Effects of variations in Dwyer calcaneal osteotomy determined by three-dimensional printed patient-specific modeling

Dwyer (lateral calcaneal closing wedge) osteotomy is commonly used in surgical correction of heel varus deformity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of wedge size and angle of osteotomy on deformity correction using preoperative imaging analysis with three-dimensional (3D) printed modeling. Seven patients diagnosed with pes cavovarus deformity who underwent Dwyer calcaneal osteotomy were identified retrospectively. Preoperative computed tomogrphy scans were used to create 3D printed models of the foot. After18 variations of osteotomy and fixation performed for each foot, Harris heel and Saltzman images were obtained. The angle between the tibia-talus axis and calcaneal-tuber axis was measured and compared to pre-osteotomy state. Change in the calcaneal lengths was also analyzed. The average degree correction of deformity per mm of bone resected was 3.8 ± 0.2 degrees in the Harris Heel view and 2.7 ± 0.8 degrees in the Saltzman view. A significant increase in correction was obtained with 10 mm compared with 5 mm wide wedges (P < .001). The difference in correction was not statistically significant between 30 and 45 degree cuts or osteotomy distance from the posterior calcaneal tuberosity, but a 45 degree sagittal angle resulted in less calcaneal shortening compared to 30 degrees (P = .02). A clinically driven method using patient-specific 3D models for determining effects of calcaneal osteotomy variables in correcting hindfoot alignment was developed. In summary, the amount of wedge resected impacts hindfoot alignment more than location and sagittal angle of the cut. Calcaneal shortening depends on sagittal angle of the cut.     

Evans跟骨外侧延长术治疗距跟联合合并后足外翻畸形

目的探讨Evans跟骨外侧延长术治疗距跟联合合并后足外翻畸形的疗效。方法2014年1月—2017年10月,采取Evans跟骨外侧延长术治疗10例(13足)距跟联合合并后足外翻畸形患者。男6例(8足),女4例(5足);年龄13~18岁,平均15.8岁。病程10~14个月,平均11.5个月。患侧跟骨外翻、前足外展、足弓低平。疼痛部位:跗骨窦4足、距跟联合5足、踝关节4足。Silverskiold试验腓肠肌腱膜紧张3例(4足),跟腱挛缩7例(9足)。术前美国矫形外科足踝协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分为(46.54±9.08)分,行走1 km后疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)为(6.54±0.88)分。术后采用AOFAS踝与后足评分、VAS评分,以及X线片测量距骨-第1跖列角(talar-first metatarsal angle,T1MT)、距舟覆盖角(talonavicular coverage angle,TCA)、距骨倾斜角(talar-horizontal angle,TH)、跟骨倾斜角(calcaneal pitch angle,CP)、跟骨外翻角(heel valgus angle,HV),评价手术疗效。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。10例患者均获随访,随访时间12~30个月,平均18个月。末次随访时,AOFAS踝与后足评分为(90.70±6.75)分,VAS评分为(1.85±0.90)分,均较术前明显改善(t=-23.380,P=0.000;t=35.218,P=0.000)。X线片复查示截骨均达骨性愈合,愈合时间为2~4个月,平均3个月。末次随访时,T1MT、TCA、TH、HV均较术前明显降低,CP明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访期间1例(1足)疼痛缓解不明显,1例(1足)出现腓肠神经皮支损伤症状。结论对于距跟联合合并后足外翻畸形患者,Evans跟骨外侧延长术可以有效纠正畸形、缓解疼痛。     

Lateral Column Lengthening for Revision Triple and Double Arthrodesis and Severe End-Stage Flatfoot Deformity

Few options exist for the treatment of revision and severe cases of end-stage flatfoot deformity. Triple arthrodesis or medial-approach double arthrodesis have been the standard but often do not provide enough correction of the deformity. Lateral column lengthening is a powerful procedure performed either with an Evans calcaneal osteotomy or calcaneocuboid distraction arthrodesis that can be used as an adjunct in realigning the flatfoot. We performed a retrospective radiographic review and looked at 11 consecutive cases of patients who underwent hindfoot arthrodesis with a lateral column lengthening procedure. We matched these patients with 11 control patients who underwent isolated medial-approach double arthrodesis. For the patients who underwent a lateral column lengthening procedure, we found a significant improvement in calcaneal inclination angle (p = .001) and greater correction in talar declination angle, cuboid abduction angle, and talocalcaneal angle when compared with the control group. Lateral column lengthening is a useful adjunct to hindfoot arthrodesis in the correction of revision and severe end-stage flatfoot deformity.     

