肺部肿瘤正电子发射型体层显像示踪剂研究进展

目前在肺癌中应用最广泛的示踪剂是^18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖（^18f-FDG），但近年来又有大批新型示踪剂逐步应用于临床。我们就目前肺部肿瘤示踪剂研究进展综述如下。     

放射性示踪剂正电子发射体层照相术在诊断淋巴瘤中的应用

淋巴瘤是原发于淋巴系统的恶性肿瘤,也称恶性淋巴瘤（malignant lymphoma ML）,分为霍奇金淋巴瘤（hodgkin’s lymphoma HL）和非霍奇金淋巴瘤（non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma NHL）两大类。ML多以进行性淋巴结肿大为特征,其治疗方法、疗效和预后等与肿瘤分型和分期等密切相关,因此,早期确诊对治疗和预后均有重要意义。放射性示踪剂正电子发射体层照相术（^18FDG—PET）对ML的诊断、分期及预后等均有较高价值。现综述如下。     

18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层显像在妇科恶性肿瘤治疗后的随访价值

 目的 探讨18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层显像(18F-FDG PET)在妇科恶性肿瘤治疗随访中的作用.方法 21例均经病理证实的妇科恶性肿瘤患者治疗后行18F-FDG PET检查.结果 21例中17例发现有残余或转移病灶,占80.9%,无假阳性病例;4例阴性显像患者中,3例提示未见明确复发和转移,1例为假阴性,为近期行化疗所致.FDG-PET对本组妇科肿瘤治疗后的复发或转移诊断的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为94.4%、100%和95.2%.结论 18F-FDG PET 对妇科恶性肿瘤治疗随访中有重要作用.     

18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射体层显像在感染与炎症病变中的应用

18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(18F-fluorodeoxyglucose,18F-FDG)正电子发射体层显像(PET)已成为肿瘤诊断最主要的手段之一,新近研究表明18F-FDG PET、在明确炎症、感染灶的部位和性质方面也有潜力。阐述了感染与炎症摄取18F-FDG的可能机制及18F-FDG PET在感染与炎症病变中的主要应用与进展。     

18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射体层显像在感染与炎症病变中的应用

18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(18F-fluorodeoxyglucose,18F-FDG)正电子发射体层显像(PET)已成为肿瘤诊断最主要的手段之一,新近研究表明18F-FDG PET在明确炎症、感染灶的部位和性质方面也有潜力.阐述了感染与炎症摄取18F-FDG的可能机制及18F-FDG PET在感染与炎症病变中的主要应用与进展.     

18F-FDG和18F-FLT PET/CT不同诊断方法在肺部单发结节中的临床价值分析

目的：探讨18F-FDG和18F-胸腺嘧啶核苷（FLT）PET/CT不同的诊断方法对肺部单发结节的诊断价值。方法对40例发现肺部单发结节的患者行18F-FDG和18F-FLT PET/CT显像,所有病例均经病理或密切随访确诊,应用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线比较18F-FDG SUVmax、18F-FLT SUVmax、18F-FLT SUVmax/同层面椎体SUVmax对肺部恶性肿瘤的诊断价值;18F-FDG和18F-FLT PET/CT两种显像结果均行视觉分析和半定量分析,比较不同诊断方法的诊断效能。结果18F-FDG SUVmax、18F-FLT SUVmax及18F-FLT SUVmax/同层面椎体SUVmaxROC曲线下面积分别为0.687、0.821和0.817。以18F-FDG SUVmax>2.5、18F-FLT SUVmax>2.0为恶性诊断标准、18F-FDG PET/CT视觉分析评分法、18F-FLT PET/CT视觉分析评分法4种方法诊断肺癌的灵敏度、特异度和准确率分别为88.2%、73.9%和80.0%;58.8%、82.6%和72.5%;94.1%、91.3%和92.5%;88.2%、65.2%和75.0%。结论18F-FLT SUVmax及18F-FLT SUVmax/同层面椎体SUVmax单独诊断肺部恶性肿瘤的价值较18F-FDG SUVmax高,且前两者可替换使用。18F-FDG PET/CT视觉评分法在肺部单发结节良恶性的诊断中效能最佳。     

