磁敏感成像技术在肝脏局灶性病变的初步应用

目的：探讨磁敏感加权成像（SWI）在肝脏局灶性病变内部结构的显示能力及其鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法：搜集18例经临床及影像证实肝脏病变包括血管畸形、肝细胞癌、转移瘤、血管瘤以及肝囊肿患者共25个肝局灶性病变行常规T1WI、T2WI及SWI扫描,并将其SWI图像与常规MRI序列进行比较。18例均同时行增强扫描,1例动静脉畸形同时行MRA检查,1例血管瘤动态增强后再次行SWI检查。结果：1例血管畸形SWI能较常规平扫、增强及3D MRA更清楚显示其异常静脉血管形态;4例肝细胞癌、3例胆管细胞癌及2例转移瘤,SWI均能显示病灶内瘤静脉及血液降解产物;5例肝血管瘤及3例肝囊肿,SWI均显示病灶呈均匀稍高信号,病灶较大者邻近静脉受压。结论：SWI在显示肝脏静脉性血管畸形、肿瘤相关静脉结构等方面优于常规MR序列,对肝脏局灶性病变有一定鉴别诊断价值,是研究肝脏局灶性病变内部结构的一种新的方法。     

超声造影对肝脏恶性局灶性病变的诊断价值

目的:探讨超声造影对恶性肝脏局灶性病变的诊断价值。方法:行超声造影的肝脏恶性局灶性占位病变33例,所有患者均进行了增强CT或增强MRI检查,25例经病理证实及随访观察。结果:33例肝脏恶性局灶性病变,包括肝细胞性肝癌23例、胆管细胞癌2例、转移性肝癌6例、门静脉癌栓6例(其中4例继发于肝细胞性肝癌)。肝细胞性肝癌、转移性肝癌和门静脉癌栓具有特征性的超声造影表现,而胆管细胞性肝癌的超声造影表现多样。结论:超声造影对肝脏恶性局灶性病变的诊断具有重要的价值,但对不典型病例,尤其是对胆管细胞性肝癌需进一步检查确诊。     

超声造影对肝脏局灶性病变的诊断价值

目的：探讨超声造影对肝脏局灶性病变的诊断价值。方法：采用低机械指数实时连续成像技术和造影剂SonoVue对149例肝脏局灶性病变作超声造影检查。结果：149确肝脏局灶性病变中，肝脏恶性肿瘤具有较特征性的超声造影表现，而良性病变除血管瘤、局灶性增生结节、肝脏囊性占位具有特征性的改变易于诊断外，其他尚无特征性表现。结论：超声造影对肝脏局灶性病变具有较高的诊断价值，尤其是鉴别良恶性病变。     

肝脏局灶性病变的超声造影误诊分析

目的探讨肝脏局灶性病变的超声造影误诊原因,提高其诊断价值。方法回顾性分析8例超声造影误诊为肝细胞肝癌的肝脏局灶性病变患者的声像图特征,并分析其误诊原因。结果误诊的8例患者中,病理结果提示肝脏局灶性结节增生、肝内胆管细胞癌及血管瘤各2例,炎性假瘤和不典型结节增生各1例。所有误诊病灶超声造影均表现为动脉相呈高或等增强,门脉相或延迟相减退为低增强。结论不同病理类型的病灶具有相似的增强模式是超声造影误诊的原因,仔细观察超声造影图像特征,紧密结合临床检查结果,必要时行穿刺活检,可提高超声造影对肝脏局灶性病变诊断的准确率。     

肝脏局灶性炎性病变超声造影误诊分析

目的探讨肝脏局灶性炎性病变超声造影（CEUS）误诊的原因,以提高CEUS的诊断水平。方法对2004年3月—2008年12月在中山大学附属第一医院、中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院、中山大学附属第三医院、中山大学附属肿瘤医院就诊的68例肝脏局灶性炎性病变患者的CEUS表现进行回顾性分析。结果 68例肝脏局灶性炎性病变中,24例肝脓肿、5例炎性假瘤、2例肉芽肿、37例其他局灶性炎症,全部经病理证实。动脉期以高增强为主,占61.8%（42/68）;门静脉期及延迟期以低增强为主,占75.0%（51/68）、80.9%（55/68）。出现17例假阳性,包括肝细胞癌10例、肝转移瘤6例、恶性淋巴瘤1例。结论详细询问病史及CEUS诊断标准的不断完善可提高CEUS诊断肝脏局灶性炎性病变准确率。     