Medial Displacement Calcaneal Osteotomy with Posterior Tibial Tendon Reconstruction for the Flexible Flatfoot with Symptomatic Accessory Navicular

We investigated the clinical outcomes after medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy with reconstruction of the posterior tibial tendon insertion on the navicular, in patients with flexible flatfoot with accessory navicular symptoms. From December 2008 to July 2011, 16 patients (21 feet) with a flexible flatfoot, symptomatic accessory navicular, and obvious heel valgus underwent medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy and reconstruction with posterior tibial tendon insertion on the navicular bone. The patients were evaluated preoperatively, 6 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, and every 6 months thereafter. The clinical examination was undertaken using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle and midfoot scores. The radiologic assessments included the arch height, calcaneus inclination angle, talocalcaneal angle, and talar first metatarsal angle on the lateral weightbearing radiograph. The talocalcaneal angle and talar first metatarsal angle was assessed on the anteroposterior view of the weightbearing foot. Heel valgus alignment was assessed on the axial hindfoot radiographs. The mean follow-up duration was 28.5 months (range 18 to 48). All patients were satisfied with the clinical results and were pain free 6 months postoperatively. No cases of wound infection or nerve injury developed. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score improved from 53.3 ± 6.5 to 90.8 ± 1.4 at the last follow-up visit (p < .01). The improvements in all radiographic parameters were statistically significant between the preoperative and last follow-up examinations (p < .01). The heel valgus of all patients was corrected. Our results have shown that medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy with reconstruction of the posterior tibial tendon insertion on the navicular bone is an effective treatment of flexible flatfoot with symptomatic accessory navicular, associated with excellent clinical outcomes and correction of the deformity.     

Three-dimensional displacement after a medializing calcaneal osteotomy in relation to the osteotomy angle and hindfoot alignment

BackgroundA medializing calcaneal osteotomy is frequently performed to correct adult-acquired flatfoot deformities, but there is lack of data on the associated three-dimensional variables defining the final correction. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between the pre-operative hindfoot valgus deformity and calcaneal osteotomy angles and the post-operative calcaneal displacement.MethodsWeight-bearing CT scans obtained pre- and post-operatively were retrospectively analyzed for sixteen patients. Corresponding three-dimensional bone models were used to measure valgus deformity pre- and post-operatively, inclination of the osteotomy and displacement of the calcaneus. Linear regression was conducted to assess the relationship between these measurements.ResultsOn average, the hindfoot valgus changed from 13.1° (±4.6) pre-operatively to 5.7° (±4.3) post-operatively. A mean inferior displacement of 3.2 mm (±1.3) was observed along the osteotomy with a mean inclination of 54.6° (±5.6), 80.5° (±10.7), −13.7° (±15.7) in the axial, sagittal and coronal planes, respectively. A statistically significant positive relationship (p < .05, R² = 0.6) was found between the pre-operative valgus, the axial osteotomy inclination, and the inferior displacement.ConclusionsThis study shows that the degree of pre-operative hindfoot valgus and the axial osteotomy angle are predictive factors for the amount of post-operative inferior displacement of the calcaneus. These findings demonstrate the added value of a computer-based pre-operative planning in clinical practice.Level of evidence II Prospective comparative study.     

Plantarflexion opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy for correction of fixed forefoot varus associated with flatfoot deformity

