梗阻性黄疸的CT和ERCP诊断

目的 通过分析梗阻性黄疸的CT和ERCP表现,总结出有意义的征象,以提高本病的诊断水平。方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的梗阻性黄疸病例的ERCP(68例)及CT(45例)表现。结果 良性梗阻性黄疸一般表现为胆总管扩张较轻,肝内胆管呈枯枝状,胆总管由上至下逐渐变细;恶性者则一般表现为胆管中-重度扩张,肝内胆管如软藤状,扩张的胆管由上至下突然中断。结论 CT和ERCP均能对梗阻性黄疸作出较准确的定位及定性诊断,但互有长短,疑胆总管下端梗阻时联合运用两种检查方法,可提高诊断准确率。     

肝内胆管囊状肿瘤的声像图特征研究

目的 探讨肝内胆管囊状肿瘤的超声图像特征。方法 对12例肝内胆管囊状肿瘤患者的超声图像进行分析，并与手术病理进行对照。其中胆管乳头状腺瘤2例，乳头状腺癌6例，肝内胆管囊腺瘤2例，囊腺癌2例。结果 12例肝内胆管囊状肿瘤超声诊断符合率为75％（9／12），10例（83％）患者肝内胆管呈囊状或簇状扩张，7例（58％）胆管壁厚者均为恶性，6例（50％）肿瘤中测及乳头状回声者良恶性皆有，7例（58％）肿瘤内见胶冻状物回声，其中6例堵塞胆总管致胆管扩张。结论 局部肝叶或肝段测及胆管不明原因囊状扩张，胆管壁厚，囊内透声差，尤其是胆管内充满大量胶冻状物并见乳头状回声应视为肝内胆管囊状肿瘤的重要诊断依据。提高超声对肝内胆管囊状肿瘤的早期诊断率有重要的临床意义。     

梗阻性黄疸的CT诊断（附40例报告）

目的：研究梗阻性黄疸的良恶性鉴别以及CT的应用价值。材料与方法：回顾性分析40例经临床和手术证实的梗阻性黄疸病例,着重对肝内胆管扩张的不同表现与良恶性梗阻的关系进行探讨。结果：在40例梗阻性黄疸中,28例为良性梗阻,肝内胆管呈“枯树枝”样扩张者26例,占92．8％;12例为恶性梗阻,肝内胆管呈“软藤样”扩张率占100％。结论：“枯树枝”与“指套样”胆扩张虽然不是鉴别良有恶性梗阻的特异现象,但是结合B超、临床以及化验室检查进行综合分析,对提高诊断符合率有着重要意义。     

磁共振胰胆管成像与弥散加权成像联合CT增强扫描对恶性胆道梗阻的诊断价值

  目的  分析探讨磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)与弥散加权成像(DWI)联合CT增强扫描对恶性胆道梗阻的定位定性诊断价值。  方法  选择2015年6月~2020年12月在我院收治的疑似恶性胆道梗阻患者80例,所有患者均接受MRCP、DWI、CT增强扫描检查与病理学诊断; 以病理学诊断为“金标准”,对比所有患者MRCP形态,比较MRCP+DWI单独检查与CT增强扫描检查对胆道梗阻定位、定性诊断价值。  结果  病理组织学结果显示,80例患者中良性肝外胆道梗阻患者33例(41.25%),其中胆管结石27例,胆管炎性狭窄6例; 恶性肝外胆道梗阻患者47例,占比58.75%,其中胆总管癌34例、壶腹癌4例、胰头癌9例; MRCP影像学特征显示,良性梗阻患者主要表现为“枯枝状”,恶性梗阻患者主要表现为“软藤状”; 两种检测方法中,MRCP+DWI联合CT增强扫描对胆道梗阻的定位诊断准确率高于MRCP+DWI诊断(P < 0.05);MRCP+DWI检查胆道梗阻对胆管结石、胆管炎性狭窄、胆管癌、胰头癌的诊断符合率均低于MRCP+DWI联合CT增强扫描,两种检查方法对壶腹癌的诊断符合率均为100%;MRCP+ DWI联合CT增强扫描定性诊断总符合率高于MRCP+DWI检查(P < 0.05)。  结论  MRCP+DWI联合CT增强扫描可对恶性胆道梗阻进行准确定位,还可提高定性诊断恶性胆道梗阻的准确率,值得临床推广使用。      

螺旋CT在梗阻在黄疸诊断中的应用

目的：分析梗阻性黄疸的ＣＴ表现,探讨螺旋ＣＴ在鉴别诊断中的作用。材料与方法对经手术、病理证实的梗阻性黄疸６２例进行螺旋ＣＴ、ＥＲＣＰ＋螺旋ＣＴ联合检查,结果：肝内胆管呈枯枝状扩张多见于胆总管结石（２４／２８）少数可见于肿瘤性病变（３／２８）;呈软藤状扩张,胆管壁见软组织肿块为肿瘤性病变。但不能区分良恶性。病因诊断符合率Ｂ超７３％、螺旋ＣＴ８７％、ＥＲＣＰ＋螺旋ＣＴ联合检查１００％。结论：梗阻性黄疸     

低场强磁共振胰胆管成像64例诊断分析

目的:探讨磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)技术在胆道系统的诊断价值。方法:收集我院2007-05至今的64例MRCP成像资料,分析良恶性肝外胆管梗阻MRCP的表现。结果:在43例良性梗阻中主要表现为胆管均匀扩张及逐渐狭窄、管壁均匀增厚。其定位及定性准确率分别为100%(43/43)和80%(36/43)。21例恶性梗阻中主要表现为胆管不均匀对称性扩张及突然狭窄或截断。部分病例出现"软藤征"在恶性梗阻中定位及定性准确率为100%(21/21)和76%(16/21)。结论:MRCP是一种非侵犯的显示胆管管腔形态改变的影像学方法,在任何胆管梗阻中具有较好的定位及定性准确率。     

肝内胆管细胞癌CT分型及临床意义

目的 探讨肝内胆管细胞癌(ICC)的形态学CT分型及临床意义.方法 回顾性分析经临床病理证实的22例ICC的CT表现,依据肿瘤的形态特征对ICC分型.结果 22例肿瘤患者中:肿块型9例,表现为肝内结节状肿瘤,不伴周围胆管扩张;管周浸润型4例,表现为沿胆管纵轴生长的树枝状肿瘤,伴周围胆管扩张;管内生长型2例,表现为单发或多发肿瘤结节位于扩张的胆管内;肿块并管周浸润型7例,表现为肝内结节状肿瘤,伴周围胆管扩张.结论 不同形态类型ICC的CT表现不同.CT检查能够对ICC进行准确形态学分型,对临床选择合理的治疗方案及判断预后具有重要意义.     

Caroli病的CT诊断(附7例分析)

目的　探讨Caroli病的CT表现及诊断价值。方法　回顾性分析 7例Caroli病的临床和CT资料。结果　Caroli病Ⅰ型 1例 ,CT表现为肝右叶近肝门区肝内胆管呈囊状扩张 ,伴肝内胆管多发结石 ,无肝硬化、脾肿大和门脉高压。Caroli病Ⅱ型 6例 ,CT均表现为肝内多发低密度影 ,增强扫描后无强化 ,可以清晰显示扩张的肝内胆管 ,呈囊状或柱状扩张 ,并沿胆管走行分布 ;均合并有肝硬化、脾肿大及门静脉侧支循环开放 ,合并胆管结石 5例、肝脓肿 1例、腹水 1例。结论　CT对Caroli病的诊断及明确病变范围有重要价值。     

先天性胆管扩张症45例影像学诊断分析

目的通过与磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)对照分析45例先天性胆管扩张症的超声声像图特征及漏诊原因。方法对45例先天性胆管扩张症的超声(US)与MRCP检查结果进行对照分析。结果本组病例超声检查正确诊断率为91.1%。先天性胆管扩张症的超声声像图表现根据胆管扩张形态、累及范围分为:胆总管囊性扩张型(Ⅰ型)(84.4%),肝内、外胆管扩张型(Ⅳ型)(13.3%),肝内胆管囊性扩张型(Ⅴ型)(2.2%)。结论Ⅰ型先天性胆管扩张症因表现为典型超声声像图特征,故其诊断符合率较高(97.4%);Ⅳ型肝内、外胆管轻度不规则扩张及Ⅴ型肝内胆管多发囊性扩张,超声诊断易漏、误诊为肝内、外扩张及肝多发囊肿。     

梗阻性黄疸的低张螺旋CT增强扫描研究

目的：探讨低张增强扫描技术在梗阻性黄疸诊断中的临床应用价值。材料与方法：选取梗阻性黄疸患者43例行低张增强扫描，以肝内外胆管扩张的范围，形态及病理手术结果作为分组依据，进行统计学处理；另外随意选取32例患者行普通增强扫描，比较两种扫描在诊断上的符合率。结果：1、肝外胆管远段梗阻（P＜0．05）、梗阻部呈漏斗样改变（P＜0．01），肝内胆管呈竹节样扩张对良性病变诊断有重要意义；肝外胆管中、近段梗阻（P＜0．05），梗阻部胆管呈截断型或突然狭窄型（P＜0．01），肝内胆管呈软藤状扩张（P＜0．01）高度提示恶性病变。2、低张增强扫描技术在诊断上的符合率高于普通增强扫描，尤其在恶性诊断符合率是（P＜0．05）。结论：低张增强扫描技术可明显提高梗阻性黄疸的定位、定性诊断的准确率，可在临床上进一步推广。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。