跟腱再断裂的修复重建

 目的 总结跟腱再断裂的原因, 探讨野V-Y冶推进瓣及长屈肌腱(flexor hallucis longus, FHL)转位修复重建跟腱再断裂的适应证、疗效及其相关并发症。方法 2006年 3月至 2010年 1月手 术修复重建跟腱再断裂患者 16例 16足, 男 12例, 女 4例;年龄 35~72岁, 平均 50.9岁。再断裂距初次 手术时间为 6~49周(平均 21.8周), 随访时间 6~52个月(平均 27.5个月)。充分清除断端瘢痕及坏死组 织4例断端缺损4 cm者采用 FHL转位修 复重建。结合患者病史、康复方式及再次手术术中所见跟腱形态, 分析其发生再断裂原因。观察术后局 部外观及功能恢复情况, 并采用美国足踝外科协会踝-后足评分(American Orthopaedic Foot &; Ankle Society-ankle and hindfoot score,AOFAS-AH)及 Leppilahti跟腱修复评分进行疗效评价。结果 跟腱再 断裂的原因主要为手术切口感染、术后跟腱愈合不良发生液化坏死、术后过早负重或活动不当致跌倒。 采用野V-Y冶推进瓣或 FHL转位修复跟腱再断裂术后局部外观及功能恢复良好, AOFAS-AH评分从术前 (70.2±8.5)分提高到(92.4±6.1)分;Leppilahti跟腱修复评分从术前(74.8±6.2)分提高到(91.7±4.8)分。踝 部 MRI显示跟腱部信号均匀, 无撕裂或积液表现。结论 跟腱再断裂后需彻底清创, 导致大范围缺损。 腓肠肌腱膜野V-Y冶推进瓣可修复4 cm的缺损, 术后踝足部功能外形恢复良好。     

Reconstruction for missed or neglected Achilles tendon rupture with V-Y lengthening and flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer through one incision

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to introduce a novel operative technique and to evaluate the clinical outcomes in a cohort of patients with missed or neglected Achilles tendon ruptures. METHODS: Fifteen consecutive patients with missed complete Achilles tendon ruptures and 5-cm or larger gaps had reconstruction with V-Y lengthening and flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer through a single incision. The patients were evaluated at an average of 106 weeks after surgery. At the time of followup, all patients were assessed with regard to their self-reported level of satisfaction and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale. Ankle strength and active range of motion were evaluated using Biodex (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, NY) isokinetic dynamometry. In addition, seven patients were evaluated using diagnostic ultrasound. RESULTS: We found a 7.7 N-m (-22.3%) loss of plantarflexion torque at 60 degrees/sec and a 3.5 N-m (-13.5%) loss of plantarflexion torque at 120 degrees/sec, as well as a 5 degrees loss of active range of motion. AOFAS scores were all good to excellent, with an average score of 94.1 of 100. All patients were satisfied with their outcomes (rated good or very good). Excellent exposure of the Achilles tendon repair was obtained with ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with missed or neglected Achilles tendon rupture with a rupture gap of at least 5 cm, operative repair using V-Y lengthening and flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer through a single incision technique achieved a high percentage of satisfactory results.     

Endoscopic Flexor Hallucis Longus Transfer for the Management of Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures: A Prospective Case Series Report With a Minimum of 18 Months’ Follow-Up

Acute Achilles tendon rupture can be treated either surgically or nonsurgically. The flexor hallucis longus (FHL) has been used successfully in patients with large chronic Achilles tendon defects. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical outcomes of isolated endoscopic FHL transfer in patients with acute Achilles tendon ruptures at a minimum follow-up of 18 months. Fifty-six male patients with an average age of 36.3 years who underwent endoscopic FHL transfer as a treatment for acute Achilles tendon ruptures were included. Follow-up was for a mean (± standard deviation) of 27.5 ± 7.29 months. At 18 months postoperatively, the Achilles tendon total rupture score mean was 95 ± 4.26, and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score was a mean of 96.4 ± 4.31. The median value for FHL tendon dynamometry on the surgical side was 95.72 (range 70.1 to 142), and 100.7 (range 68 to 161) for the nonoperated side. Mean ankle plantarflexion strength at 18 months was 19.19 ± 2.55 kg • m compared with the uninjured side of 19.27 ± 2.16 kg • m. Relative Achilles tendon resting angle showed a mean of –0.25° ± 2.43°. Magnetic resonance imaging performed at a minimum of 18 months postoperatively showed a homogeneous continuous Achilles tendon signal for 43 patients and heterogeneous signal intensity in 13 patients (23.21%). No patients reported any great toe complaints or symptomatic deficits of flexion strength. No neurovascular or skin complications were encountered. The current study demonstrated satisfactory and comparable results with minimal complications when using the endoscopic FHL tendon transfer in surgical management of acute Achilles tendon ruptures, compared with the currently used methods.     

