极低及超低出生体重儿的预后因素分析

目的 分析极低及超低出生体重儿（出生体重≤ 1 200 g）的临床资料,为其预后及临床干预提供预警指标。方法 回顾性分析108 例极低及超低出生体重儿的母孕期病史、新生儿出生时情况、诊治经过及预后,采用非条件logistic 回归分析筛选预后的影响因素。结果 108 例极低及超低出生体重儿,出生体重范围在结论 极低及超低出生体重儿的病死率较高,且随着日龄的增加,影响早产儿生存的预后因素不同,临床上应针对这些因素制定合理的管理方案,提高早产儿生存率。     

Outcome studies of low birth weight infants published in the last decade: a metaanalysis

We conducted a metaanalysis and methods review of 80 studies, published in the last decade, that explored the outcome of low birth weight infants; 27% involved infants whose birth weights were less than or equal to 2500 gm (low birth weight), 44% less than or equal to 1500 gm (very low birth weight), and 29% less than or equal to 1000 gm (extremely low birth weight). Problems found in these studies were grouped into three categories: subject and methods issues, environmental factors, and outcome measurement. The combined average intelligence quotient/developmental quotient (IQ/DQ) of all low birth weight groups was 97.77 (SD 6.19); for control subjects the mean IQ/DQ was 103.78 (SD 8.16). This difference was statistically significant but perhaps not clinically significant. No differences in mean IQ/DQ scores were found among the low birth weight, very low birth weight, and extremely low birth weight subgroups. Statistically significant differences among all groups and control subjects were found when categoric data were analyzed, as were differences among the three subgroups; however, the variety of outcome criteria makes interpretation of the categoric analyses difficult.     

Postnatal weight changes in low birth weight infants

Postnatal body weight changes were assessed in 385 surviving infants with birth weights of less than 2,500 g. Body weight was measured daily between birth and 45 days of age. Infants were grouped according to 100-g birth weight categories, and mean body weight changes for each group were compared. Initial postnatal weight loss occurred in each group and ranged between 7.9% and 14.6% of birth weight. Mean postnatal weight loss was greater in the lowest birth weight groups, but considerable variability was observed among individual infants. Duration of postnatal weight loss was similar among all birth weight groups. Weight gain usually began between four and six days of age, and the rate of weight gain expressed as grams per kilogram per day was similar in all birth weight groups.     

Feeding of low birth weight infants

Optimal feeding of low birth weight (LBW) infants improves their immediate survival and subsequent growth and development. Being a heterogeneous group comprising term and preterm neonates, their feeding abilities, fluid and nutritional requirements are quite different from normal birth weight infants. A practical approach to feeding a LBW infant including choice of initial feeding method, progression of oral feeds, and nutritional supplementation based on her oral feeding skills and nutritional requirements is being discussed in this protocol. Growth monitoring, management of feed intolerance, and the essential skills involved in feeding them have also been described in detail.     

低出生体重儿排尿功能观察

<正>小儿正常膀胱储尿排尿功能在20世纪中期逐渐受到医学专家的关注。国外学者已经进行了一系列小儿排尿研究,但大部分是针对较大儿童(大于3岁)的有创性尿动力学检查[1]。目前缺乏新生儿尤其是低出生体重儿(low birth weight infant,LBWI)     

Postural development in very low birth weight and normal birth weight infants

In this study the seven postural responses selected by Vojta to evaluate neuromotor development were applied to 68 very low birth weight (VLBW) (greater than 1500 g) infants and to 28 healthy infants of normal birth weight (less than 2500 g). Of the 68 VLBW infants, 41 were small for gestational age and 27 appropriate for gestational age. All infants were examined between 37 and 40 weeks postmenstrual age. They were all later assessed on the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scale at 12 and 18 months. There were significant differences in postural reactions between the two groups which confirmed the lower tone and greater extension previously described in very low birth weight infants. An important finding in the study was that poor head and trunk righting noted at four months corrected age in very low birth weight infants, was associated with less developed locomotion at 12 and 18 months as assessed by the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scale. Thus, a delay in maturation in very low birth weight infants which was apparent from the assessment of postural responses in early infancy was still identifiable on the locomotor subscales at 12 and 18 months. Five of Vojta's responses were shown to be useful as part of the neurological assessment of high risk infants.     

Enteral feeding of low birth weight infants

There is sufficient evidence at present to support early enterai feeding of low birth weight (LBW) neonates, including those who are sick or very preterm (< 30 weeks). Trophic feeding with human milk initiated within 48 hours of birth at 10–15 ml/kg/day improves later tolerance to graded increment of enterai feeding volumes without increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Trophic feeding supports increments of feeding volumes by 30 ml/kg/day by intermittent gavage feeding. Non-nutritive sucking and spoon-feeding aid earlier transition to exclusive breast-feeding. Human milk promotes adequate growth of most preterm neonates, though many need multivitamin and mineral supplementation. The role of human milk fortifiers to promote growth appears controversial.     

低出生体重新生儿神经行为测定及评价

目的了解低出生体重新生儿的神经行为能力。方法对119例出生体重<2500g 的新生儿分别于出生后2～3d和26～28d时进行新生儿神经行为测定 ,并与142例正常儿进行比较。结果在出生后2～3d和出生后26～28d时 ,低出生体重儿的行为能力、被动肌力、主动肌力、原始反射、一般状态及总评分与对照组比较,差别均有显著性 (P均<0.001) ;出生后26～28d时低出生体重儿的行为能力、被动肌力、主动肌力、原始反射、一般状态及总评分与出生后2～3d比较,差异均有显著性 (P均<0.001)。结论低出生体重儿的新生儿神经行为能力比正常儿弱 ,随着日龄的增加 ,其神经行为能力不断增强。