通心络对颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块ABCAl表达的影响

目的:探讨通心络对兔模型颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块的三磷酸腺苷结合盒运转体Al (ABCAl)、视黄酸X受体(RXRα)信使核糖核酸(mRNA)表达的影响及机制。方法:32只新西兰大白兔分为4组,其中空白对照组8只(A组),余24只兔于右侧颈动脉放置改良的硅橡胶圈,加1%高胆固醇喂养的方法建立粥样硬化性颈动脉狭窄动物模型。颈动脉狭窄模型而无药物干预的对照组8只(B组);辛伐他丁治疗组8只,给予辛伐他丁5 mg/kg,每天1次(C组);通心络治疗组8只,给予通心络1 g/kg,每日1次(D组)。药物干预前后分别检测兔模型静脉血的血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)水平,两种药物干预2周后处死动物取右侧颈动脉狭窄段及对侧相应段血管,以Western Blot法测定其ABCAl、RXRα蛋白质表达量。结果:给予通心络和辛伐他丁干预兔模型组(C组和D组)ABCAl、RXRα蛋白质表达水平均增高,血脂水平下降。结论:通心络可使模型兔颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的ABCAl mRNA、RXRαmRNA表达水平和其蛋白质表达水平上调,可能有益于抗动脉粥样硬化斑块形成作用。     

氟伐他汀对兔颈动脉粥样斑块CD68和PCNA的影响

目的探讨氟伐他汀对粥样硬化家兔CD68和增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）表达的影响。方法采用高脂饮食喂养法建立动脉粥样硬化（AS）模型。将24只家兔随机分为：正常对照组、AS模型组和氟伐他汀组，每组8只。饲养12周后处死，取颈动脉行HE染色，免疫组化染色法检测PCNA和CD68的抗原表达。结果氟伐他汀组血清总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白．胆固醇（LDL-C）浓度明显低于AS模型组（P〈0．01）。AS模型组颈动脉斑块中见大量CD68及PCNA阳性细胞，氟伐他汀组对应阳性细胞数显著少于AS模型组（P〈0．01）。结论氟伐他汀治疗可以抑制高胆固醇血症兔颈动脉粥样斑块的形成，减轻斑块内巨噬细胞的浸润并抑制PCNA的产生，从而起到稳定斑块的作用。     

通心络联合阿托伐他汀、阿司匹林对家兔动脉粥样硬化早期血管外膜炎症因子表达的干预

目的:探讨通心络联合阿托伐他汀、阿司匹林对家兔动脉粥样硬化早期颈动脉外膜炎症因子表达的影响。方法:高脂饮食复合单侧颈总动脉硅胶管包裹制备兔动脉粥样硬化早期模型。72只新西兰兔随机分为对照组(control)、模型组(model)、通心络(tongxinluo)组、阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)组、阿司匹林(aspirin)组和三药联用(three-drug combination)组。每组各12只。对照组给予普通饲料,模型组及各用药组家兔均实施单侧颈动脉硅胶管包裹术复合高脂饲料喂养,通心络组给予通心络超微粉混悬液(0.3 g·kg-1·d-1)灌胃,阿托伐他汀组给予阿托伐他汀(2.5 mg·kg-1·d-1)灌胃,阿司匹林组给予阿司匹林(12 mg·kg-1·d-1)灌胃,三药联用组给予通心络超微粉混悬液(0.3 g·kg-1·d-1)、阿托伐他汀(2.5 mg·kg-1·d-1)和阿司匹林(12.5 mg·kg-1·d-1)灌胃,连续给药,4周后取材。HE染色判定颈动脉内中膜病理形态变化;生化法检测血脂变化;ELISA法测定各组家兔颈动脉包裹段外膜单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和IL-10表达水平;免疫组化法检测血管外膜IL-8表达水平。结果:模型组与对照组比较,血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)的水平明显增高。除阿司匹林组外,各用药组TC、TG和LDL-C的水平与模型组比较明显降低。三药联用组较其它用药组TC、TG和LDL-C的水平明显降低。模型组颈动脉外膜中MCP-1和IL-1β的表达明显高于对照组,IL-10的表达减弱。与模型组比较,各用药组颈动脉外膜中MCP-1和IL-1β的表达减弱,IL-10的表达增强。三药联用组较其它各用药组MCP-1和IL-1β的表达明显减弱,IL-10的表达明显增强。各用药组颈动脉外膜IL-8表达减少。结论:通心络、阿托伐他汀和阿司匹林三药联用可通过降脂、调节血管外膜炎症反应而有效延缓动脉粥样硬化进程,且较单药应用作用更佳。     