Combined flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer and gastrocnemius recession for reconstruction of gapped chronic achilles tendon ruptures

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the functional outcomes after a combined FHL transfer and a gastrocnemius recession for treatment of chronic ruptures of Achilles tendon with a gap and to investigate the patient's satisfaction about the great toe function after transfer.Material and methods19 patients with chronic rupture of the Achilles tendon with a gap were treated with a flexor halluces longus tendon transfer combined with a gastrocnemius recession, Clinical diagnosis depends on the presence of gap in the tendon on examination, inability of tip toe walking on the affected side and positive calf-squeeze test, MRI was used to confirm the clinical diagnosis. American Orthopedic Foot & Ankle Society hind foot score was used for assessment of the results.ResultsThe AOFAS score improved significantly from a mean of 65 preoperatively to 94 at the last follow up (p < 0.001), there was no significant difference in the final outcome between patients with FHL tendon weaved through the stump of the Achilles tendon and those with trans osseous tunnels, the mean AOFAS score at the last follow up was 94.2, 93.8 respectively, no patient complained of big toe dysfunction.ConclusionManagement of chronic rupture of the Achilles tendon with a gap with flexor halluces longus tendon transfer combined with a gastrocnemius recession is a safe and reliable method with a significantly improved functional outcome, muscle advancement through gastrocnemius recession decreases the length of the gap without affecting the muscle function, flexor halluces longus tendon transfer doesn't harm the big toe function.     

长屈肌腱转位手术治疗老年跟腱断裂的疗效分析

背景：慢性跟腱疾病发展到后期往往需要行肌腱转位治疗,长屈肌腱转位手术是常用的治疗方式。但老年患者的功能恢复、生活方式有别于其他人群。目的：探讨长屈肌腱转位手术治疗老年人跟腱断裂的临床效果。方法：回顾性分析2007年9月至2012年7月在我院行长屈肌腱转位手术的老年患者的病例资料（＞60岁）。共14例（16足）,男女各7例,年龄60~83岁,平均67.1岁。2例女性患者为双侧跟腱断裂同时行手术修补,均采用单切口长屈肌腱转位替代跟腱疗法。分别评估患者术前与术后美国足踝外科协会踝-后足评分（AOFAS-AH）,美国足踝外科协会趾-跖趾-趾间关节评分（AOFAS-MTPIP）,视觉模拟法（VAS）疼痛评分,跟腱断裂评分（ATRS）及手术相关并发症情况。最后进行统计学比较,评价患者足踝部功能恢复情况及患者满意情况。结果：14例患者术后获得21~67个月随访。AOFAS-AH评分从术前（68.2±6.2）分提高到术后的（93.2±5.3）分;AOFAS-MTPIP评分术前为（94.2±2.9）分,术后为（95.1±3.2）分;VAS评分术前（5.1±1.4）分,术后为（1.0±0.7）分;ARTS评分从术前（52.7±9.3）分提高到术后（86.3±10.3）分。16足术后均未出现伤口感染等手术并发症,也未在围手术期出现肺部感染、深静脉血栓等其他并发症。结论：长屈肌腱转位手术在老年人中的应用不但具有很好的手术疗效,并且安全性较高。     

Flexor hallucis longus transfer versus turndown flaps augmented with flexor hallucis longus transfer in the repair of chronic Achilles tendon rupture

Background

Repairs of chronic Achilles tendon ruptures are technically challenging due to large defects after scar excision. Multiple techniques for repair have been proposed but little consensus on best practice established. This study aims to compare flexor hallucis longus (FHL) transfers versus turndown flaps augmented by FHL transfers.

Flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer: evaluation of postoperative morbidity

Clinical and pedobarograph evaluation was performed on 16 patients following flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon transfers to determine the resulting morbidity due to the loss of FHL function. All patients underwent FHL tendon transfer for either chronic tendon Achilles rupture or chronic Achilles tendinosis. Clinical evaluation of hallux function was performed using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hallux metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal scale, the SF-36 score, and a clinical questionnaire to assess alteration in the clinical function of the hallux during activities of daily living. Pedobarography was carried out using the Musgrave pedobarograph system to detect changes in forefoot loading in comparison to the contralateral normal foot. Fourteen of the 16 patients scored maximally on the hallux metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal scale and none of the patients noticed functional weakness of the hallux during activities of daily living at a mean follow-up of 43.6 months (range, 5-120 months). Pedobarograph readings showed a trend toward reduction in peak pressure loading on the distal phalanx, but this was not significant for the numbers of patients studied. There was no significant increase in loading of the first or second metatarsophalangeal joints to suggest that transfer metatarsalgia may complicate FHL tendon transfer. According to the results of the study morbidity from FHL transfer should be clinically insignificant.     

Augmented Repair of Acute Total Achilles Tendon Rupture With Peroneus Brevis Tendon Transfer Using Oblique Transosseous Calcaneal Tunnel: A Prospective Case Series

Acute Achilles tendon rupture is one of the most common tendon injuries. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the functional outcomes of augmented repair of acute Achilles tendon rupture with peroneus brevis tendon transfer and fixation to an oblique calcaneal transosseous tunnel. Functional evaluation was performed using the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS). Postoperative complications were recorded. This study included 33 males and 9 females, with a mean age of 26.1 ± 4.2 years. The Achilles tendon ruptures were right in 24 patients and left in 18 patients. The cause of rupture was sports injuries in all patients. The mean distance from the calcaneal insertion to the tear site was 4.4 ± 1.3 cm. The mean time from injury to surgery was 2.4 ± 1.6 days. The mean follow-up time was 40.3 ± 4.9 months. The mean AOFAS and ATRS scores were 99.3 ± 1.2 and 95.9 ± 1.9, respectively, at 12 months of follow-up. The mean time to return to work was 12.1 ± 1.2 weeks. The mean time to return to light sports activities was 16.1 ± 1.8 weeks postoperatively. None of the patients developed re-rupture. Augmented repair of acute Achilles tendon ruptures with peroneus brevis tendon transfer is a robust repair with excellent functional outcomes and early weight-bearing and return to sports activities.     

Endobutton联合双束跽长屈肌腱解剖止点重建治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂

背景：陈旧性跟腱断裂是足踝外科的常见疾病,目前临床以手术治疗为主。蹿长屈肌腱常被移植用作跟腱的修复,但存在单束重建时腱体单薄、双束重建时长度不足等问题。目的：观察Endobuuon联合双束蹿长屈肌腱于跟腱解剖止点重建跟腱治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂伤的临床疗效。方法：2010年1月至2011年6月,对21例MyersonIII型陈旧性跟腱断裂伤患者采用自体蹰长屈肌腱移植、双束蹿长屈肌腱联合Endobutcon跟腱解剖止点重建的方法进行治疗。男16例,女5例,年龄33-47岁,平均39．5岁。均为闭合性跟腱断裂。随访包括临床评价、X线及MR检查,采用美国足踝外科协会（American Orthopaedic Foot＆Ankle Society,AOFAS）踝与后足评分以及Leppilahti跟腱修复评分标准进行术后疗效评定。结果：21例获得平均16个月随访（12-30个月）。AOFAS—AH评分从术前63．2-8．3分提高到93．5±8．1分;Leppilahti跟腱修复评分从术前71．5±9．1分提高到93．2±5．9分。所有患者均无神经损伤、切口感染等并发症。术后6个月X线示Endobuaon固定位置良好,MRI示移植肌腱位置及形态良好。结论：Endobuaon联合双束蹰长屈肌腱解剖止点重建的方法可为跟腱提供强度和长度更为满意的自体移植物,术后功能恢复良好,无明显并发症。     

Surgical Correction of Haglund's Triad Using a Central Tendon-Splitting Approach: A Retrospective Outcomes Study