BACKGROUND: Flatfoot presents as a wide spectrum of foot deformities that include varying degrees of hindfoot valgus, forefoot abduction, and forefoot varus. Medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy, lateral column lengthening, and subtalar fusion can correct heel valgus, but may not adequately correct the fixed forefoot varus component. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of plantarflexion opening wedge medial cuneiform (Cotton) osteotomy in the correction of forefoot varus. METHODS: Sixteen feet (15 patients) had plantarflexion opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomies to correct forefoot varus associated with flatfoot deformities from several etiologies, including congenital flatfoot (six feet, average age 37 years), tarsal coalition (five feet, average age 15 years), overcorrected clubfoot deformity (two feet, ages 17 years and 18 years), skewfoot (one foot, age 15 years), chronic posterior tibial tendon insufficiency (one foot, 41 years), and rheumatoid arthritis (one foot, age 56 years). RESULTS: Standing radiographs showed an average improvement in the anterior-posterior talo-first metatarsal angle of 7 degrees (9 degrees preoperative, 2 degrees postoperative). The talonavicular coverage angle improved an average of 15 degrees (20 degrees preoperative, 5 degrees postoperative). The lateral talo-first metatarsal angle improved an average of 14 degrees (-13 degrees preoperative, 1 degree postoperative). Correcting for radiographic magnification, the distance from the mid-medial cuneiform to the floor on the lateral radiograph averaged 40 mm preoperatively and 47 mm postoperatively (average improvement 7 mm). All patients at followup described mild to no pain with ambulation. There were no nonunions or malunions. CONCLUSIONS: Opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy is an important adjunctive procedure to correct the forefoot varus component of a flatfoot deformity. Advantages of this technique in comparison to first tarsometatarsal arthrodesis include predictable union, preservation of first ray mobility, and the ability to easily vary the amount of correction. Because of the variety of hindfoot procedures done in these patients, the degree of hindfoot correction contributed by the cuneiform osteotomy alone could not be determined. We have had excellent results without major complications using this technique.     

Revision of failed triple arthrodesis with an opening-closing wedge osteotomy of the midfoot

BACKGROUND: This investigation reviewed the clinical and radiographic results of a biplanar opening-closing wedge osteotomy of the midfoot to revise failed triple arthrodeses with severe rocker-bottom deformity. Five cases were reviewed to determine if this osteotomy corrects the rocker-bottom deformity, improves function and provides satisfaction to the patient. METHODS: American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) clinical ratings scores obtained before and after the procedure were compared to assess the functional outcome. The patients' satisfaction with their results of surgery was also determined. Three parameters of foot alignment were measured from preoperative and postoperative anteroposterior and lateral weightbearing radiographs to assess the correction of the rocker-bottom deformity and the effect of the osteotomy on valgus tilting of the talus was evaluated with weightbearing views of the ankle. RESULTS: All clinical and radiographic measures of outcome significantly improved at a mean follow-up of 18 months (range, 13-32 months). The mean clinical rating score increased from 33 +/- 14 points (range, 14-49 points) to 70 +/- 11 points (range, 62-87 points) after the surgery (p < or = .05). Every patient was satisfied with the result and would repeat the procedure under the same circumstances. All four measures of foot and ankle alignment demonstrated significant correction after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The osteotomy effectively realigned the rocker-bottom deformity. The procedure normalized the angular relationships of the foot by correction of the abduction and dorsiflexion deformities of the midfoot and valgus deformity of the hindfoot. The reduction in pain, increased functional capacity, and ability to wear conventional shoes, achieved without any major complication, account for the improved clinical rating scores and high rate of the satisfaction observed with this procedure.     

Calcaneal osteotomy for the treatment of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction.

The surgical treatment of PTTD has been well-discussed in the literature. The calcaneal displacement osteotomy is a powerful, yet relatively easy, procedure that accomplishes a significant amount of frontal plane correction in the surgical treatment of PTTD. It can be performed as a straight medialization osteotomy for moderate hindfoot valgus, and must be performed with a resectional wedge in the treatment of large valgus angles. To achieve optimal correction, it must be coupled with procedures that address the triplanar nature of the deformity. When used in combination with other reconstructive procedures, it provides a valuable alternative to other more joint-destructive procedures.     