通心络超微粉对高脂饮食兔主动脉内皮保护机制的实验研究

目的： 探讨通心络超微粉对高脂饮食兔主动脉内皮损伤的干预作用及其可能机制。方法： 健康雄性新西兰白兔32只随机分为空白对照组、模型组、阿托伐他汀组、通心络组4组。空白对照组饲以普通饲料；模型组饲以高脂饲料；阿托伐他汀组饲以高脂饲料同时阿托伐他汀3 mg·kg^-1·d^-1灌胃；通心络组饲以高脂饲料同时通心络超微粉0.31 g·kg^-1·d^-1灌胃，连续给药，于6周末酶法检测各组血脂水平，比色法检测各组血清NO、MDA水平及SOD活性，免疫组织化学染色法检测主动脉内皮细胞NF-κB核转位情况及ICAM-1 蛋白表达，RT-PCR法检测ICAM-1 mRNA表达。结果：模型组血清TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C及MDA水平均显著高于空白对照组(P<0.01)，NO水平及SOD活性低于空白组(P<0.01)；主动脉内皮细胞NF-κB核转位、ICAM-1基因及蛋白表达明显多于空白组（P<0.01）。两药物干预组TC、TG、LDL-C及MDA水平均显著低于模型组(P<0.01)，NO水平和SOD活性则高于模型组（P<0.05, P<0.01），主动脉内皮细胞NF-κB核转位、ICAM-1基因及蛋白表达亦明显少于模型组（P<0.05，P<0.01），通心络组HDL-C显著高于模型组（P<0.05），且通心络组对上述指标的作用均优于阿托伐他汀组（P<0.05，P<0.01）。结论： ① 高脂血症可使血管内皮细胞受损，其机制可能与氧化应激、NF-κB的激活及ICAM-1基因与蛋白的表达异常有关。② 通心络超微粉可在一定程度上减轻上述病理损伤，可能与其抗氧化、抑制NF-κB核转位进而降低ICAM-1基因及蛋白表达有关。     

人颈动脉粥样硬化斑块环氧化物酶-2及I型前列腺素合成酶的表达

目的探讨环氧化物酶-2（cyclooxygenase type2，COX-2）及I型前列腺素合成酶（membrane associated prostaglandin E-1，mPGES-1）在人颈动脉粥样硬化斑块中的表达变化及作用机制。方法收集24例人颈动脉粥样硬化斑块标本和10例肠系膜动脉标本做对照组，应用免疫组织化学及逆转录PCR方法测定COX-2及mPGES-1mRNA表达水平，Western印记方法检测COX-2及mPGES-1的蛋白表达水平。比较不同程度动脉粥样硬化组织间COX-2、mPGES-1 mRNA表达水平及蛋白表达水平。结果颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组的免疫组织化学染色检测COX-2和mPGES-1呈阳性表达，斑块组COX-2 mRNA和mPGES-1 mRNA表达与对照组相比上调，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；COX-2及mPGES-1 mRNA上调水平相关（P〈0．05）：颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的COX-2蛋白表达上调水平与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；颈动脉粥样硬化斑块COX-2、mPGES-1 mRNA及蛋白表达水平与病理损害程度有关，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论COX-2及mPGES-1基因表达水平上调可能是进展性动脉粥样硬化损害的关键因素。     

基质金属蛋白酶及其抑制剂在家兔血管成形术后血管重构中的作用

目的：探讨基质金属蛋白酶及其抑制剂（MMPs/TIMPs）在家兔血管成形术后血管重构中的作用及中药通心络的影响。 方法： （1）家兔65只分4组（对照组5只，拉伤组20只，高脂组20只，通心络组20只）采用高胆固醇（1.5 g·kg-1·d-1）喂养加两次腹主动脉损伤的方法制成动脉粥样硬化和血管成形术模型， X光下行血管成形术。术后分别治疗4周处死，取血管标本进行检测。（2）HE染色计算机图像分析血管形态的变化。（3）MMP2和TIMP1免疫组化分析，RT-PCR方法测定MMP2、TIMP1的mRNA表达量。 结果： （1）HE染色证实有动脉粥样硬化斑块形成，腹主动脉造影显示有管腔狭窄。（2）RT-PCR结果显示通心络组的MMP2和TIMP1 mRNA表达量低于高脂拉伤组P<0.05； MMP2和TIMP1比值更接近1。（3）免疫组化染色通心络组MMP2和TIMP1的阳性细胞吸光度(%)明显低于高脂拉伤组，P<0.05。（4）内膜面积通心络组低于高脂拉伤组P<0.05；而管腔面积高于高脂拉伤组P<0.05；并且管腔面积的增加与内膜面积的减少不相等。 结论： MMP2和TIMP1参与家兔血管成形术后的血管重构，通心络可以调整MMP2和TIMP1的比值。     