We evaluated the surgical outcomes of Haglund's triad using a central tendon-splitting approach, with Achilles tendon partial detachment and debridement, excision of the retrocalcaneal bursa, resection of Haglund's prominence, and reattachment of the Achilles tendon. The medical records of 22 patients (22 heels) who had undergone surgical correction of Haglund's triad from January 2010 to December 2015 were reviewed retrospectively. The visual analog scale pain score, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot scale score, and 36-item Short-Form Health Survey physical and mental component scores were prospectively collected preoperatively, 6 months postoperatively, and at the last visit. The scores of a subjective question involving satisfaction were prospectively collected at the last visit. Possible risk factors were also evaluated. We reviewed the data from 12 females and 10 males, with the mean age of 59.2 ± 7.3 years and a mean follow-up duration of 15.1 ± 4.6 months. Significant improvement was found in the mean visual analog scale pain score, average American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot scale score, and 36-item Short-Form Health Survey physical component scale score. The overall satisfaction rate was 77.3% (17 of 22). Postoperative complications included 2 cases of delayed wound healing and 1 case of sensation loss over the heel wound. No Achilles tendon rupture or wound infection developed. Gender and body mass index did not affect the surgical outcomes. The surgical technique we used for Haglund's triad provided effective pain relief, function improvement, and overall enhancement of patients' health condition. More research is required to further evaluate the outcomes of our surgical approach to treat Haglund's triad and the possible risk factors.     

微创切取全长长屈肌腱重建陈旧性KuwadaⅣ型跟腱断裂

 目的 探讨微创切取全长长屈肌腱重建陈旧性Kuwada Ⅳ型跟腱断裂的临床效果。方法回顾性分析 2006 年7 月至2011 年6月,微创切取全长长屈肌腱重建35例陈旧性KuwadaⅣ型跟腱断裂患者资料,男21例,女14例;年龄为23～71岁,平均42.1岁;均为单侧损伤。MRI 示跟腱断裂间隙为6.0～9.2 cm。观察术后踝关节外形及功能恢复情况,并采用美国足踝外科协会(American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝与后足评分及Leppilahti跟腱修复评分评价疗效。结果 32例获得随访,随访时间为 18～72个月,平均33.2个月。除1例患者因术后10 d拆线致切口裂开重新缝合6周后获得延迟愈合外,其余患者切口均一期愈合。术后踝关节外形及功能恢复良好,AOFAS踝与后足评分从术前(51.92±7.08)分提高到术后(92.56±6.71)分;其中优27例,良3例,可2 例,优良率为93.8%(30/32)。Leppilahti跟腱修复评分从术前(72.56±7.43)分提高到术后(92.58±5.1)分。无一例发生腓肠神经及胫神经损伤、跖部痛性瘢痕、足底内外侧神经损伤。踝关节MRI示跟腱部信号均匀无撕裂和囊性变。结论 微创切取长屈肌腱转移重建陈旧性KuwadaⅣ跟腱断裂具有术后恢复快、肌腱固定强度高、并发症少的优点。     

The percutaneous oval forceps suture-guiding method with anchor nails for Achilles tendon repair

BackgroundAcute Achilles tendon rupture (AATR) is a common injury of the foot and ankle. So far, the optimal management of AATR remains controversial. The target of the present retrospective study was to describe a new operative technique for percutaneous repair of AATR and evaluate efficacy of the technique.MethodsIn the present study, 32 patients were enrolled with AATR treated with the percutaneous oval forceps suture-guiding method with anchor nails from Jan 2014 to Jan 2017. The operation duration and length of incision were collected. The functional outcomes were evaluated using the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, Achilles tendon total rupture score (ATRS), range of motion (ROM) of the ankle and plantar flexion strength ratio at the last follow-up. The postoperative sports activity level and complications were also recorded.ResultsThe mean operation duration and length of incision were 24.5 min and 2.0 cm. Whilst patient reported outcome questionnaires like AOFAS and ATRS showed good results, ROM of the ankle was quite low with only 16.5 degrees. Plantar flexion strength ratio was lower post surgery, as well. As for the postoperative sports activity level: 26/32 cases (81.3%) returned to former sports activity level; 4/32 cases (12.5%) showed a decline in sports activity level; 2/32 cases (6.2%) gave up on sports. The overall complication rate was 6.2%, one sural nerve damage and one fusiform thickening were found in the study.ConclusionThe percutaneous oval forceps suture-guiding method with anchor nails is a new considerable surgery method with adequate healing rates and an alternative to existing surgical procedures.     