Effectiveness of a Locking Plate in Preserving Midcalcaneal Length and Positional Outcome after Evans Calcaneal Osteotomy: A Retrospective Pilot Study

When using the Evans calcaneal osteotomy for repair of a calcaneovalgus deformity, lengthening of the lateral column of the foot is the method by which the procedure acts to correct the deformity. Therefore, maintaining the length is a priority. In our experience, substantial length is lost soon after surgery using the traditional nonfixated procedure. To test this hypothesis, a retrospective study was undertaken in which we compared the calcaneal length before and after the Evans procedures in 22 patients treated without fixation and 13 patients in whom the graft was fixated with a small locking plate to bridge the osteotomy and reduce the compressive forces on the graft. Within the first 10 days after surgery, the increase in calcaneal length from the preoperative length was 6.3 mm in the nonfixated group and 6.8 mm in the fixated group (p = .54 for the 0.5-mm difference). At 12 weeks after surgery, the mean amount of shortening from the value observed at 1 week was 2.45 (range 0 to 6) mm in the nonfixated group and 1.0 (range 0 to 3) mm in the internal fixation group (p = .48). Also, at 12 weeks, distal calcaneal migration or dorsal anterior calcaneal displacement of more than 3 mm occurred in 5 patients (23%) in the nonfixated group and 1 patient (8%) in the fixated group (p = .04). Our results suggest that locking plates do preserve the correction obtained with the Evans calcaneal osteotomy.     

跟骨关节内骨折畸形愈合的手术治疗

目的 报告手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折畸形愈合的方法 和疗效. 方法 2003年2月至2007年12月收治并获得随访的跟骨关节内骨折畸形愈合患者49例,按Sanders分型:Ⅰ型6例,Ⅱ型15例,Ⅲ型28例.Ⅰ型行单纯跟骨外侧壁截骨,Ⅱ型根据有无高度丢失行距下关节原位或撑开植骨融合,Ⅲ型需同时行跟骨体部截骨或通过移植髂骨块宽度来纠正内外翻畸形.用多枚空心螺钉固定结合短腿石膏制动,确保关节融合. 结果 49例获得平均18.4个月随访,距下关节融合时间平均12.8周.术后的平均距跟高度、距骨倾斜角、距跟角、跟骨携带角均比术前明显改善.美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)后足评分从术前的平均25.7±4.3分提高至最后随访时的74.9±4.8分.结论 跟骨关节内骨折畸形愈合的手术治疗应以术前临床和影像学评估为基础,根据患足的畸形和患者的期望值选择个体化方案,进行跟骨外侧减压、矫正后足内外翻畸形并融合距下关节.     

Radiographic Analysis and Clinical Efficacy of Hindfoot Arthrodesis With Versus Without Cotton Osteotomy in Stage III Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity

Forefoot varus develops as a result of longstanding adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD). This occurs with varying degrees of deformity and flexibility. Residual forefoot varus following hindfoot realignment in AAFD can lead to lateral column loading and a persistent pronatory moment in efforts to reestablish contact between the forefoot and the ground. The Cotton osteotomy may serve as a reasonable adjunct procedure to help avoid complications and poor outcomes associated with residual forefoot varus in patients undergoing hindfoot arthrodesis for stage III AAFD. The aim of this study was to compare the radiographic outcomes in patients undergoing isolated hindfoot arthrodesis to patients undergoing hindfoot arthrodesis with adjunctive cotton osteotomy. We retrospectively reviewed 47 patients matched based upon age, sex, and comorbidities who underwent hindfoot reconstruction for the treatment of stage III AAFD between 2015 and 2019. A retrospective radiographic review was performed on standard weightbearing radiographs including anterior-posterior and lateral views preoperatively, postoperatively at the initiation of full weightbearing, and at final follow-up. Statistical analysis utilizing paired t test to calculate p values where <.05 was statistically significant. At final follow-up, radiographic measurements showed statistically significant differences in CAA, calcaneal inclination, talo-calcaneal, and talar tilt (p value <.05). The Cotton osteotomy group showed a quicker return to presurgical activity level and a decreased incident of tibiotalar valgus. Our study suggests that the Cotton osteotomy can address residual forefoot varus and potentially prevent further progression of ankle valgus in AAFD when used in combination with hindfoot arthrodesis.     