颈部推拿对兔颈动脉粥样硬化重度狭窄病变的#br# 血管拉伸力学特性的影响 颈部推拿对兔颈动脉粥样硬化重度狭窄病变的血管拉伸力学特性的影响

目的　探讨颈部推拿手法对兔颈动脉粥样硬化（CAS）重度狭窄的血管拉伸力学特性的影响。 方法　45只新西兰兔随机分为颈椎旋转组（n=12）、推桥弓组（n=12）、模型对照组（n=12）和空白对照组（n=9），在颈椎旋转组、推桥弓组和模型对照组建立左侧CAS模型，并分别接受颈椎旋转手法、推桥弓手法干预3周，模型对照组和空白对照组不作手法干预。取左侧颈动脉进行单轴拉伸试验和病理观察，比较四组兔颈动脉的拉伸力学特性。 结果　（1）26只兔造模成功，其中颈椎旋转组、推桥弓组、模型对照组兔颈动脉的最大载荷显著高于空白对照组，同时最大应变显著低于空白对照组(P<0.05)；（2）颈椎旋转组兔颈动脉的弹性模量显著高于模型对照组、推桥弓组和空白对照组（P<0.05），而推桥弓组兔颈动脉的弹性模量与模型对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论　动脉粥样硬化病变可致兔颈动脉血管拉伸力学特性下降，而颈部旋转推拿治疗可导致严重粥样硬化病变并重度狭窄的兔颈动脉弹性下降，为临床安全应用颈部推拿手法提供了参考。     

瑞舒伐他汀通过抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路活性缓解小鼠颈动脉粥样硬化

目的探讨瑞舒伐他汀缓解小鼠颈动脉粥样硬化的机制及相关信号通路。方法将75只Apo E-/-小鼠随机分为5组,采取不同的干预措施,分别为对照组、颈动脉粥样硬化模型组、瑞舒伐他汀低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组。检测5组小鼠的血脂相关指标;实验结束后,处死小鼠,采用PCR技术,检测各组小鼠颈动脉组织中MMP-2 mRNA、MMP-9 mRNA的表达差异;采用Western-blot检测颈动脉组织中p-PI3K蛋白、p-AKT蛋白、PI3K蛋白、AKT蛋白的表达水平。结果①与模型组相比,3个瑞舒伐他汀治疗组小鼠的TC、TG、LDL-C水平明显下降,HDL-C明显升高(P0.05)。3个治疗组小鼠颈动脉总面积与模型组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但斑块面积显著较小(P0.05),且高剂量组的斑块面积最小。②对照组小鼠颈动脉组织中MMP-2的阳性率较低,模型组的MMP-2的阳性率及染色强度明显较高。低、中、高剂量组的的染色阳性率及染色强度较模型组有明显下降。③模型组小鼠颈动脉组织中MMP-2 mRNA、MMP-9 mRNA的相对表达量显著最高,低剂量组次之,高剂量组表达水平最低。Western-blot检测结果趋势与RT-PCR一致。④与对照组相比,模型组小鼠颈动脉组织中p-PI3K蛋白、p-AKT蛋白表达量明显升高(P0.05)。与模型组比较,瑞舒伐他汀3个治疗组的小鼠颈动脉组织中p-PI3K蛋白、p-AKT蛋白表达量逐渐下降。结论瑞舒伐他汀可通过抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路活性对颈动脉粥样硬化小鼠发挥保护作用。     

观察通心络联合阿托伐他汀治疗H型高血压颈动脉粥样硬化患者的临床疗效

目的本研究报告通过对H型高血压劲动脉粥样硬化患者采取不同的用药方式,来分析通心络联合阿托伐他汀使用的临床疗效。方法本研究报告选取了前来我院进行就诊的H型高血压颈动脉粥样硬化患者60例。对样本人数采取随机抽样分类的方法平分为调查组和对比组。对照组30例H型高血压颈动脉粥样硬化患者采取口服阿托伐他汀的治疗方式而观察组30例H型高血压颈动脉粥样硬化患者采取口服阿托伐他汀的基础上给予通心络丸的治疗。6个月以后,对两组患者的治疗结果进行对比。结果观察组的30例患者在接受通心络联合阿托他伐汀用药治疗之后他们的总胆固醇(TC)、血清甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)均低于对照组而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)则高于对照组。对比组患者和调查组患者的血清、血醇各项指标对比具有明显差异,两组数据对比有统计学意义(<0.05)。结论通心络与阿托伐他汀丸的联合使用,能有效地降低血脂,促进纤溶达到平衡状态,同时,还能降低H型高血压颈动脉粥样硬化患者脑梗死的危险,这对保障患者的生命安全有着重要的作用。     

兔颈动脉粥样硬化斑块内MMP-2与新生血管关系的研究

目的探讨兔颈动脉粥样硬化模型斑块内基质金属蛋白酶-2(matrix metaloproteinase-2,MMP-2)与新生血管的关系。方法将40只健康雄性新西兰大白兔随机分为4组,A组予普通饲料喂养28 d、B组予高脂饮食28 d、C组予硅橡胶圈干预联合高脂饮食14 d、D组予硅橡胶圈干预联合高脂饮食28 d。利用超声造影检测C组、D组兔颈动脉粥样硬化模型斑块内新生血管情况,应用免疫组化检测斑块内MMP-2、血小板内皮细胞黏附分子-1(cluster of differentiation 31,CD31)的表达,进行两者间相关性分析。结果超声造影检测到C组、D组模型兔颈动脉斑块内有新生血管形成,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。免疫组化结果显示斑块内有阳性表达的MMP-2、CD31,两者之间呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论 MMP-2在兔颈动脉粥样硬化斑块内新生血管的生成中发挥一定作用。     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964