~(18)F-脱氧葡萄糖PET/CT与增强CT在胰腺癌鉴别诊断中应用价值

目的探讨~(18)F-脱氧葡萄糖(~(18)F-FDG)正电子发射计算机断层显像(PET)、增强CT在胰腺癌鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法选取自2011年5月至2016年8月沈阳军区总医院收治的经B超、CT、核磁共振成像(MRI)以及临床综合资料证实为胰腺占位性病变的56例患者为研究对象。对所有56例患者行~(18)F-FDG PET/CT全身检查及增强CT检查。比较单纯~(18)F-FDG PET/CT、增强CT显像及两种显像方法联合应用对胰腺良恶性肿瘤诊断的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率等,以及与最终诊断的一致性。结果本组56例胰腺病变患者中,胰腺癌38例,良性病变18例。~(18)F-FDG PET/CT对胰腺癌诊断的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率分别为88.3%、80.2%、93.0%、82.7%及85.6%;增强CT诊断的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率分别为74.1%、68.6%、80.9%、63.2%、72.6%,~(18)F-FDG PET/CT的诊断效能均高于增强CT。PET/CT联合增强CT对胰腺病变诊断的灵敏度为100.0%,特异度为90.9%,准确率为95.2%。~(18)F-FDG PET/CT与最终诊断具有较高的一致性(k=0.705),增强CT的诊断结果与最终诊断结果中度一致(k=0.409),两者联合具有极好的一致性(k=0.816)。结论~(18)F-FDG PET/CT对胰腺癌的诊断具有较高的灵敏度及特异性,~(18)F-FDG PET/CT联合增强CT可以明显提高诊断的灵敏度、特异性及准确率。     

18F-FDG PET/CT联合肺动脉灌注成像指数在单发肺结节中的应用价值

目的探讨18F-FDG PET/CT联合320容积CT双入口灌注成像(DI-CTP)肺动脉灌注指数(PPI)对单发性肺结节的鉴别诊断价值。方法搜集经病理证实40例单发性肺结节患者的18F-FDG PET/CT及320排CT灌注成像影像资料(恶性结节24例、良性结节16例),PET/CT以结节18F-FDG摄取值SUV≥2.5为诊断恶性结节阈值,18F-FDG PET/CT联合PPI则在SUV≥2.5诊断阈值的基础上综合PPI<50%判定,并分析SUV与PP均值在良恶性结节间差异性及相关性。结果PET/CT联合PPI正确诊断38例,其中恶性结节22例、良性结节16例,误诊2例。18F-FDG PET/CT联合PPI诊断肺单发结节的敏感性91.6%,特异性100%,准确性95.0%;18F-PDG摄取值SUV在良、恶性结间差异无统计学意义(t=1.66,P>0.05),而PPI均值在良、恶性结节间差异有统计学意义(t=-3.14,P<0.01);SUV与PPI间相关性无统计学意义(r=0.20,P>0.05)。结论18F-FDG PET/CT联合PPI可以提高诊断肺单发肺结节敏感性、特异性和准确性,减少误诊率。     

18F氟代脱氧葡萄糖PET-CT在头颈部肿瘤中的应用价值

PET-CT能对恶性肿瘤病灶进行准确定位,在头颈部肿瘤的诊断、定位及指导临床治疗方面与单纯PET相比具有明显的优势.PET和CT优势互补,有助于进一步提高诊断及分期的准确性和可信度,有助于鉴别正常生理性摄取、炎症和恶性肿瘤,同时可以更好地指导临床精确放疗.18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖（18F-FDG）PET-CT在大多数头颈部恶性肿瘤的诊断方面虽然有明显的优越性,但在甲状腺和腮腺病灶的良恶性鉴别、急性炎症与肿瘤的鉴别等方面仍有不足.     