Percutaneous distal metatarsal osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus

BACKGROUND: Distal osteotomy of the first metatarsal is indicated for the surgical treatment of mild-to-moderate hallux valgus deformity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of a subcapital distal osteotomy of the first metatarsal with use of a percutaneous technique. METHODS: From 1996 to 2001, 118 consecutive percutaneous distal osteotomies of the first metatarsal were performed for the treatment of painful mild-to-moderate hallux valgus in eighty-two patients. The patients were assessed with a clinical and radiographic protocol at a mean of 35.9 months postoperatively. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hallux-metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal scale was used for the clinical assessment. RESULTS: The patients were satisfied following 107 (91%) of the 118 procedures. The mean score on the AOFAS scale was 88.2 +/- 12.9 points. The postoperative radiographic assessments showed a significant change (p < 0.05), compared with the preoperative values, in the mean hallux valgus angle, first intermetatarsal angle, distal metatarsal articular angle, and sesamoid position. The valgus deformity recurred after three procedures (2.5%), the first metatarsophalangeal joint was stiff but not painful after eight (6.8%), and a deep infection developed after one (0.8%). The infection resolved with antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The percutaneous technique proved to be reliable for the correct execution of a distal linear osteotomy of the first metatarsal for the correction of a painful mild-to-moderate hallux valgus deformity. The clinical results appear to be comparable with those obtainable with traditional open techniques, with the additional advantages of a minimally invasive procedure, a substantially shorter operating time, and a reduced risk of complications related to surgical exposure.     

Combination of Evans calcaneal osteotomy and STA-Peg arthroreisis for correction of the severe pes valgo planus deformity.

Twenty patients with 25 symptomatic severe flexible pes valgo planus were treated with a combined surgical technique. All patients underwent an Evans calcaneal osteotomy with allogenic bone graft and subtalar joint arthroreisis (STA-Peg) procedure. Adjunctive procedures as deemed necessary included Achilles tendon lengthening, navicular-cuneiform fusion, Lapidus first metatarsal cuneiform fusion, Cotton medial cuneiform plantarflexory wedge osteotomy with allogenic bone graft, plantarflexory medial cuneiform osteotomy, and excision of os tibiale externum. A retrospective pre- and postoperative radiographic evaluation revealed the following mean changes: lateral talo-first metatarsal angle, 16.9 degrees to -0.6 degrees; calcaneal cuboid abduction angle, 24.8 degrees-2.8 degrees; anterior posterior talocalcaneal angle, 25.3 degrees-15.4 degrees; talonavicular coverage angle, 22.7 degrees-5.2 degrees; calcaneal inclination angle, 10.6 degrees-18.6 degrees; talar declination angle, 32.4 degrees-16.4 degrees; lateral talocalcaneal angle, 18.3 degrees-5.2 degrees. A subjective questionnaire revealed that 100% of the patients stated they were satisfied or very satisfied with the surgery and achieved an average score of 93 based on a 100-point scale.     

Associated correction of forefoot alignment with hindfoot fusion for pes planovalgus deformity

BackgroundThe present study aimed to investigate changes in hallux alignment after corrective surgery for adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD).Patients and methodsThe present study retrospectively investigated the changes of hallux alignment in 37 feet (33 patients) which were treated with double or triple arthrodesis of the hindfoot for AAFD between 2015 and 2021 and could be followed up to one year postoperatively.ResultsHallux valgus (HV) angle significantly decreased by a mean 4.1° among the whole 37 subjects and by a mean 6.6° among the 24 subjects who had a preoperative HV angle of 15° or more. Those who had HV correction (HV angle correction ≥ 5°) demonstrated more near-normal postoperative alignment of the medial longitudinal arch and hindfoot than those without HV correction.ConclusionsHindfoot fusion for AAFD could improve preoperative HV deformity to some degree. HV correction was associated with proper realignment of the midfoot and hindfoot.Level of evidenceLevel IV; retrospective case series     