Open minimally invasive Achilles tendon repair with early rehabilitation: Functional results of 25 consecutive patients

Background

Various treatment techniques have been described for the treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture. However, there is no consensus among orthopaedic surgeons regarding the surgical technique and the postoperative rehabilitation program. Mid-term functional outcome results of the patients who had undergone open minimally invasive repair of fresh Achilles tendon ruptures followed by an early rehabilitation programme were evaluated.

Methods

Twenty-five consecutive patients who underwent open minimally invasive repair of Achiles tendon ruptures during January 2004-October 2005 were independently reviewed at an average follow-up of 34 months (range 24-45 months). The mean age of the patients was 41 (35-47). A functional rehabilitation protocol based on early range of motion exercises was used after surgery. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score was used to evaluate the outcomes of the patients. Ankle range of motion; thigh, calf and ankle circumferences of the injured leg and the contralateral side, return to work and sports activities time were evaluated.

Results

One patient had a partial rerupture and one had superficial wound infection. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score was 93 (80-100). Patients returned to work at 3 weeks (range 1-5 weeks) and to preinjury sportive activities at 3 months (range 2-4 months). Ankle ROM and circumference measurements did not reveal a significant difference between the two sides.

Conclusion

These results suggest that open minimally invasive Achilles tendon repair and an early rehabilitation programme provides satisfactory results with early return to previous functional status with low complication rates.     

拇长屈肌腱转位结合挤压螺钉重建KuwadaⅣ型陈旧性跟腱断裂

目的:探讨拇长屈肌腱转位后应用挤压螺钉重建陈旧性KuwadaⅣ型跟腱断裂的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2010年9月至2012年6月,拇长屈肌腱转位后采用挤压螺钉固定重建26例陈旧性跟腱断裂患者的临床资料,其中男18例,女8例;年龄20～66岁,平均44.2岁。所有患者为单侧损伤。MRI显示跟腱断端距离为6.0～9.0 cm.观察术后并发症情况,并采用美国足踝外科协会(American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝与后足评分及Leppilahti跟腱修复评分进行评价疗效。结果:26例获得随访,时间18～68个月,平均30.4个月。术后无神经损伤及切口感染,所有患者切口Ⅰ期愈合。术后踝关节外形及功能恢复良好,AOFAS踝与后足评分由术前52.27±12.30提高至术后90.92±6.36(t=-18.26,P<0.05).Leppilahti跟腱修复评分术前34.23±12.86提高至术后90.00±5.10分(t=-22.67,P<0.05).结论:拇长屈肌腱转位后应用挤压螺钉固定来重建陈旧性KuwadaⅣ型跟腱断裂具有操作简单,术后恢复快、肌腱固定牢靠、并发症少的优点。     

Endoscopic reconstruction for chronic Achilles tendon ruptures using a hamstring tendon autograft

BackgroundTo determine the safety and efficacy of endoscopic reconstruction of chronic Achilles tendon ruptures using a hamstring tendon autograft at mid-term follow-up.MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of patients with chronic Achilles tendon rupture treated surgically by endoscopic reconstruction using a hamstring tendon autograft at our institution between March 2010 and October 2015. Radiologic outcomes were assessed using pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Functional outcomes were evaluated with the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle–Hindfoot Scale, the Plantar Flexion Strength (PFS), the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A) scale, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain score, and the Arner-Lindholm standard. All patients achieved primary healing with no lengthening of the Achilles tendon, skin necrosis, infection, deep vein thrombosis or other complications.ResultsMean follow-up period was 15 ± 3 months (range, 12–18 months). There was no Achilles tendon re-rupture. MRI examination revealed that Achilles tendon continuity was restored. Patients’ mean AOFAS, PFS, and VISA-A scores were significantly higher and mean VAS pain score was significantly lower after surgery compared to before (P < 0.05). According to Arner-Lindholm standards, there were twenty (76.9%) excellent, six (23.1%) good, and zero bad outcomes.ConclusionEndoscopic reconstruction utilizing a hamstring tendon autograft is a safe and efficacious option for repair of chronic Achilles tendon ruptures. Studies with larger sample sizes and a longer follow-up are required to confirm the advantage of this technique compared to open surgery.     