~(18)F-FDGPET显像在肿瘤学中的应用

从 (氟代脱氧葡萄糖 )在正常人体内的分布角度考虑 ,使用 PET进行 1 8F- FDG显像可应用于脑肿瘤、结直肠癌、淋巴瘤、黑色素瘤、肺癌以及头颈部肿瘤等。美国核医学会 (SNM)已报道 1 8F- FDG显像在原发性脑肿瘤、乳腺癌、骨肿瘤、肺癌、前列腺癌、黑色素瘤及淋巴瘤等中的应用。初步结果表明 ,葡萄糖代谢在坏死型及持续型生长肿瘤中有明显差别 ,当肿瘤局部 FDG利用减低 ,提示治疗后有明显效果。本文简要综述 1 8F- FDG PET显像在乳腺癌、胰腺癌、肝细胞癌、肌肉骨骼肿瘤、内分泌肿瘤、生殖泌尿道肿瘤和胃食道肿瘤中的应用。     

Oncological applications of positron emission tomography with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose

Positron emission tomography (PET) is now primarily used in oncological indication owing to the successful application of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in an increasing number of clinical indications at different stages of diagnosis, and for staging and follow-up. This review first considers the biological characteristics of FDG and then discusses methodological considerations regarding its use. Clinical indications are considered, and the results achieved in respect of various organs and tumour types are reviewed in depth. The review concludes with a brief consideration of the ways in which clinical PET might be improved.     

Evaluation of treatment effects in brain abscess with positron emission tomography: Comparison of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and carbon-11-methionine

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is in common use preoperatively to clinically evaluate patients who present with central nervous system mass lesions. The usefulness of PET is also recognized as a method to detect intracranial tumorous lesions. A number of papers reportthat some inflammatory processes also showed the uptake of Fluorine-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and Carbon-11-Methionine (Met) tracers. We performed two PET studies before and after treatment in 4 patients with brain abscess. PET showed the uptake of both tracers to thebrain abscess before treatment. The area showing an increased uptake of Met corresponded closely to the enhanced area on both CT and MR images. FDG-PET visually showed an uptake of FDG in a small area corresponding to an enhanced lesion within the CT and MR images. After treatment the area of lesions became small on enhancement CT or MRI and both PET studies showed reduced lesion and decreased uptake. The mechanism of Met uptake in the inflammatory area may be related to the higher metabolic rate and the active transport of amino acids as well as disruption of the blood brain barrier. Furthermore, it appears that the mechanism of FDG uptake is also related to a higher metabolic rate and, in addition, is related to the increased density of inflammatory cells. PET studies, more directly, reflect the degree of inflammatory response in brain abscess than enhancement CT or MRI. Therefore, PET is useful in detecting the inflammatory lesion and assessing the clinical effects of antibiotics treatment on brain abscesses.     

Staging of non-small-cell lung cancer by whole-body fluorine-18 deoxyglucose positron emission tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) using fluorine-18 deoxyglucose (FDG), showing increased FDG uptake and retention in malignant cells, has been proven useful to differentiate malignant from benign tissue. We undertook a prospective study in 61 patients to compare the accuracy of whole-body FDG PET and conventional imaging (CI) methods for the staging of nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). CI included chest and abdomen computed tomographic scanning and bone scintigraphy. When CI or PET study suggested metastatic disease, confirmation was obtained by biopsy or clinical or radiological follow-up. As compared to CI, PET correctly changed the N stage in 13 patients (21%) and the M stage in six patients (10%). There were three false-positive and no false-negative distant PET findings. Our preliminary results show that whole-body FDG PET can improve the diagnostic accuracy in the staging of NSCLC.     

