptions and even death. Cutaneous malformations are usually asymptomatic and do not require treatment. The treatment of GIT lesions is determined by the extent of intestinal involvement and severity of the disease. Most patients respond to supportive therapy such as iron supplementation and blood transfusion. Surgical resection, endoscopic sclerosis and laser photocoagulation have been proposed for more significant haemorrhage and severe complications. Here, we present a case of BRBNS in a 13-year-old girl involving the GIT especially the large bowel, presenting with the complaints of bleeding per rectum and iron deficiency anaemia. Initially, endoscopic sclerotherapy was performed, but to no response. Hence, proceeded with surgical resection.     

重症急性胰腺炎早期肠内营养的影响因素分析

目的 研究重症急性胰腺炎早期肠内营养(enteral nutrition,EN)应用的相关影响因素.方法 回顾上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院SICU收治的57例SAP(severe acute panereati tis)患者,以入科后EN开始时间分为A组(≤5 d)和B组(>5 d),比较组间相关影响因素差异.以不同营养途径分组比较EN开始时间及相关影响因素.结果 A组患者入科APACHEⅡ评分、Ranson评分和Bahhazar CT评分均显著低于B组(P<0.05),EN开始时A组患者APACHE Ⅱ评分低于B组,但无统计学意义.在并发症比较中,B组多脏器功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction of syndrome,MODS)、休克和腹腔间隔室综合征(abdominal compartment syndrome,ACS)的发病率明显高于A组(P<0.05),而其他并发症在两组间无统计学意义;鼻空肠管组患者入科时APACHE Ⅱ评分、Ranson评分和Balthazar CT评分均低于空肠造瘘管组,EN开始时间也显著提前(P<0.05).结论 SAP患者EN的应用受胰腺炎病情的严重度、严重并发症(休克、MODS与ACS)及喂养途径等多因素影响.早期EN的标准应当以病情评估为基础,以内环境稳定、胃肠功能开始恢复为起始标志,在≤5d内启用EN是可行的.APACHE Ⅱ评分对EN开始时机的把握可能具有指导意义.     

Randomized controlled trial of the effect of early enteral nutrition on markers of the inflammatory response in predicted severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that intestinal dysfunction has a role in sustaining the systemic inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis and may be ameliorated by the introduction of enteral nutrition. This study therefore assessed the effect of early enteral nutrition on the systemic inflammatory response in patients with prognostically severe acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Patients with prognostically severe acute pancreatitis within 72 h of disease onset were randomized to receive either enteral nutrition or conventional therapy consisting of a nil-by-mouth regimen. Serum interleukin (IL) 6, soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor I (sTNFRI) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were used as markers of the inflammatory response. Intestinal function was assessed using a differential sugar permeability technique. RESULTS: Of 27 patients, 13 received enteral nutrition. A median of 21 (range 0-100) per cent of calorific requirements was delivered over the first 4 days by enteral nutrition. There were no significant complications of enteral nutrition. The introduction of enteral nutrition did not affect the serum concentrations of IL-6 (P = 0.28), sTNFRI (P = 0.53) or CRP (P = 0.62) over the first 4 days of the study. Although there were no significant differences in intestinal permeability between the two patient groups at admission (chi2 = 2.33, d.f. = 1, P = 0.13), by day 4 abnormal intestinal permeability occurred more frequently in patients receiving enteral nutrition (chi2 = 4.94, d.f. = 1, P = 0.03) CONCLUSION: Early enteral nutrition did not ameliorate the inflammatory response in patients with prognostically severe acute pancreatitis. Furthermore, it did not have a beneficial effect on intestinal permeability. Presented in part to the Pancreatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland in Leeds, UK, November 1998 and at Digestive Disease Week in Orlando, Florida, USA, May 1999     

The concept of abruption of pancreatic necrosis--key to the solution of the problem of destructive pancreatitis

The main criterion of severity of acute destructive pancreatitis (ADP) is the volume of pancreatonecrosis formed during the first 24 hours of the disease. A prognostic system is developed allowing to urgently detect the "risk group"--patients with the developing massive pancreatonecrosis by means of the assessment of clinical criteria. In the process of intensive therapy of the "risk group" patients there occurs arresting, "abruption" of the destructive process which greatly improves the results of treatment (the frequency of purulent complications decreases from 32% to 14%, lethality from 45% to 19%). Different methods of "abrupting" therapy are described, the best of them is a combination of curative plasmapheresis with the intraaortal perfusion of the splanchnic area with antienzymes, antihypoxants and antithrombotics. In the group of 17 patients with severe ADP treated by the method described suppuration was noted in 1 (6%) patient, and no lethal outcomes. The pressing problem is to increase the number of patients with severe ODP treated by the method of "abrupting" therapy as early as possible which can be achieved with the help of early hospitalization, with using prognostic systems and creation of a network of specialized pancreatological clinics with the corresponding equipment.     

