柏子养心丸的高效液相色谱数字化指纹图谱研究

目的建立柏子养心丸(Baizi Yangxin Wan,BZYXW)HPLC数字化指纹图谱,从整体化学指纹角度定量控制其质量。方法 采用RP-HPLC法,以Century SIL C18BDS柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm)为色谱柱;流动相A为0.1%磷酸-水溶液,B为0.1%磷酸-乙腈溶液;梯度洗脱;紫外检测波长228nm;柱温(35.0±0.15)℃。用"中药色谱指纹图谱超信息特征数字化评价系统3.0"软件对BZYXW-HPLC数字化指纹图谱进行评价。结果以绿原酸为参照物峰,确定56个共有指纹峰,建立了BZYXW-HPLC数字化指纹图谱。以46个数字化参数评价指纹图谱和其代表的质量情况,用16个数字化指数鉴别出1批样品不合格,用系统指纹定量法鉴定12批BZYXW中2批质量极好,6批质量很好,2批质量好,1批质量中,1批质量为劣。结论所建立的BZYXW-HPLC数字化指纹图谱能准确反映BZYXW质量变化,是全面控制其质量的可靠方法。     

栀子药材的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的建立栀子药材的HPLC特征指纹图谱,为其质量控制提供依据。方法采用RP-HPLC法,色谱柱为Phenome-nex C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水线性梯度洗脱,检测波长265 nm,流速0.8 mL·min-1,柱温35℃,并进行数字化评价。结果建立了栀子HPLC指纹图谱分析的研究方法,在指纹图谱中共有峰9个,并指认了3个色谱峰,指纹图谱的相似度均在0.98以上。结论建立的栀子药材HPLC指纹图谱可对栀子药材中的化学成分信息进行全面反映,适用于栀子药材的规范化种植及质量控制。     

HPLC fingerprint of Gardeniae fructus

目的 建立栀子药材的HPLC特征指纹图谱,为其质量控制提供依据.方法 采用RP - HPLC法,色谱柱为Phenomenex C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水线性梯度洗脱,检测波长265 nm,流速0.8mL·min-1,柱温35℃,并进行数字化评价.结果 建立了栀子HPLC指纹图谱分析的研究方法,在指纹图谱中共有蜂9个,并指认了3个色谱峰,指纹图谱的相似度均在0.98以上.结论 建立的栀子药材HPLC指纹图谱可对栀子药材中的化学成分信息进行全面反映,适用于栀子药材的规范化种植及质量控制.     

丹参水溶性成分HPLC数字化指纹图谱研究

目的建立丹参水溶性成分HPLC数字化指纹图谱,为丹参质量控制提供依据。方法采用RP-HPLC法分析丹参水溶液,以Century SIL BDS柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相为1%醋酸水-1%醋酸甲醇低压梯度洗脱,检测波长：290nm,柱温：（30±0.15）℃,进样量5μL。用“中药色谱指纹图谱超信息特征数字化评价系统3.0”软件计算不同批次的丹参水溶性成分HPLC指纹图谱的色谱指纹图谱指数F和色谱指纹图分离量指数RF等46个参数进行潜信息特征数字化评价。以双参照物体系结合定量结构-性质相关（QSPR）原理标定指纹峰的表观分子量、峰位、洗脱动量数δ、折合相对积分ф。结果以丹酚酸B（SAB）峰为参照物峰,确定36个共有峰,建立了丹参水溶性成分HPLC数字化指纹图谱,获得了判别丹参药材质量的重要数字信息。以双定性双定量相似度法评价不同产地丹参药材,质量稳定。结论所建立HPLC数字化指纹图谱具有较好的精密度和重现性,适用于丹参药材的质量控制。数字化指纹图谱是数字中药的核心技术,双定性双定量相似度法是宏观定性定量评价中药质量的最准确、最佳技术。     

川芎高效液相指纹图谱的建立

目的建立川芎药材的高效液相指纹图谱,以控制其质量。方法色谱柱为ZorbaxSB-C18,柱温为25℃,流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长为323nm,以甲醇和0.1%冰醋酸水溶液进行梯度洗脱,考察不同提取方式对川芎药材指纹图谱的影响;进行等度洗脱,考察川芎药材在不同波长下的指纹图谱。结果采用超声提取法进行梯度洗脱效果较好。结论本方法可用于建立川芎药材的指纹图谱,且简便、可靠、重现性好。     