孤立性肺结节的影像学研究进展

孤立性肺结节的鉴别诊断非常困难,在诊断不明确而手术切除的结节中约有一半是良性。可选择的检查方法较多且各有特点,CT是最有价值且应用最广泛的检查方法,CT导向穿刺活检假阳性极低,但有较高的假阴性。磁共振成像一般不用于孤立性肺结节的常规检查。PET有较好的敏感性和特异性,但价格昂贵,生长抑素受体显像的效果与18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖PET相近,而且更廉价易得,应重视其应用。     

孤立性肺结节的影像学研究进展

孤立性肺结节的鉴别诊断非常困难，在诊断不明确而手术切除的结节中约有一半是良性。可选择的检查方法较多且各有特点，CT是最有价值且应用最广泛的检查方法，CT导向穿刺活检假阳性极低，但有较高的假阴性。磁共振成像一般不用于孤立性肺结节的常规检查。PET有较好的敏感性和特异性，但价格昂贵，生长抑素受体显像的效果与^18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖PET相近．而且更廉价易得，应重视其应用。     

Limited value of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the imaging of neuroendocrine tumours

Scintigraphy using [¹¹¹In-DTPA-d-Phe¹]-pentetreotide or pentavalent technetium-99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid [^99mTc(V)-DMSA] has been shown to localize well-differentiated and slowly growing neuroendocrine tumours, whereas increased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake is associated with malignancy. The aim of this study was to compare the value of fluorine-18 FDG positron emission tomography (PET) with that of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SS-R) and dual-radionuclide scintigraphy [SS-R and ^99mTc(V)-DMSA = DNS] in detecting malignant neuroendocrine tumours. Fifteen patients with metastasizing gastroenteropancreatic tumours (GEP tumours; n = 7), medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs; n = 8) and elevated tumour markers [GEP tumours: 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, insulin; MTCs: calcitonin, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)] were studied. Prior to PET, all patients with GEP tumours underwent SS-R. DNS was performed in all patients with MTC. Patients had been fasting for at least 12 h and normal glucose plasma levels were confirmed. Sixty minutes after intravenous administration of ¹⁸F-FDG (mean: 374 MBq) whole-body PET and regional scans were performed. In addition, the resected tissues were prepared for immunocytochemistry examination (cell cycle-associated Ki-67 antigen). In two patients with less-differentiated GEP tumours associated with high proliferative activity and increased FDG uptake, SS-R failed to detect any lesion. In comparison, in four patients with well-differentiated GEP tumours showing low proliferative acitivity, SS-R localized four primary tumours, 22 lymph node metastases and 18 malignant liver lesions, whereas ¹⁸F-FDG PET demonstrated normal distribution. In one patient with a metastasizing carcinoid (medium proliferative activity) SS-R localized multiple metastases, whereas PET demonstrated low FDG uptake in all known metastases. In patients with recurrent MTC and rapidly increasing CEA levels DNS detected only three lesions in two patients, whereas PET demonstrated one pulmonary, three osseous, 20 mediastinal, ten locoregional, and four liver metastases in seven patients. Twenty-nine malignant lesions were confirmed by follow-up and nine lymph node metastases could be surgically removed. In conclusion, PET imaging of gastroenteropancreatic tumours revealed increased glucose metabolism only in less-differentiated GEP tumours with high proliferative activity and metastasizing MTC associated with rapidly increasing CEA levels. Therefore, additional ¹⁸F-FDG PET should be performed only if SS-R or DNS is negative. Received 8 July and in revised form 19 September 1997     

Using 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in detecting infectious endocarditis/endoarteritis: a preliminary report

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the effectiveness of positron emission tomography (PET) with 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) in the detection of infectious endocarditis/endoarteritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this study, we recruited 6 patients (4 women, 2 men; age range, 35 - 78 years; mean age, 55.8 +/- 16.8 years) who were clinically diagnosed as having infective endocarditis/endoarteritis by their echocardiographic findings and by Duke criteria. RESULTS: For all 6 patients, we also found increased FDG uptakes in the corresponding areas detected in echocardiography. CONCLUSION: FDG-PET appears to be a promising tool in diagnosing infective endocarditis/endoarteritis, and further prospective studies on a large scale to fully exploit the usefulness of FDG-PET for infective endocarditis/endoarteritis are needed.     

