银杏叶提取物防治冠心病的药理及临床研究

银杏味甘苦、涩,性平,具有润肺、平喘、止咳等功效.其药用最早载于<神农本草经>.<本草纲目>记载:银杏熟食润肺益气,定喘嗽,缩小便,止白浊,生食降痰消毒杀虫[1].在国外银杏叶提取物(Extract of Ginkgo Biloba,EGb)是仅次于西洋参的天然植物药品,国外研究也比国内多.已发现银杏制品可治疗47种疾病[2],其治疗心、脑血管病的作用为研究热点.我国拥有世界75%的银杏叶资源,且国外医用原料90%从中国进口,因此深入研究EGb有极大的社会效益和经济效益.     

银杏叶提取物对实验性肝纤维化形成中MMP-2表达的影响

肝纤维化有很高的致病率和致死率 ,肝脏慢性病变如寄生虫、病毒感染、免疫源性肝炎、遗传性金属超负荷、毒性作用等可引起肝纤维化。用于实验动物肝纤维化的药物多为抗脂质过氧化物或抗肝纤维形成物或维生素等。银杏 ( Gb L)是我国特产的古代孑遗植物之一 ,近来 ,银杏叶提取物 ( Gb E)在世界范围内广泛应用。 Gb E具有抗氧化作用[1] ,长期应用未见明显副作用[2 ] 。本实验拟用四氯化碳 ( CCl4)诱导的肝纤维化模型观察 Gb E对大鼠肝纤维化形成中基质金属蛋白酶 - 2 ( MMP- 2 )的影响 ,为临床合理应用 Gb E提供参考依据。1　材料与方法1…     

苦参素治疗慢性乙型病毒性肝炎的初步研究

慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)由于病毒持续感染、免疫功能紊乱等因素使患者病情不稳、迁延不愈.近年来苦参提取物的抗病毒作用日益受到重视.苦参总碱具有抗柯萨基病毒(一种PNA病毒)的作用[1],并具有抑制乙型肝炎病毒复制作用[2].动物试验表明,苦参碱还有抗肝纤维化作用[3].本文采用苦参碱提取物苦参素治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者,以评价其抗HBV、抗肝纤维化功能.     

银杏内酯对小鼠急性肝坏死的保护作用

血小板活化因子 (ＰＡＦ)是炎性反应及细胞间相互作用的关键性脂质介质。我们发现ＰＡＦ在急性肝损害中有重要的介导作用[1] ,且可被特异性ＰＡＦ拮抗剂ＷＥＢ2 170部分阻断。银杏制剂是银杏叶提取物 ,为较强的ＰＡＦ受体拮抗剂 ,其成分是银杏内酯和黄酮 ,前者有明确的抗ＰＡＦ作用。我们曾用银杏叶片治疗急性高黄疸肝炎 ,收到一定的疗效[2 ] 。本实验用银杏内酯治疗急性肝损害的小鼠 ,以进一步明确银杏内酯抗ＰＡＦ作用及对肝脏的保护作用。材料和方法一、药物和试剂银杏内酯由中国科学院上海药物研究所惠赠 ,用前与纤维素混匀后用蒸馏水配…     

不同剂量美洲大蠊提取物抗小鼠肝纤维化的作用

美洲大蠊提取物(APA)对实验性肝损伤有较好的保护作用,能抑制雏鸭体内鸭乙型肝炎病毒的复制[1].为探讨APA对肝纤维化的防治效果,本研究用CCl_4复制小鼠肝纤维化模型,观察不同剂量APA抗肝纤维化的作用及各剂量问疗效的差异.     

银杏叶提取物防治神经系统疾病的临床研究进展

银杏叶提取物(金纳多,EGb-761)由德国Schwabe制药公司生产,其主要有效成分为24％的银杏总黄酮和6％萜类,其中银杏叶酸＜5 ppm(1/10万单位)[1,2];现有片剂、滴剂和针剂3种剂型.国内外大量研究证明这些有效成分具有拮抗血小板活化因子、降血脂、抑制一氧化氮合酶、抑制谷氨酸毒性、保护线粒体、清除自由基、抑制细胞凋亡、抑制炎症反应、保护神经细胞等生理作用[3～8].近年来,金纳多作为世界植物药中最具影响力的产品之一,广泛用于临床上心血管疾病、神经系统疾病、泌尿系统疾病以及呼吸系统疾病的预防与辅助治疗;对脑梗死、痴呆、帕金森病、高血压、冠心病、糖尿病及并发症病变、慢性肾小球肾炎、眩晕等慢性病疗效显著.本文主要就其在神经系统疾病中的临床应用作一综述.     

银杏叶提取物对健康老年人冠状动脉血流的影响

衰老使血管内皮分泌活性一氧化氮能力下降,诱发血管内皮功能障碍和冠状动脉血流调节异常[1,2].研究发现,银杏叶提取物具有明显的抗衰老作用[3],可明显改善血管内皮功能,提示银杏叶提取物有可能减轻衰老诱发的冠状动脉血流调节的异常,对于心血管疾病的预防产生有益的作用.然而,尚未见银杏叶提取物对健康老年人冠状动脉血流的研究报道.本实验观察银杏叶提取物注射液对健康老年人冠状动脉左前降支血流的影响.     

莪术油注射液对肝星状细胞增殖、凋亡及分泌细胞外基质的影响

肝星状细胞(HSC)是肝纤维化发展动态变化网络的核心,抑制活化HSC增殖和诱导其凋亡是治疗肝纤维化的重要策略[1].目前尚缺乏确切有效的抗肝纤维化药物.近年研究发现,中药对肝纤维化的防治具有良好的发展前景[2].莪术(curcumae)是一种传统的活血化瘀中药,药理作用较广,具有抗肿瘤、抗纤维组织增生等作用,对肝纤维化的作用报道较少.本实验研究了莪术油注射液对体外培养HSC增殖、凋亡及分泌细胞外基质的影响,探讨莪术抗肝纤维化作用及其机制.     

结缔组织生长因子在慢性乙型肝炎患者中的检测及其意义

转化生长因子(TGF)β1是目前已知最强的促肝纤维化细胞因子,而且是肝纤维化形成过程中重要的始动刺激因子之一[1].结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)是TGF β1致纤维化作用的直接下游效应介质[2];在许多纤维化疾病中CTGF与TGFβ1的表达同步增高,TGF β1主要在组织纤维化病变的早期表达,而CTGF持续表达被认为是纤维化病变缓慢进展的重要因素,CTGF表达增加可能是器官纤维化发生发展的中心环节[3].     

乙型肝炎肝窦病变的体视学定量研究

乙型肝炎(HB)病变中,肝窦病变与肝血管病变及肝纤维化和预后密切相关[1-7].研究肝窦病变的量化指标与HB及肝硬变的关系,对了解肝内微循环状况及其病理机制、实施治疗、判断预后皆有重要的意义.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.