人参归脾丸高效液相色谱数字化指纹图谱研究

目的建立人参归脾丸(Renshen Guipi Wan,RSGPW)HPLC数字化指纹图谱,为其整体质量控制提供评价方法。方法采用Centurysil C18BDS柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),以0.1%磷酸溶液(A)-0.1%磷酸乙腈溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱:0～80min,10%～90%B,;80～90min,90%B,流速1.0mL.min-1,检测波长203nm,柱温(35.0±0.15)℃,进样量5μL。用"中药色谱指纹图谱超信息特征数字化评价系统3.0"软件对RSGPW进行数字化评价,并对制剂化学指纹成分归属。结果用16个数字化指数鉴别出2批样品不合格;用系统指纹定量法鉴别出3批样品质量极好,2批样品质量很好,5批样品质量好,2批质量劣;从化学指纹贡献率来说白术为该复方主要药味。结论所建立的RSGPW-HPLC数字化指纹图谱能反映RSGPW质量变化,用数字化指纹图谱控制RSGPW质量可行。     

苦苣菜HPLC数字化指纹图谱研究

目的 建立苦苣菜的HPLC数字化指纹图谱。方法 用CenturySIL DS色谱柱（200mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为1％醋酸水和1％醋酸甲醇，梯度洗脱，流速为1．0mL·min^-1检测波长为265nm，柱温为（30±0．15）℃，进样量为5μL。用“中药色谱指纹图谱超信息特征数字化评价系统3．0”软件计算10批苦苣菜HPLC指纹图谱的色谱指纹图谱指数F和色谱指纹图分离量指数RF等42个参数进行潜信息特征数字化评价。以双参照物体系结合定量结构-性质相关（QSPR）原理标定指纹峰的表观分子量、峰位、洗脱动量数δ、折合相对积分函。结果以绿原酸为参照物峰，确定32个共有峰，建立了10批苦苣菜HPLC数字化指纹图谱，并以双定性双定量相似度评价10批苦苣菜的质量。结论本方法可清晰地揭示苦苣菜HPLC指纹图谱的超信息特征，为苦苣菜质量控制提供了参考依据。     

天王补心丸高效液相色谱数字化指纹图谱研究

目的建立天王补心丸(Tianwang Buxin Wan,TWBXW)HPLC数字化指纹图谱,为其质量控制提供依据。方法采用RP-HPLC法,以Century SIL C18BDS(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相A为0.2%磷酸溶液,B为0.1%磷酸乙腈溶液,线性梯度洗脱,检测波长203 nm,柱温(30.0±0.15)℃,进样量5μL。以"中药色谱指纹图谱超信息特征数字化评价系统3.0"软件进行数字化评价。结果以甘草酸(glycyrrhizic acid,GHIA)为参照物峰,确定62个共有指纹峰,建立了TWBXW-HPLC数字化指纹图谱,并以系统指纹定量法鉴别出S2、S7、S8和S9质量很好,S1、S3、S4、S5、S10和S12质量好,S11质量良好,S6质量为中。结论所建立的TWBXW-HPLC数字化指纹图谱可清晰反映TWBXW的质量变异,用数字化指纹图谱控制中药质量准确可行。     

附子理中丸数字化指纹图谱研究

目的建立附子理中丸HPLC数字化指纹图谱,为其质量控制提供依据。方法采用Century SIL C18 BDS色谱柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相为1%冰醋酸水-1%冰醋酸甲醇低压梯度洗脱,检测波长：280nm,柱温：30℃,进样量：5μL。用“中药色谱指纹图谱超信息特征数字化评价系统3.0”软件从分离度、信息量、相似度等6个方面对不同批次的附子理中丸指纹图谱进行潜信息特征数字化评价。同时以双参照物体系标定指纹峰的峰位、洗脱动量数ε、折合相对积分φ。结果建立了附子理中丸HPLC数字化指纹图谱,以5-羟甲基糠醛峰为参照物峰,确定31个共有峰,获得了判别附子理中丸质量的重要数字信息,以双定性双定量相似度法评价附子理中丸批间质量稳定。结论所建立HPLC数字化指纹图谱具有较好的精密度和重现性,适用于附子理中丸的质量控制。     

生脉注射液HPLC指纹图谱的建立

目的:建立生脉注射液的HPLC指纹图谱。方法:采用Waters Symmetry ShieldTMRP18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-水为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1 mL.min-1,检测波长203 nm,柱温30℃。结果:本色谱条件下生脉注射液各成分得到了良好分离,指纹图谱由23个特征峰组成。结论:所建立的指纹图谱分离效果好,信息量大,可作为生脉注射液的指纹图谱使用,以便更好地控制该产品的质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.