Myocardial imaging with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in sarcoidosis

Purpose Despite accumulating reports on the clinical value of ¹⁸F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the assessment of cardiac sarcoidosis, no studies have systematically compared the images of these modalities. Methods Twenty-one consecutive patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis underwent cardiac examinations that included ¹⁸F-FDG PET and MRI. The association of ¹⁸F-FDG PET and MRI findings with blood sampling data such as serum angiotensin converting enzyme levels was also evaluated. Results Eight of 21 patients were diagnosed as having cardiac sarcoidosis according to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare Guidelines for Diagnosing Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis were 87.5 and 38.5%, respectively, for ¹⁸F-FDG PET, and 75 and 76.9%, respectively, for MRI. When the ¹⁸F-FDG PET and MRI images were compared, 16 of 21 patients showed positive findings in one (n = 8) or both (n = 8) of the two modalities. In eight patients with positive findings on both images, the distribution of the findings differed among all eight cases. The presence of positive findings on ¹⁸F-FDG PET was associated with elevated serum angiotensin-converting enzyme levels; this association was not demonstrated on MRI. Conclusions Both ¹⁸F-FDG PET and MRI provided high sensitivity for diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis in patients with suspected cardiac involvement, but the specificity of ¹⁸F-FDG PET was not as high as previously reported. The different distributions of the findings in the two modalities suggest the potential of ¹⁸F-FDG PET and MRI in detecting different pathological processes in the heart.     

Evaluation of recurrent gastric malignancy with [F-18]-FDG positron emission tomography

AIM: We retrospectively assessed the use of [(18)F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) in the evaluation of recurrent disease in patients with history of gastric malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients were referred for FDG PET for evaluation of recurrent gastric cancer. Prior treatments included total (n = 4) or partial gastrectomy (n = 14) followed by chemotherapy alone (n = 7) or combined chemoradiation therapy (n = 2). The interval between the most recent treatment and PET ranged from 3 months to 2 years. Correlative diagnostic data were available in 16 patients and were all obtained within 3 months of the PET study. Validation was by clinical or imaging follow-up (2-45 months) in 16 patients and histology in two patients. RESULTS: PET was concordant with computed tomography (CT) in 12 patients (5 TP, 6 TN, 1 FN). In one patient with negative imaging studies, an incidental finding of left obstructive uropathy was determined to be due to metastatic ureteral stricture. Discordant imaging findings were present in four patients (22% of total). PET-detected diffuse metastatic lesions in three of these patients with rising serum tumour markers while other imaging studies were negative. Additional chemotherapy was initiated in these three patients (17% of total) based on PET localization of disease. PET and a gastric anastomosis biopsy were negative in another patient with positive CT. The remaining two patients without correlative imaging studies died shortly after positive PET studies with presumed recurrent cancer. CONCLUSION: FDG PET may be useful in the evaluation of recurrent gastric cancer, and can localize the disease when CT is non-diagnostic. Imaging evaluation with PET may also impact on the clinical management of patients with recurrent gastric cancer.     

A case of glucagonoma with high uptake on F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography

Glucagonomas are relatively rare, and can be difficult to differentiate from other pancreatic tumors. A 62-year-old woman who had suffered from diabetes mellitus was hospitalized for further evaluation of a space-occupying lesion in the head of the pancreas and tumors in the liver. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography revealed accumulation of isotope corresponding to a tumor of the pancreas with a standardized uptake value of 4.3, and tumors in the liver with standardized uptake values of 2.4 and 2.8. The serum glucagon level was high (1,170 pg/ml) and the secretin tolerance test was negative. She was diagnosed with glucagonoma with a high serum glucagon level and clinical findings. It is suggested that glucagonoma may be one of the tumors which show high uptake of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose.