Comparison of renal function after open radical cystectomy,extracorporeal robot assisted radical cystectomy,and intracorporeal robot assisted radical cystectomy

PurposeRenal function outcomes following robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) have not been well established. We sought to compare long-term renal function outcomes between open radical cystectomy, RARC with extracorporeal urinary diversion and intracorporeal urinary diversion at a high volume institution.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed our institutional bladder cancer database for patients who underwent RC from 2010 to 2019 with pre-operative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) > 45 ml/min/1.73m². Changes in renal function were assessed through locally weighted scatter plot smoothing and comparison of median eGFR between surgical groups. Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3B was defined as eGFR < 45 ml/min/1.73m². Renal function decline was defined as a ≥10 ml/min/1.73m² drop in eGFR. Kaplan Meier method with log-rank was used to compare CKD 3B-free survival and renal function decline. Cox Proportional Hazards model was used to identify predictors of CKD 3B.ResultsSix hundred and forty four patients were included with median follow-up of 32 months (IQR 12–56). Preoperative characteristics were similar among the groups with no differences in median pre-operative eGFR (ORC: 74.6, extracorporeal urinary diversion: 74.3, intracorporeal urinary diversion: 71.6 ml/min/1.73m², P = 0.15). Median postoperative eGFR on follow up was not different between groups (P = 0.56). 33% of patients developed CKD 3B. There were no differences in CKD 3B-free survival by surgical approach (P = 0.23) or urinary diversion (P = 0.09). 64% of patients experienced renal function decline with a median time of 2.4 years (P 0.23). Predictors of CKD were pathologic T3 disease or greater (HR: 1.77, P = 0.01), ureteroenteric anastomotic stricture (HR: 2.80, P < 0.001), preoperative CKD Stage 2 (HR: 1.81, P =0.02), and preoperative CKD Stage 3A (HR: 5.56, P < 0.001).ConclusionRenal function decline is common after RC. Tumor stage, pre-operative eGFR, and ureteral stricture development, not surgical approach, influence renal function decline.     

Elevated plasma D-dimer as a predictor of postoperative complications after radical cystectomy

Detailed preoperative evaluation is essential in prevention of perioperative complications. As thorough anamnesis, physical examination and standard laboratory investigation do not contribute much in prediction of perioperative complications and outcome, and detection of tumor markers is also insufficient in means of prognosis, some molecular marker have emerged lately as prognostic markers in surgery. Recent data on pathophysiological processes stress response, derangements of hemostasis, in sepsis or in thromboembolism as well as in malignancy, indicate that presence or elevation of some molecular markers of fibrinolysis can indicate possibility of perioperative complications and even predict outcome. As it is evident that neoplastic cells enhance thrombin and other procoagulant production, detection of degree of activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis can contribute in prediction of treatment outcome in patients with bladder carcinoma scheduled for radical surgical procedures.     

Laparoscopic and robotic assisted radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: a critical analysis

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Interest in laparoscopic assisted radical cystectomy (LRC) and robotic assisted radical cystectomy (RRC) is increasing at select centers worldwide. In this update we present the recent worldwide experience and critically evaluate the role of minimally invasive radical surgery for patients with bladder cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: English-language literature between 1992 and 2007 was reviewed using the National Library of Medicine database and the following key words: laparoscopic, laparoscopic-assisted, robotic, robotic-assisted, and radical cystectomy. Over 102 papers were identified, 48 of which were selected for this review on the basis of their contribution to advancing the field with regard to three criteria: (1) evolution of concepts, (2) development and refinement of techniques, and (3) intermediate- and long-term clinical outcomes. These were evaluated with respect to current techniques and perioperative, functional, and oncological outcomes. Our initial experience is also reported. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Minimally invasive techniques can adequately achieve the extirpative aspects of LRC and extended template lymphadenectomy. At most institutions the reconstructive urinary diversion is now typically being performed extracorporeally through a minilaparotomy. Perioperative data indicate that minimally invasive techniques are associated with reduced blood loss, slightly increased operating time, and shorter hospital stay without any significant difference in postoperative complications compared with open surgery. Intermediate-term oncological outcomes appear to be comparable with the open approach. Worldwide experience continues to increase; >700 surgeries have already been performed. CONCLUSION: LRC or RRC with extracorporeally constructed urinary diversion is a safe and effective operation for appropriate patients with bladder cancer. Perioperative and functional outcomes are comparable with open surgery. More focus on extended lymphadenectomy is necessary to routinely achieve higher node yields. Surrogate and intermediate oncological outcomes are encouraging, and long-term assessment is ongoing.     

