血型CD36基因在泛癌中的综合分析

目的 通过生物信息学方法研究血型CD36基因在人类恶性肿瘤的表达及其与预后、临床分期和免疫浸润的关系,阐明其对肿瘤的预后评估价值。方法 运用UALCAN数据库分析CD36蛋白在肿瘤组织和正常组织间的表达差异;运用GEPIA数据库分析CD36表达与泛癌分期之间的关系;运用SangerBox数据库分析CD36表达与泛癌患者生存预后的关系,分析泛癌中CD36蛋白表达与免疫浸润及TMB、MSI等的相关性,运用String数据库分析与CD36上下游相关的蛋白。结果 研究显示CD36基因在9种肿瘤中观察到了显著上调（P <0.05）,18种肿瘤中观察到了显著下调（P <0.05）,CD36表达的高低与不同类型肿瘤患者的分期和预后密切相关,CD36在不同的肿瘤中发挥着不同的作用。CD36基因在39个癌种中表达与免疫浸润显著正相关（P <0.05）,CD36可能在调节肿瘤免疫环境方面起到重要作用。KEGG和GO富集分析结果显示,候选基因主要参与了toll样受体信号通路、NF-κB信号通路和免疫相关通路免疫应答激活信号。结论 CD36基因在不同肿瘤中存在表达差异,CD36基因与多种肿瘤...     

创设医学情境在高职护理专业英语教学中的应用效果

目的评价创设医学情境在高职护理专业英语教学中的应用效果。方法在2012级高职护理专业学生中,抽取36名学生作为试验组,在英语课堂教学和课外活动中创设医学情境,进行分组教学;抽取36名学生作为对照组,采用常规英语教学方法。两组的教学内容、学时、授课教师相同。课程结束后,采用相同试卷考试比较两组的学习效果,并对试验组学生进行问卷调查。结果试验组和对照组学生的期末英语考试成绩分别为(78.72±8.02)分和(68.88±9.36)分,试验组成绩高于对照组(t=4.520,P0.001)。试验组学生对去教学医院与外籍患者沟通、请临床医护人员做英语讲座、在课堂内外创设医学情境以及使用医学视频、图片或背景知识的认可率分别为100%(36/36)、97.2%(35/36)、94.4%(34/36)和91.7%(33/36);对提高英语成绩的满意度达到88.9%(32/36)。结论在高职护理专业英语教学中创设医学情境能激发学生学习英语的兴趣,提高英语教学效果,有助于培养学生运用英语进行涉外护理工作的职业能力。     

人血小板表面CD36糖蛋白检测方法的建立及初步应用

个体血小板表面CD36抗原缺乏在随机输注时有产生抗-CD36免疫反应的风险,是血小板输注无效的原因之一。本研究应用流式细胞术检测杭州地区单采血小板供者的血小板表面CD36抗原表达情况,并分析个体血小板上CD36缺失表型的频率。留取献血者新鲜抗凝血样,经离心获取富血小板血浆,洗涤并调整血小板计数至1×106。采用CD36-FITC、CD41-PE单克隆抗体和血小板孵育反应,然后用流式细胞仪检测和分析血小板表面糖蛋白CD36抗原表达情况。对于血小板表面CD36抗原阴性的标本,进一步筛查其单核细胞表面CD36的表达情况。结果表明:192例无偿献血者筛查出7例血小板表面CD36抗原阴性,CD36缺失型频率为3.6%,均为Ⅱ型缺失。人群中个体CD36抗原表达强度存在差异,参照CD36几何平均荧光强度数值大小,59例为低表达,126例为高表达。结论:人群中存在CD36Ⅱ型缺失表型,这些数据将为研究CD36抗原分布提供参考,有助于解决血小板输注无效问题。     

核糖体蛋白RPL36A siRNA对U937细胞的促增殖、抑凋亡作用

本研究探讨RPL36A基因在急性髓系白血病(AML)病人的表达情况及可能的作用机制。应用RT-PCR检测急性髓系白血病细胞、正常人单个核细胞、U937细胞中RPL36A基因的表达情况;RPL36A siRNA经脂质体介导转入U937细胞,采用MTT法及DNA倍体分析检测细胞增殖,AO/EB、TUNEL、Annexin V/FITV检测细胞凋亡,RT-PCR和Western blot检测RPL36A基因及蛋白表达水平的变化。结果表明:RPL36A在初治AML细胞和U937细胞中表达明显增高;MTT法及DNA倍体分析发现,U937细胞增殖受到抑制,细胞周期阻滞;AO/EB染色、TUNEL、Annexin V/FITV检测显示,转染RPL36A siRNA的细胞组凋亡率高于对照组;RPL36A siRNA作用可引起U937细胞的RPL36A的mRNA水平的降低和蛋白表达量的下降,且呈时间依赖性(r分别为0.9813和0.9537)。结论:AML细胞高表达RPL36A基因,RPL36A基因的高表达可能促进AML细胞的过度增殖并抑制其凋亡。     

小鼠CD36在oxLDL降低MnSOD活性中的相关性研究

目的探讨CD36在氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox LDL)降低锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn SOD)活性中的作用。方法将培养的小鼠平滑肌细胞根据CD36表达情况分为A、B、C三个组:A组将CD36表达后抑制MODOS活性的平滑肌细胞加入ox LDL建立细胞钙化模型;B组则仅仅加入ox LDL建立细胞钙化模型;C组加入可以使CD36超表达NR4AI基因后加入ox LDL建立细胞钙化模型。分别测定A、B、C三个组样本中的钙化平滑肌细胞中CD36以及Mn SOD含量,并通过函数图象探讨分析钙化平滑肌细胞中CD36与Mn SOD含量之间可能存在的联系。结果随着CD36表达的增多,MnSOD含量具有下降趋势,经相关性分析发现两者呈负相关。结论 CD36能够降低Mn SOD的活性,而Mn SOD与动脉硬化密切相关,因此小鼠平滑肌细胞动脉硬化的发生可能与CD36抑制了Mn SOD的表达有关。     

深圳地区无偿献血者群体CD36抗原缺失型的表型分析

目的分析深圳地区无偿献血者群体CD36抗原缺失型的筛查和表型情况。方法应用单克隆抗体和流式细胞技术在327名献血者中检测CD36抗原缺失型个体,应用血小板单克隆抗体捕获酶联免疫技术和流式细胞术筛查献血者血浆中的血小板抗体。结果此次筛查得到的深圳献血者的CD36抗原缺失型频率为3.06%(10/327),其中Ⅰ型占0.31%(1/327),Ⅱ型占2.75%(9/327);在3名女性CD36抗原缺失型献血者的血浆中,均未检出血小板反应性抗体,包括抗-CD36。结论深圳地区献血者群体中存在CD36抗原缺失型个体,其频率与亚洲其他地区人群的频率相当;对CD36的同簇免疫应该予以重视。     

单核细胞CD36的表达在系统性红斑狼疮患者中与动脉粥样硬化斑块的关系

目的系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)是一种累及多系统、多器官的自身免疫性疾病,存在动脉粥样硬化的风险。单核细胞CD36的表达与动脉粥样硬化形成相关。因此,本研究探讨单核细胞CD36表达与SLE患者颈动脉斑块形成的关系。方法选取本院就诊的178例SLE患者,根据超声检查结果分为有动脉粥样硬化的SLE患者和无动脉粥样硬化的SLE患者。采用流式细胞术检测单核细胞CD36的表达。采用Logistic回归分析分析与患者动脉粥样硬化形成的关系,ROC曲线评价相关指标对于动脉粥样硬化斑块形成的评估价值。结果 SLE患者中,存在动脉粥样斑块和无动脉粥样斑块的SLE患者比较结果显示,两组患者病程、高血压、C反应蛋白(CRP)、总胆固醇(TC)以及CD36的平均荧光强度存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。在有动脉粥样硬化斑块形成的SLE患者中,单核细胞CD36的平均荧光强度和CRP和颈部动脉粥样硬化斑块厚度(c IMT)呈明显负相关(r=-0.378,P=0.001;r=-0.277,P=0.013)。在逐步Logistic回归分析中,病程、高血压、CRP和单核细胞CD36平均荧光强度与SLE患者动脉粥样硬化形成相关。ROC曲线分析结果显示,单核细胞CD36荧光强度对动脉粥样硬化患者评估价值的曲线下面积为0.840(95%CI:0.783~0.893;P<0.001),敏感度为83.7%,特异度为62.5%。结论本次研究证实,单核细胞CD36在伴有动脉粥样斑块的SLE患者中表达下调,且与c MIT负相关,外周血单核细胞CD36的低表达可能作为SLE患者动脉粥样硬化形成的风险因素。     

体外循环期间Apelin-36、NO和TNF-α的变化和意义

目的:探讨体外循环期间Apelin-36、一氧化氮(NO)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的变化和意义。方法:选择17例行直视下心脏手术患者,检测手术开始前(T0)、主动脉开放后即刻(T1)、主动脉开放后10 min(T2)、停机后即刻(T3)4个时间点动脉和静脉血浆中的Apelin-36、NO和TNF-α浓度。结果:与术前(T0)比较,体外循环过程中动脉血Apelin-36浓度在T1、T2和T3均升高(P0.01或P0.05);静脉血中Apelin-36浓度在T1和T2时高于T0(P0.01);动脉血NO浓度在T1时、静脉血NO浓度在T3时高于术前值(P0.01或P0.05);动脉血TNF-α浓度在T1和T3以及静脉血TNF-α浓度在T3高于术前(P0.01)。结论:体外循环可诱导血浆中Apelin-36、NO和TNF-α浓度的增加。     

预防性治疗对偏头痛患者生活质量的影响

目的:观察预防性治疗对偏头痛患者生活质量的影响。方法:对符合入选标准的36例偏头痛病人在正规预防性治疗的同时进行生活质量量表SF-36随访6个月。结果:36例患者中无1例观察期间因副作用换药,治疗前后头痛发作频率分别为9.16/月和2.4/月,SF-36评价的四个维度如健康状况、体力角色、躯体疼痛和心理健康均有显著性改善。结论:预防性治疗可以改善偏头痛患者的健康相关生活质量。SF-36可作为偏头痛预防性治疗的评价指标之一。     

血清可溶性CD36水平与2型糖尿病并非酒精性脂肪肝关系的研究进展

近年来2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)并非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)发病率逐年增加。血清可溶性CD36(soluble CD36,sCD36)与胰岛素抵抗、炎症反应、糖脂代谢、动脉粥样硬化的发生密切相关,在T2DM并NAFLD的发生、发展中发挥重要作用,但有关sCD36与T2DM并NAFLD关系的研究较少。本文就血清sCD36水平与T2DM、NAFLD、T2DM并NAFLD关系的研究进展作一综述。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.