BAT评分联合CTA点征对幕上自发性脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的预测价值研究

目的 研究BAT评分联合CTA点征对幕上自发性脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的预测价值。方法 回顾性分析2021年9月—2022年4月连续于首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院急诊就诊且发病至一站式CT检查时间在6 h内的幕上自发性脑出血患者的资料,根据发病后24～48 h复查头颅CT与基线CT的血肿体积对比,分为血肿扩大组和非血肿扩大组。比较两组患者的基本临床资料、CTA点征及非增强CT(non-contrast computed tomography sign,NCCT)特点（低密度征、混合征等）影像资料、BAT评分（blend sign,any hypodensity,timing of NCCT score,BAT）。采用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析血肿扩大的危险因素,并绘制ROC曲线分析BAT评分、CTA点征及两者结合对自发性脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的预测价值。结果 共纳入97例患者,血肿扩大组28例,非血肿扩大组69例。血肿扩大组患者CTA点征,NCCT低密度征、混合征的发生率均高于非血肿扩大组,BAT评分中位数和BAT评分≥3分的患者比例均高于非血肿扩大组,发病至基线影像时间...     

急性脑出血早期血肿扩大止血治疗研究进展

既往研究证实,脑出血后血肿扩大与早期神经功能恶化密切相关,往往预示着不良临 床结局。血肿扩大是脑出血具有前景的治疗靶点。若不加筛选地对所有脑出血患者进行止血治 疗,不但不能改善功能结局,反而可能增加动脉血栓栓塞不良事件风险。计算机断层扫描血管造影 （computed tomography angiography,CTA）点样征是血肿扩大和不良预后安全有效的预测指标。应用点 样征筛选血肿扩大高风险患者,并选用安全、经济的止血药物进行个体化止血治疗,对于遏制患者 早期病情恶化及改善预后有重要意义。     

CT在预测自发性脑出血早期血肿扩大的作用

正脑出血(intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH)是预后最差的一种脑卒中类型,其中早期血肿扩大是ICH神经功能恶化及预后不良的重要危险因素。随着影像学技术在临床的广泛应用,大量研究发现CT平扫中出现的一些特异性征象可以有效预测早期血肿扩大、评估临床预后。本研究就ICH早期血肿扩大的CT平扫相关预测指标进行如下综述。自发性脑出血是预后较差、致死率较高的一种脑卒中类     

高血压脑出血电子计算机断层扫描血管造影原始图像点征预测血肿扩大的价值

目的 探索电子计算机断层扫描血管造影（computed tomography angiography, CTA）原始图像中点征在预测血肿扩大中的应用价值。方法 对53例高血压脑出血患者在发病6小时内进行电子计算机断层扫描（computed tomography,CT）平扫及CTA检查,并在发病24 h后复查CT平扫。由3名放射科医师在CTA原始图像中寻找点征,同时对比两次检查的血肿体积。结果 13例患者（24.5%）CTA原始图像中点征为阳性。共有15例患者（28.3%）发生血肿扩大,其中12例为点征阳性患者。CTA原始图像预测血肿扩大的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为80.0%、97.4%、92.3%、92.5%。点征阳性患者初诊和复诊的血肿体积差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,而点征阴性患者初诊和复诊的血肿体积差异不具有统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 在急性高血压脑出血患者中,CTA点征可以给我们提供更多的影像学信息,有效预测血肿扩大。     

“九分法”对原发性脑出血患者血肿扩大及临床预后的有效预测

目的探讨"九分法"对原发性脑出血患者血肿扩大及临床预后的有效预测价值。方法选取2016年10月～2019年11月本院收治的52例原发性脑出血患者作为研究对象,按照"九分法"将所有病例分为A组(0～3分,n=36)、B组(4～9分,n=16)。所有患者入院后均采用飞利浦16排CT扫描机进行头颅CT扫描、CT血管造影(CTA)检查,选择CT图像并应用Dodge公式对血肿体积进行测量和计算,对血肿体积扩大及0.75 mm层厚CTA原始图像中的点征进行评定。收集两组患者的临床资料,比较两组点征阳性及临床预后情况,进一步分析点征预测血肿扩大的阳性预测值、阴性预测值、敏感性及特异度。结果 B组患者的收缩压、血肿体积大小及服用华法林患者比例、CTA斑点征患者比例均明显高于A组,发病至首次行头颅CT时间较B组明显缩短(P0.05);另B组点征阳性患者占比、复查血肿扩大患者占比、外科手术干预患者占比、随访3个月临床病死率及随访1个月NIHSS评分均明显高于A组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);进一步分析显示,52例患者点征预测血肿扩大阳性预测值为88.89%,阴性预测值为93.02%。结论临床利用"九分法"对原发性脑出血患者的血肿扩大及临床预后可以进行有效预测,为临床原发性脑出血患者的对症治疗和后续治疗方案的修正提供了重要的参考依据。     

脑出血早期血肿扩大危险因素的研究进展

脑出血具有较高发病率、病死率、致残率的特点.早期血肿扩大是其不良预后的重要危险因素,预防早期血肿扩大成为近年来研究的热点.目前已经确认一系列脑出血血肿扩大的危险因素,本研究总结了最新进展,并将其分为4类:临床特征(意识障碍的严重程度、血压、血糖)、实验室参数(凝血及其他炎症相关因子)、影像学(CTA征象)和预测评分量表(9 点或24 点临床预测算法、PREADICT A/B、HEAVEN评分、NAG评分及BAT评分).脑出血(Intracerebral Hemorrhage,ICH)约占所有脑卒中的10%~30%,其发病率和病死率均高于缺血性脑卒中.血肿扩大(Hematoma expansion,HE)是近1/3的ICH 患者在入院后24~48 h内发生早期神经功能恶化和长期临床结局不良的重要危险因素之一[1-2].HE一般发生在发病初始6 h以内,尤其是发病2~3 h以内.血肿体积每增加10%,死亡风险比就会增加5%.绝对体积每增加1 mL,临床结局产生生活依赖的几率就会增加7%[3].因此,探讨ICH早期血肿扩大的危险因素及治疗对临床实践有着重要的意义.     

脑出血早期血肿扩大的CT影像学特点研究进展

自发性脑出血（intracranial hemorrhage,ICH）患者数量约占卒中患者的15%,是治愈率最低 的卒中亚型。ICH患者可出现早期血肿扩大（hematoma expansion,HE）,多预示临床不良预后。本文从 计算机断层扫描（computed tomography,CT）影像学特点方面汇总预测早期HE发生及预后的最新进展, 以期为预防HE的发生并提高患者的生存质量、改善预后提供参考。     

CT、CTA影像征象对自发性脑出血早期血肿扩大的预测价值

目的 探讨非对比剂增强CT扫描（NCCT）征象与双能谱CT血管造影（CTA）碘征对自发性脑出血（SICH）早期血肿扩大的预测价值。方法 回顾性分析2017年8月至2021年8月收治的146例SICH的影像资料。发病6 h内完成基线NCCT和双能谱CTA检查，24 h内复查NCCT判断血肿扩大情况。结果 NCCT复查显示血肿扩大68例（扩大组），无血肿扩大78例（无扩大组）。扩大组NCCT征象（黑洞征、卫星征、混合征）和双能谱CTA碘征阳性率明显提高（P<0.001）。多因素logistic回归分析显示，黑洞征、卫星征、混合征和碘征是早期血肿扩大的独立预测因子（P<0.001）。ROC曲线显示，黑洞征、卫星征、混合征和碘征预测血肿扩大的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.659、0.701、0.799和0.823；混合征联合碘征的AUC为0.899，明显高于任一单独指标（P<0.001）。结论 NCCT征象与双能谱CTA碘征是预测SICH早期血肿扩大的重要影像学表现，混合征联合碘征预测血肿扩大的效能最佳。     

脑出血早期血肿扩大的相关因素研究新进展

<正>脑出血(intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH)指原发性非外伤性脑实质内出血，是目前全球主要的公共卫生负担之一^[1]。本文从ICH早期血肿扩大与预后的相关性、早期血肿扩大的影像学、实验室及临床的影响因素等阐述ICH早期血肿扩大相关因素的研究进展，为ICH诊治提供新思路。1早期血肿扩大和ICH预后的相关性ICH病人早期血肿扩大发生率在38%～73%。早期血肿扩大定义为从首次CT扫描开始计算，24 h内血肿体积量增大>33%或绝对增多>12.5 ml^[2,3]。     

脑出血血肿再扩大及超早期止血治疗研究进展

脑出血（ICH）是神经系统常见病和多发病，是一种致残率、病死率较高疾病，发病后1个月内病死率为35％～52％，其中半数在48h内死亡，6个月后仅有60％的患者能生活自理。近几年研究表明，早期血肿扩大是引起神经功能缺失加重的重要因素。因此，如何控制早期血肿扩大对脑出血预后具有重要意义。目前研究的热点是超早期止血治疗。     

The Spot Sign Predicts Hematoma Expansion,Outcome, and Mortality in Patients with Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Objective

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review cases of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) medically treated at our institution to determine if the CT angiography (CTA) ''spot sign'' predicts in-hospital mortality and clinical outcome at 3 months in patients with spontaneous ICH.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of all consecutive patients who were admitted to the department of neurosurgery. Clinical data of patients with ICH were collected by 2 neurosurgeons blinded to the radiological data and at the 90-day follow-up.

Results

Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified predictors of poor outcome; we found that hematoma location, spot sign, and intraventricular hemorrhage were independent predictors of poor outcome. In-hospital mortality was 57.4% (35 of 61) in the CTA spot-sign positive group versus 7.9% (10 of 126) in the CTA spot-sign negative group. In multivariate logistic analysis, we found that presence of spot sign and presence of volume expansion were independent predictors for the in-hospital mortality of ICH.

Conclusion

The spot sign is a strong independent predictor of hematoma expansion, mortality, and poor clinical outcome in primary ICH. In this study, we emphasized the importance of hematoma expansion as a therapeutic target in both clinical practice and research.     

CT Angiography Spot Sign,Hematoma Expansion,and Outcome in Primary Pontine Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose

The computed tomography angiography (CTA) spot sign is a validated predictor of hematoma expansion and poor outcome in supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but patients with brainstem ICH have typically been excluded from the analyses. We investigated the frequency of spot sign and its relationship with hematoma expansion and outcome in patients with primary pontine hemorrhage (PPH).

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of PPH cases obtained from a prospectively collected cohort of consecutive ICH patients who underwent CTA. CTA first-pass readings for spot sign presence were analyzed by two trained readers. Baseline and follow-up hematoma volumes on non-contrast CT scans were assessed by semi-automated computer-assisted volumetric analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive and negative likelihood ratio, and accuracy of spot sign for prediction of in-hospital mortality were calculated.

Results

49 subjects met the inclusion criteria of whom 11 (22.4 %) showed a spot sign. In-hospital mortality was higher in spot sign-positive versus spot sign-negative subjects (90.9 vs 47.4 %, p = 0.020). Spot sign showed excellent specificity (95 %) and PPV (91 %) in predicting in-hospital mortality. Absolute hematoma growth, defined as parenchymal and intraventricular hematoma expansion of any amount, was significantly higher in spot sign-positive versus spot sign-negative subjects (13.72 ± 20.93 vs 3.76 ± 8.55 mL, p = 0.045).

Conclusions

As with supratentorial ICH, the CTA spot sign is a common finding and is associated with higher risk of hematoma expansion and mortality in PPH. This marker may assist clinicians in prognostic stratification.

     

Hematoma Expansion Predictors: Laboratory and Radiological Risk Factors in Patients with Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Prospective Observational Study

BackgroundIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is considered a devastating neurologic emergency and carried a higher morbidity and mortality rates. Early hematoma expansion (HE) is considered one of the poor prognostic factors after ICH. Consequently, determination of the possible risk factors for HE could be effective in early detection of high-risk patients and hence directing management course aiming to improving ICH outcome.MethodsOne-hundred and thirty-six spontaneous ICH patients were included and prospectively evaluated for the presence of HE. Demographic, laboratory, and certain radiological factors were studied and compared between those with HE and those without, the in-hospital mortality rates were assessed as well.ResultsHE was observed in 30% of the studied cohort, those who developed HE had more neurologic impairment (Glasgow coma scale, median 9; National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, median 34), and higher in-hospital mortality rate (53.6%) than those without HE. HE was related to the presence of higher red blood cell distribution width (RDW), reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C), and Ca levels. Among the radiological factors, hematoma density (heterogeneous), and shape (irregular) are highly related to the occurrence of HE. The computed tomography angiography (CTA) spot sign among patients with ICH was associated with HE development.ConclusionsAbnormal RDW; low cholesterol, LDL, and Ca level; heterogeneous density, irregular shape hemorrhage, and presence of CTA spot sign were associated with the development of HE in the setting of spontaneous ICH.     

Which Emphasizing Factors Are Most Predictive of Hematoma Expansion in Spot Sign Positive Intracerebral Hemorrhage?

Objective

The spot sign is related with the risk of hematoma expansion in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, not all spot sign positive patients undergo hematoma expansion. Thus, the present study investigates the specific factors enhancing the spot sign positivity in predicting hematoma expansion.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 316 consecutive patients who presented between March 2009 to March 2011 with primary ICH and whose initial computed tomography brain angiography (CTA) was performed at our Emergency Department. Of these patients, 47 primary ICH patients presented spot signs in their CTA. We classified these 47 patients into two groups based on the presence of hematoma expansion then analyzed them with the following factors : gender, age, initial systolic blood pressure, history of anti-platelet therapy, volume and location of hematoma, time interval from symptom onset to initial CTA, spot sign number, axial dimension, and Hounsfield Unit (HU) of spot signs.

Results

Of the 47 spot sign positive patients, hematoma expansion occurred in 26 patients (55.3%) while the remaining 21 (44.7%) showed no expansion. The time intervals from symptom onset to initial CTA were 2.42±1.24 hours and 3.69±2.57 hours for expansion and no expansion, respectively (p=0.031). The HU of spot signs were 192.12±45.97 and 151.10±25.14 for expansion and no expansion, respectively (p=0.001).

Conclusions

The conditions of shorter time from symptom onset to initial CTA and higher HU of spot signs are the emphasizing factors for predicting hematoma expansion in spot sign positive patients.     

Reducing the risk of ICH enlargement

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) comprises 15% of all strokes, and carries the highest risk of mortality and poor long-term outcome. ICH has long been recognized as the least treatable form of stroke, and hematoma volume as the strongest single predictor of mortality and outcome. CT-based studies have found that early substantial hematoma expansion occurs in 18-38% of patients initially scanned within 3 h of symptom onset. This finding is associated with early neurological deterioration and an increased risk of poor outcome. Ultra-early hemostatic therapy might be beneficial in preventing hematoma growth, resulting in improved mortality and neurological function. Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) promotes local hemostasis in the presence or absence of coagulopathy at sites of vascular injury, and is a promising treatment for arresting active bleeding in ICH. The safety and feasibility of this approach was confirmed in a phase IIb randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of 399 patients with non-coagulopathic ICH. Administration of rFVIIa within 4 h of ICH onset resulted in a significant reduction of hematoma expansion at 24 h, and reduced mortality and improved functional outcome at 90 days. A confirmatory phase III trial (The FAST Trial) to confirm these results will complete enrollment in the end of 2006.     

MRI spot sign in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: an independent biomarker of hematoma expansion and poor functional outcome

Journal of Neurology - In acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the prognostic value of the MRI spot sign on hematoma expansion (HE) and poor functional outcome is poorly known. We retrospectively...     

新型脑出血临床评估量表

自2001年首个脑出血（intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH）预后评估量表问世以来,其临床有效性得到了充分的外部验证。但毕竟原始脑出血（original ICH,oICH）评分量表是设计来评价30 d死亡事件的,并没有包括诸多与预后密切相关的因子,因此对功能预后的预测准确率欠佳。为了预测ICH患者的功能预后,一系列新型评测体系被建立起来。本文主要针对现有的新型ICH评估量表从研究背景、方法学、评估指标、外部验证等几个方面进行综述,以期阐明其适用范围和临床效度,为临床医师按需选择提供参考。     

The Significance of Contrast Density of the Computed Tomography-Angiographic Spot Sign and its Correlation with Hematoma Expansion

Background and PurposeThe computed tomography angiographic (CTA) spot sign has been shown to predict hematoma expansion in patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), but the significance of the spot sign density (SSD) and the spot sign ratio (SSR) has not yet been explored.MethodsUsing the institutional Neurocritical care and Stroke registry, we retrospectively reviewed patients with ICH from January-2013 to June-2017. We selected patients who had baseline CT-head (CTH), CTA with positive-spot sign within 6 hours of last known well and at least one follow-up CTH within 24 hours. Baseline demographics and variables known to affect hematoma-volume were collected. Hematoma-volumes and SSR were calculated using computer-assisted 3D-volumetric measurement and the average of the surrounding hematoma density divided by the SSD, respectively. The 2-sample t test and the area-under-the-curve (receiver operating characteristic) were used to detect the association between hematoma expansion and outcome at discharge.ResultsA total of 320 patients were reviewed; 22 met the inclusion criteria. Significant hematoma expansion (volume expansion ≥12.5 cc or ≥33% compared to baseline) was noted in 14 (64%) subjects. SSD was significantly higher in subjects with hematoma expansion (216 ± 66) than those without (155 ± 52, P = .036). With a cut-off SSD of ≥150 HU, we had sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 75%. For SSR, lower ratios suggested a trend toward hematoma expansion, although it was not statistically significant (P = .12). There was no significant correlation between SSD or SSR and modified ranking scale at discharge and after 3-6 months.ConclusionSSD might be a good predictor of hematoma growth. Although SSR showed a trend toward expansion, results were not statistically significant.