Frailty as a predictor of complications after radical cystectomy: A prospective study of various preoperative assessments

Purpose

Frailty has been correlated with worse postoperative outcomes. Prospective studies examining frailty and bladder cancer are lacking. We aimed to determine whether a prospective frailty assessment or traditional risk indices can identify patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) at risk for complications.

Neurovascular bundle block as predictor of postoperative erectile function after radical prostatectomy

We assessed audiovisually induced erections after nerve block of the neurovascular bundle during prostate biopsy. We evaluated neurovascular bundle nerve block to mimic non-nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy in an experimental setup. Patients undergoing a transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy were randomized to bilateral injection of 5 ml ropivacaine hydrochloride 0.75% or NaCl 0.9% into the neurovascular bundle. The patients completed the International Index of Erectile Function 5-item questionnaire (IIEF-5) questionnaire, and a detailed patient history was obtained. A routine prostate biopsy was performed. Thereafter, patients were exposed to 60 min of audiovisual stimulation. Erections were recorded using a Rigiscan-Plus device. A total of 11 patients were randomized. Five patients received NaCl (group 1) and six patients ropivacaine (group 2). Patient characteristics were comparable in terms of age (group 1: 59.8 y; group 2: 61.8 y), mean PSA (4.1 vs 4.7 ng/ml), mean IIEF-5 score (20.5 vs 22) and risk factors for erectile dysfunction, respectively. Patients of group 1 showed significantly stronger and longer erections after audiovisual stimulation than patients in group 2. Patients with bilateral infiltration of saline solution to the neurovascular bundle showed significantly stronger erections than patients receiving local anesthesia of the neurovascular bundle. Thus, this experiment might serve as a model to assess postoperative erectile function after a unilateral nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy.     

Critical analysis of complications after robotic‐assisted radical cystectomy with identification of preoperative and operative risk factors

Study Type – Therapy (case series)
Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVE

To better characterize short‐ and long‐term complications in patients after robotic‐assisted radical cystectomy (RRC) using standardized complications‐reporting systems, and to identify preoperative and operative risk factors predicting their occurrence.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Data were collected for 79 consecutive patients with bladder cancer undergoing RRC with extracorporeal urinary diversion by one surgeon at our institution. Complications occurring ≤90 days after RRC were graded according to two standardized reporting methods (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Modified Clavien), and additionally stratified by organ system. Nineteen preoperative and operative variables were tested by univariate analysis for association with the occurrence of one or more postoperative complications. Variables with a significant (P < 0.05) or near‐significant (P < 0.20) association on univariate analysis were included in multivariate analysis to identify independent risk factors.

RESULTS

Patients were of relatively poor health, with 58% having an American Society of Anesthesiology class or Charlson Index score of ≥3. Advanced bladder disease was frequent (41% had pT3/pT4). After RRC, one or more complications occurred within 90 days of surgery for 39/79 (49%) patients. The vast majority of complications were low grade (79%), and mostly infectious (41%) or gastrointestinal (27%). Sixteen high‐grade complications occurred in 13/79 (16%) patients. Urinary obstruction, abscess, enteric fistula, gastrointestinal bleeding and thromboembolism constituted most of the high‐grade complications, nearly half (seven of 16) of which occurred 31–90 days after RRC. On multivariate analysis, only preoperative renal insufficiency and intraoperative intravenous (i.v.) fluids of >5000 mL were significantly associated with postoperative complications of any grade, with respective odds ratios (ORs) of 4.2 and 4.1. For high‐grade complications, significant independent risk factors included an age of ≥65 years, operative blood loss of ≥500 mL and intraoperative i.v. fluids of >5000 mL, with respective ORs of 12.7, 9.7 and 42.1.

CONCLUSION

Even among relatively sick patients with frequent advanced disease, the vast majority of complications after RRC are low grade. High‐grade complications are infrequent and similar in nature to high‐grade events after open RC, and a notable proportion may occur at >30 days after RRC underscoring the importance of longer reporting intervals. The surgeon’s ability to limit blood loss and i.v. fluids during RRC may provide effective risk reduction, particularly for high‐grade events.     

The preoperative bleeding time as a predictor of postoperative hemorrhage after cardiopulmonary bypass

To determine whether the preoperative bleeding time, the most reliable indicator of in vivo platelet dysfunction, can prognosticate excessive postoperative hemorrhage and, hence, the need for infusion of platelet concentrations, we studied blood loss versus bleeding time in 43 patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting. There was no correlation between bleeding time and either fall in hemoglobin level (r = 0.04) or chest tube drainage (r = 0.004). In addition, bleeding time did not correlate with the number of units of platelet concentrate (r = 0.12) or packed red cells (r = 0.2) infused. The bleeding time, which has been recommended as an essential screening test before all cardiopulmonary bypass procedures, need not be performed as a preoperative screen in otherwise healthy patients with no history of bleeding abnormalities and a normal coagulation profile.     

加速康复外科理念在机器人辅助全腔内STAPLER法根治性膀胱切除术中的初步应用

目的探讨应用加速康复外科(ERAS)理念行机器人辅助全腔内STAPLER法根治性膀胱切除术的初步应用效果和安全性。方法回顾性分析浙江省人民医院2014年10月至2019年4月收治的71例膀胱浸润性尿路上皮癌患者的病例资料,男59例,女12例。年龄(65.2±5.6)岁。体质指数(22.18±3.75)kg/m^2。中位年龄矫正Charlson合并症指数(aCCI)为4。中位美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)评分2分。所有患者术前完善肺部X线片、血管超声(颈内静脉等)、腹部超声、尿路增强CT,以及膀胱镜活检或诊断性膀胱电切等检查,确诊为浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌,无全身脏器转移证据。术前均无外放疗和静脉化疗史,腹部无传统开放手术史。71例均行完全机器人辅助STAPLER法根治性膀胱切除术+标准盆腔淋巴结清扫术+原位回肠U形新膀胱。以ERAS理念的引入时间为分组依据,其中2016年10月至2019年4月34例围手术期采用ERAS处理方案(ERAS组),重点增加营养风险筛查评估及处理、血栓风险评估及防治、疼痛评估及处理、围手术期饮食管理等ERAS策略。男30例,女4例。年龄(64.5±4.3)岁。体质指数(21.87±4.85)kg/m2。中位aCCI为4。中位ASA评分2分。选择2014年10月至2016年9月37例围手术期采用传统处理方案的患者为对照组。男29例,女8例。年龄(65.3±5.7)岁。体质指数(23.66±3.47)kg/m2。中位aCCI为4。中位ASA评分为2分。两组患者的一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。记录两组围手术期资料及术后随访情况。结果两组手术均顺利完成,术后均随访3~51个月。ERAS组根治术后病理分期为pT2期22例,pT3期12例;合并前列腺偶发癌2例。对照组根治术后病理分期为pT2期25例,pT3期12例;合并前列腺偶发癌1例。ERAS组和对照组术后首次排气时间[(20.5±18.7)h与(29.9±17.4)h,P=0.032]、首次排便时间[(72.6±27.1)h与(88.7±35.8)h,P=0.004]、术后住院时间[(14.1±3.3)d与(16.2±4.8)d,P=0.037],以及术后8.0、24.0、48.0 h疼痛数字评分(NRS)[(3.2±0.5)分与(3.6±0.8)分,P=0.015;(1.9±0.3)分与(2.2±0.6)分,P=0.011;(1.3±0.4)分与(1.6±0.7)分,P=0.032]差异均有统计学意义。ERAS组和对照组的手术时间[(290±65)min与(282±46)min,P=0.549]、术中失血量[(190.5±235.6)ml与(221.1±250.3)ml,P=0.438]、围手术期输血率[5.9%(2/34)与8.1%(3/37),P=0.922]、术后30 d再入院率[2.9%(1/34)与5.4%(2/37),P=0.940]、术后0.5 h疼痛NRS评分[(2.5±0.6)分与(2.7±0.7)分,P=0.241]、术后早期(≤30 d)严重并发症发生率[2.9%(1/34)与2.7%(1/37),P=0.940]、术后晚期(>30 d)严重并发症发生率[5.9%(2/34)与8.1%(3/37),P=0.922]等差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论应用ERAS理念行机器人辅助全腔内STAPLER法根治性膀胱切除术安全、有效,降低了术后疼痛反应,肠道功能恢复更快,不增加术后主要并发症,缩短了术后住院时间,可促进患者早日康复。