Calcaneal osteotomy in the treatment of adult acquired flatfoot deformity

Calcaneal osteotomies are an essential part of our current armamentarium in the treatment of AAFD. Soft tissue correction or bony realignment alone have failed to adequately correct the deformity; therefore, both procedures are used simultaneously to achieve long-term correction. Medial displacement and lateral column lengthening osteotomies in isolation or in combination and the Malerba osteotomy have been employed along with soft tissue balancing to good effect by various authors. The goal is to create a stable bony configuration with adequate soft tissue balance to maintain dynamic equilibrium in the hindfoot. In “pronatory syndromes,” the relation of the osteotomy to the posterior subtalar facet modifies the biomechanics of the hindfoot in different ways. Anterior calcaneal osteotomies correct deformities in the transverse plane (forefoot abduction), whereas posterior tuberosity osteotomies result in “varization” of the calcaneus and correct the frontal plane deformity. The choice of osteotomy depends on the plane of the dominant deformity. If the subtalar axis is more horizontal than normal, transverse plane movement is cancelled out and the frontal plane eversion–inversion is predominant. The patient presents with marked hindfoot valgus without significant forefoot abduction. Conversely, if the subtalar axis is more vertical than normal, transverse plane movement is predominant and the patient presents with forefoot abduction and instability of the medial midtarsal joints, although without significant hindfoot valgus. In this situation, a lateral column lengthening procedure is recommended to decrease the uncovering of the talar head and improve the height of the arch while correcting the forefoot abduction. With a predominant frontal plane deformity, medialization of the calcaneal tuberosity is used to displace the calcaneal weight bearing axis medially, aligning it with the tibial axis and restoring the function of the gastrosoleus as a heel invertor. An essential prerequisite for this is the absence of arthritis affecting the subtalar joint. The Achilles tendon may need to be lengthened at the same time.     

Digital Planning for Foot and Ankle Deformity Correction: Evans Osteotomy

Preoperative planning is commonly performed for many foot and ankle procedures. The purpose of the present study was to prospectively determine the preoperative digital planning accuracy of predicting the calcaneal graft size used during the “Evans” calcaneal osteotomy. Preoperative digital deformity correction planning, using a standard planning method (TraumaCad^® software), was performed on 10 feet scheduled to undergo an Evans procedure. Of the 10 patients, 6 were female and 4 were male, with an average age of 43 ± 22 years. Digital planning was used to predict the Evans graft size. The surgeon was unaware of the predicted graft size, which was then compared with the actual graft size inserted during the procedure. In addition, the pre- and postoperative radiographic angles were recorded and compared (anteroposterior view, talo–first metatarsal angle, calcaneocuboid abduction; lateral view, calcaneal inclination angle; and axial view, tibial–calcaneal angle). The average preoperative talo–first metatarsal angle, calcaneocuboid angle, calcaneal inclination angle, and tibial–calcaneal angle measured 21° ± 9.6°, 28.3° ± 9.0°, 13.8° ± 5.7°, and 15.3° ± 8.2°, respectively. The preoperative tibial–calcaneal position was 2.8 ± 1.2 mm. The radiographic weightbearing angles measured at an average follow-up of 7.4 (range 6 to 12) months improved to 6.3° ± 7.4° (p = .0015), 12.3° ± 6.1° (p < .001), 21.3° ± 7.7° (p = .0122), and 2.2° ± 3.6° (p = .0019) for the talo–first metatarsal, calcaneocuboid abduction, calcaneal inclination, and tibial–calcaneal angles, respectively. The final tibial–calcaneal position measured 1.4 ± 0.7 mm (p < .001). The preoperative Evans graft measurement (11.8 ± 2.6 mm) compared with the actual graft (12.2 ± 1.3 mm) placed was within 0.4 ± 1.8 mm (p = .51). Preoperative digital planning for Evans calcaneal osteotomy has been shown to be a valuable tool for predicting the surgical graft size for accurate pedal realignment.     

Realignment Midfoot Osteotomy: A Preoperative Planning Method and Intraoperative Surgical Technique

Deformities of the midfoot are often treated with midfoot osteotomies. The goal of the midfoot osteotomy is to create a plantigrade forefoot to hindfoot relationship. Many different techniques are described for performing midfoot osteotomies. Our goal is to present an objective pre-operative planning method and an intra-operative technique for accurate multiplanar realignment and discuss our short-term results. We retrospectively reviewed 18 patients, 10 female (56%) and 8 male (44%), that underwent realignment midfoot osteotomies. The mean follow-up was 25 months (range, 4-120). The mean age at the time of surgery was 53 years (range, 21-76). Statistically significant improvement in radiographic alignment was found in the anteroposterior talo-first metatarsal angle (p = .002) and the mechanical axis deviation of the foot (p = .02). This study proved that our pre-operative and intra-operative planning technique provides accurate multiplanar radiographic realignment with good clinical results.     

Radiographic Outcomes Following Primary Arthrodesis of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint in Hallux Abductovalgus Deformity

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiographic outcomes of primary metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis for hallux abductovalgus deformities. Between January 2004 and March 2009, 56 consecutive patients (58 feet) underwent primary arthrodesis of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) for severe hallux abductovalgus deformity and or hallux rigidus. Results were assessed by primary radiographic outcome measurements (hallux valgus and first-second intermetatarsal angle). Overall, the mean hallux valgus (HA) angle improved significantly from 31.9° to 13.4° (P < .01). The mean first-second intermetatarsal (IM) angle correction was also signficantly reduced from 14.0° to 9.7° (P < .01). When separated by deformity group (mild, moderate, and severe), the mean hallux valgus and first-second intermetatarsal angles demonstrated statistically significant correction in all groups when comparing preoperative and postoperative values (P < .01). Primary arthrodesis provides predictable radiographic outcomes and effective correction for patients with differing severity of hallux abductovalgus deformity and arthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. A separate proximal osteotomy for severe metatarsus primus varus correction may not be necessary because of the correction achieved at the metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis level. The results of this study demonstrate that as the severity of the preoperative deformity increases, the amount of postoperative radiographic (HA and IM angle measurement) correction after MTPJ arthrodesis will improve correspondingly.     

Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency. Isolated fusion of the talonavicular joint

In selected patients, fusion of the talonavicular joint can be an effective treatment of adult flatfoot deformity. Restriction of motion and altered hindfoot mechanics, however, are a consequence of talonavicular fusion and can lead to accelerated arthrosis of adjacent joints. In patients with severe long-standing deformity, medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy may be a necessary adjunct to talonavicular fusion for adequate correction of heel valgus.     

Complex reconstruction for the treatment of dorsolateral peritalar subluxation of the foot. Early results after distraction arthrodesis of the calcaneocuboid joint in conjunction with stabilization of, and transfer of the flexor digitorum longus tendon to, the midfoot to treat acquired pes planovalgus in adults

BACKGROUND: The successful correction of flatfoot in children through lengthening of the lateral column, osteotomy of the medial cuneiform, and advancement of the posterior tibial tendon led to the introduction of similar procedures to treat acquired pes planovalgus secondary to attrition or rupture of the posterior tibial tendon in adults. However, to our knowledge, no study has been published documenting whether these procedures are effective treatment for acquired flatfoot in adults. METHODS: The functional and radiographic results of complex reconstruction of a painful, flexible flatfoot associated with attrition or rupture of the posterior tibial tendon were evaluated in thirty-six patients (forty-one feet) with use of a detailed questionnaire, a comprehensive physical examination, and a review of the radiographs and the medical record. RESULTS: At a mean of thirty-four months (range, twenty-four to fifty months) postoperatively, thirty-six feet (88 percent) were less painful compared with the preoperative status or were pain-free and five of the six parameters that had been used to assess correction of the deformity radiographically had improved significantly (p<0.0001). Eight feet (20 percent) had a non-union at the calcaneocuboid joint, and thirteen feet (32 percent) had anesthesia or paresthesia of the sural nerve. Twenty-nine feet (71 percent) had had additional operations, including removal of hardware from twenty feet; bone-grafting to treat a nonunion at the site of the calcaneocuboid arthrodesis and revision of the internal fixation in four feet; a medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy because of recurrent valgus angulation of the hindfoot in two feet; and a Lapidus procedure because of a hypermobile tarsometatarsal joint with hallux valgus, a triple arthrodesis because of a nonunion at the site of the calcaneocuboid arthrodesis associated with loss of correction, and a dorsiflexion-abduction wedge osteotomy through the site of the calcaneocuboid arthrodesis (which had healed) for alignment of an overcorrected foot in one foot each. The outcomes of the procedures in thirty-five feet (85 percent) were rated by the patients as satisfactory, and thirty-three (92 percent) of the thirty-six patients (thirty-eight [93 percent] of the forty-one feet) stated that they would have the procedure again if the circumstances were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high prevalence of postoperative complications, most of our patients were satisfied with the result of the procedure after the short duration of follow-up. We believe that the relief of pain and the restoration of function achieved through effective correction of the severe pes planovalgus deformity account for the satisfactory outcomes in our patients.