严重胃肠道创伤患者早期肠内营养的临床应用

目的探讨早期肠内营养在严重胃肠道创伤患者中实施的可行性以及临床应用价值。方法12例胃肠道损伤的患者,在术中行空肠造瘘,术后早期(12小时)给予肠内营养支持治疗。结果营养支持治疗过程基本顺利．无严重副反应及并发症的情况发生。结论胃肠道损伤的患者术后早期进行肠内营养安全、简单、可靠．可常规进行。     

Early jejunal feeding in acute pancreatitis: prevention of septic complications and multiorgan failure

Authors evaluate the effect of early jejunal feeding on septic complications and mortality in acute pancreatitis, based on the results of a two-phase, prospective, randomized study. In the first part of the study they compared the conventional parenteral nutrition with early (started within 24 hours) enteral nutrition in a prospective, randomized trial on 89 patients. Forty-eight patients were randomized into the parenteral group "A" (Rindex 10, Infusamin S, Intralipid 10%: 30 kcal/kg) and 41 patients into the enteral group "B" (fed by nasogastric jejunal tube Survimed OPD, 30 kcal/kg). The rate of septic complications (infected necrosis, abscess, infected pseudocyst) were significantly lower in the enteral group (p = 0.08 chi-square test). In the second phase of the study early jejunal feeding was combined with imipenem prophylaxis (Tienam, 2 x 500 mg i.v.) in the necrotizing cases detected by CT scan. According to the results of 92 patients the rate of septic complications (p = 0.03), multiple organ failure (p = 0.14), and mortality (p = 0.13) were further reduced in this group. Authors believe that combination of early enteral nutrition and a selective, adequate antibiotic therapy may give a chance for prevention of multiple organ failure.     

Enteral insufficiency syndrome in acute ileus and ways for its correction]

Based on experimental investigations in 26 mongrel dogs, we established that due to acute ileus (AI) proximal and distal regions of small intestine are colonized by pathogenic aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, which causes occurrence of enteral insufficiency syndrome (EIS). Absorption of microorganisms and their toxins through intestinal wall leads to bacteriemia, endotoxemia and morphological insufficiency of parenchymatous organs. The results of treatment of 486 patients with AI of different etiology are studied. Based on clinical and diagnostical changes 4 stages of EIS are separated. The rate of post-operative complications depends on severity of EIS. When treating the patients with AI the severity of EIS should be taken into consideration. Specific pre-operative preparation, the relevant technology of surgical intervention and post-operative treatment should be used differently at every stage of the disease.     

Acute kidney failure in surgical patients

The authors analyze their experience with the treatment of 150 patients with severe acute renal insufficiency. The causes of the acute renal insufficiency were surgical diseases, traumas, operative interventions. Hemodialysis was performed in all the 150 patients in the complex of curative measures. Recovery was noted in 89 patients. The authors consider that results of the treatment of acute renal insufficiency in surgical patients can be improved by early diagnosis of the disease, complex intensive treatment with early administration of hemodialysis and HBO-therapy.     

Postpyloric enteral feeding costs for patients with severe head injury: blind placement, endoscopy, and PEG/J versus TPN

This study describes the advantages and disadvantages of several forms of enteral nutrition for patients with severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale Score [GCS], <12). Included in the study are nasoenteric nutrition delivery using blind, endoscopic, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and PEG with jejeunostomy (PEG/J), and open jejeunostomy tube placement methods. These methods are compared with parenteral delivery of nutrition. The study constituted a retrospective analysis of the success rate of early enteral feedings by blind, endoscopic PEG and PEG/J and by open jejeunostomy placement of small-bowel feeding tubes for 57 patients with severe head injury. The delivery cost of enteral nutrition per intensive care unit day was compared to the delivery cost of parenteral nutrition per intensive care unit day in the same group of patients. Fifty-three percent of patients were adequately maintained nutritionally with nasoenteric delivery alone and did not require parenteral feeding. The average number of days for initiation of either enteral or parenteral feedings was 1.8 +/- 0.2 days from injury [standard error of mean (SEM); range, 0-10 days]. An average of 3.3 days (range, 0-23 days) was required for feeding tube placement in all patients. For 70% of patients, tube placement was completed within 48 h after injury. Full-strength, full-rate enteral feedings were achieved by a mean of 4.9 days after injury. A total of 128 feeding tubes were placed while the patients were in the intensive care unit (ICU; 2.2 +/- 0.2 tubes per patient). Blind placement of feeding tubes into the small bowel was rarely achieved without repositioning. Endoscopic tube placement into the duodenum was achieved in 50% of patients, into the jejunum for 33% of patients, and into the stomach for 18% of patients. While in the intensive care unit, patients received an average of 77 +/- 2% of their measured energy expenditure (range, 57-114%). Eleven percent of patients experienced severe gastrointestinal problems. Other problems were associated with the inability to achieve or maintain access: dislodged tubes (30%), clogged or kinked tubes (21%), and mechanical access problems (7 %). Seventy-one percent of patients in barbiturate coma were able to tolerate early nasoenteric feedings. Aspiration pneumonitis occurred equally among patients fed nasogastrically and those fed nasoenterically. The overall aspiration rate was 14%. The cost of acute enteral feeding was $170 per day and that for parenteral feeding, $308 per day. We conclude that blind transpyloric feeding tube placement is difficult to achieve in patients with severe head injury; endoscopically guided placement is a better option. Endoscopic feeding tube placement most consistently allows for early enteral nutritional support in severe head injured patients. Limitations include the inability to establish and/or maintain enteral access, increased intracranial pressure, unstable cervical spinal injuries, facial fractures, and dedication of the physician to tube placement and monitoring.     

Nutrition of patients operated for complicated gastroduodenal ulcers at the early postoperative period

The investigation is based on an analysis of results of treatment of 102 patients after an emergency resection of the stomach for complicated gastroduodenal ulcers. The probe was inserted into the jejunum intraoperatively. The period of enteral probe nutrition (EPN) was 5-7 days. At the early postoperative period in patients who had undergone the emergency resection of the stomach EPN is an effective method of nutrition maintenance as compared with the infusion-transfusion therapy. The method is simple and open to general use, and is economically advantageous under conditions of any hospital.