Treatment of Acute and Closed Achilles Tendon Ruptures by Minimally Invasive Tenocutaneous Suturing

Achilles tendon rupture is a common injury, and its complications can impair function. Numerous operations have been described for reconstructing the ruptured tendon, but these methods can compromise the microcirculation in the tendon and can seriously damage healing of the tendon. Suturing with a minimally invasive tenocutaneous technique soon after the rupture and systematic functional exercise can greatly reduce the possibility of complications. From June 1996 to February 2007, we treated 20 patients (14 males), who ranged in age from 21 to 66 years old, with this method. After follow-up period of 1 to 7 years, the mean American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle Hindfoot score was 95 (range 90 to 98), and the maximum length of postoperative scarring was 3 cm. One patient again ruptured his Achilles tendon 1 year after surgery in an accident; however, after 10 months, the repaired tendon was still intact. In another patient, the nervus suralis was damaged during surgery by piercing the tension suture at the near end, causing postoperative numbness and swelling. The tension suture was quickly removed, and the patient recovered well with conservative treatment. No large irregular scars, such as those sustained during immobilization, were present over the Achilles tendon. Minimally invasive percutaneous suturing can restore the original length and continuity of the Achilles tendon, is minimally invasive, and results in fewer postoperative complications than other methods.     

Clinical outcomes of chronic Achilles tendon rupture treated with flexor hallucis longus grafting and flexor hallucis longus grafting plus additional augmentation: A meta-analysis

BackgroundThe treatment of chronic Achilles tendon rupture is still controversial. Many surgical procedures have been proposed and claim to have good post-operative clinical outcomes. These techniques include direct repair, V–Y flap, turndown flap, peroneus brevis tendon graft, flexor digitorum longus graft, FHL graft, semitendinosus graft, gracilis tendon graft or synthetic material. The two surgical techniques that are widely used include FHL grafting and the combination of FHL grafting plus additional augmentation. This meta-analysis was conducted with the purpose of comparing clinical outcomes of flexor hallucis longus (FHL) grafting and the combination of FHL grafting with additional augmentation techniques in the treatment of chronic Achilles tendon rupture.MethodsSystematic literature searches were conducted on Medline, Embase and Scopus from their inception to April 4, 2019, and proceedings of reference list and scientific meetings were also searched. Relevant clinical studies (e.g., observational, cross-sectional, cohort or randomized controlled trial (RCT)) that reported AOFAS (American Orthopedic Foot Ankle Score) and postoperative complications of either technique were identified.ResultsSix studies (N = 68) were included for the analysis of FHL, and six studies (N = 124) were included for analysis of FHL with augmentation. A pooling of mean and standard deviation of preoperative and postoperative AOFAS were 57.09 (3.63), 92.97 (22.67) in FHL group and 66.92 (3.16), 95.25 (4.71) in FHL with additional augmentation group respectively. The pooled UMD of AOFAS in FHL with additional augmentation were 2.28 (−1.86, 6.42) scores higher when compared to the FHL group. The prevalence of complications in FHL and FHL with additional augmentation were 14 (N = 120) and 10 (N = 63) patients. The chance of having complications of FHL with additional augmentation group was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.35, 1.56) lower than FHL group. However, there is no statistically significant difference.ConclusionsFHL with additional augmentation group has higher foot function scores (AOFAS) and lower complications when compared to the FHL group. However this did not reach to statistically significant. Further research that assesses a larger sample size of RCTs is necessary to further evaluate FHL with additional augmentation and FHL in the treatment of chronic Achilles tendon rupture.     

(足母)长屈肌腱移位替代跟腱治疗跟腱缺损的疗效分析

目的 探讨(足母)长屈肌腱移位替代跟腱治疗6 cm以上跟腱缺损的疗效.方法 2005年1月至2009年2月采用(足母)长屈肌腱移位替代跟腱治疗19例跟腱缺损患者,男13例,女6例;年龄20～61岁,平均(42.6±8.2)岁;跟腱炎清创后跟腱缺损15例,其中10例合并急性跟腱断裂;陈旧性跟腱断裂4例.跟腱断裂至手术时间为0～6个月(平均2.6个月).跟腱缺损长度为6～10 cm.19例患者均采用两切口(足母)长屈肌腱移位替代跟腱术治疗.记录患者术后3个月、1年及末次随访时的踝关节活动度、美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分与视觉模拟法(VAS)疼痛评分,并进行统计学比较.评价患者术后足踝部功能的恢复情况及患者的满意度. 结果 19例患者术后获12～48个月(平均22.2个月)随访.患者末次随访时踝关节背伸、跖屈及AOFAS踝与后足评分平均分别为17.8°±1.9°、39.1°±2.3°及(91.8±1.7)分,与术后3个月比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),与术后1年比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术后3个月与术后1年比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);VAS疼痛评分平均为(1.0±0.7)分,与术后3个月和术后1年比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),术后3个月与术后1年比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后患者对手术满意率达100%. 结论 (口止母)长屈肌腱移位替代跟腱术是一种有效的手术方式,适用于跟腱较长缺损时的重建治疗.手术可以明显解除疼痛,改善足部功能,且对足部影响较小.     

Hypertrophy of the flexor hallucis longus muscle after tendon transfer in patients with chronic Achilles tendon rupture

BackgroundFlexor hallucis longus tendon (FHLT) transfer has become a popular method for reconstructing a chronic Achilles tendon rupture (ATR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and possible hypertrophy of the FHL muscle after FHLT transfer in patients with chronic ATR.MethodsSeven patients with chronic ATR underwent an FHLT transfer to heel through single incision. The patients were clinically evaluated 27 (16–39) months after the surgery. The patient satisfaction was assessed with Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Scale (ATRS). Isokinetic strength was measured from both legs. The FHL muscle hypertrophy was evaluated from MRI of both legs. All subjects also performed a gait analysis with an instrumented walkway system (GAITRite^®).ResultsThe plantar flexion strength was 16.1% (-45, 7-2, 4%) weaker in the operated leg. ATRS scores averaged 70.3. Marked hypertrophy, +52% (9–104%) of the FHL muscle was seen in the operated leg compared to the non-operated leg. The gait analysis did not show any marked pathology in any of the patients.ConclusionsA mean hypertrophy of 52% of the FHL muscle was found after FHLT transfer for the chronic ATR. This indicates strong adaptation capacity of this muscle after FLHT transfer in situation where the function of the gastro-soleus complex was severely impaired preoperatively. The reconstruction of chronic ATR with FHLT transfer provided a good functional outcome and excellent patient satisfaction.     

Evaluation of a Modified Spoon-Shaped Medial Incision in the Surgical Repair of a Chronic Achilles Tendon Rupture

This study aims to investigate the clinical significance of preventing incision skin necrosis and the improved function offered in patients with a chronic Achilles tendon rupture treated surgically with a modified spoon-shaped medial incision. From January 2013 to January 2017, 50 patients (N = 50) who were admitted to our department with a clinically and radiologically confirmed chronic Achilles tendon rupture met inclusion criteria and were divided retrospectively into two groups. In group A (n = 26), a modified spoon-shaped medial incision in the surgical repair of Achilles tendon rupture was performed. In group B (n = 24), a traditional posterior medial incision was used. All skin healing was observed. Functional evaluation was performed using American Orthopedic Ankle & Foot Society scale(AOFAS) hindfoot score and Achilles tendon total rupture score(ATRS). Return-to-work time and major complications were also measured. The patients were followed for 12 to 48 months. All incisions exhibited primary healing in group A, while four incisions healed delay for skin necrosis which includes superficial, deeper necrosis, and skin defection caused by the necrosis in group B. Both groups had similar results regarding return-to-work time. There were no infections in either group. There was no rerupture of the Achilles tendon in either group. Patients in group A had better AOFAS hindfoot score (p = .020) and ATRS (p = .010), and the difference was significant (p ≤ .05).Using the modified spoon-shaped medial incision in the surgical repair of a chronic Achilles tendon rupture seems to be a safe and effective method that may reduce risk of incision skin necrosis and offers better function in patients with a chronic Achilles tendon rupture.