误诊为原发性肝癌的肝脏局灶性病变钆塞酸二钠增强MRI表现及误诊原因分析

目的 分析误诊为原发性肝癌的肝脏局灶性病变的钆塞酸二钠增强MRI表现,总结误诊原因及防范误诊措施。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月—2021年10月收治的曾误诊为原发性肝癌的肝脏局灶性病变27例的临床资料。结果 本组因上腹部疼痛就诊6例,因恶心和呕吐就诊1例;余20例因体检发现肝脏占位性病变就诊。行钆塞酸二钠增强MRI后27例29个病灶均诊断为原发性肝癌。误诊时间10 d～6个月。24例26个病灶经肝部分切除术后病理检查证实诊断,3例3个病灶经肝穿刺活组织病理检查证实诊断;确诊再生结节6例8个病灶,血管瘤6例6个病灶,血管周上皮细胞分化肿瘤5例5个病灶,局灶性结节状增生、炎性病变、神经内分泌瘤和肝转移癌(胃肠道间质瘤肝转移和乳腺癌肝转移)各2例2个病灶,肝局灶性脂肪沉积和肝肉瘤样癌各1例1个病灶。本组确诊后经相应治疗均病情好转出院。随访1～6年,27例中21例情况良好,4例失访,1例死亡,1例随访33个月后诊断为肝细胞癌,行介入治疗后现病情稳定。结论 过度重视肝胆特异期低信号、肝脏局灶性病变与原发性肝癌影像学表现相似、对肝脏少见占位性病变认识不足是导致本文病例误诊的主要原因。熟悉肝脏多种...     

前列腺偶发癌的病理诊断

１９８２～１９９５年间，在５５５例ＢＰＨ术后标本中，发现ＩＤＰＣ２４例。１９８２～１９９１年，用常规方法的诊断率为１．６％（５／３１０），１９９２～１９９５年用垂直于尿道连续大切块，诊断率为７．５％（１９／２４５）。镜下特征为（１）癌灶与增生组织之间无明显分界（１００％）；（２）多与不典型增生共存（１６／２４）；（３）常为多发癌灶（２０／２４）；（４）癌灶多位于中央区（２０／２４）。按Ｍｏｓｔｏｆｉ＇ｓ系统分级，Ⅰ级８例，Ⅱ级１２例，Ⅲ级４例，而４例Ⅲ级者均不伴不典型增生。资料显示：标本的取材方法与ＩＤＰＣ的诊断率密切相关，ＩＤＰＣ的发病率伴随ＢＰＨ逐年同步增加。文中对ＩＤＰＣ的发生学及与ＢＰＨ的关系作了进一步讨论。     

肝脏局灶性小病变的超声造影研究

目的提高超声造影检查肝脏局灶性病变的诊断准确率。方法对46例肝脏局灶性小病变患者(直径≤3.0cm)行常规超声和超声造影检查,结果与病理检查和增强CT(15例)对比分析。结果常规超声检查显示,低回声29例,等回声4例,高回声12例,周围有声晕6例,漏诊肝细胞性肝癌1例。46例肝脏局灶性小病变的常规超声、超声造影及增强CT的诊断准确率分别为65.2%、95.6%及73.3%。肝脏局灶性小病变大部分病灶具有典型的增强模式。结论超声造影能够提供肝局灶性病变的血流灌注,明显优于常规超声,可作为定性诊断肝脏局灶性病变的一种可靠的新手段。     

肝脏肿物的彩色多普勒血流显象

作者们试图根据肿物内部和周围的彩色多普勒血流图象类型对肝脏肿瘤进行鉴别诊断。本研究包括35例肝脏肿物患者。其中20例肝细胞肝癌(HCC),6例血管瘤,4例肝转移癌,1例胆管细胞癌,1例局灶性脂肪肝,3例肝囊肿。全部病例中除局灶性脂肪肝,肝囊肿及4例转移癌中的2例外,其余均经组织学或血管造影证实。20例HCC其中10例经手术证实。在20例HHC中,15例(75％)于肿瘤结节周围观察到纤细的网状血流,呈提篮图     

磁共振弥散加权成像技术在肝脏良、恶性肿瘤中的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)技术对肝脏良、恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断价值。方法选取肝脏局灶性占位性病变患者60例,包括原发性肝癌18例,肝血管瘤25例,肝转移瘤10例,肝囊肿7例。所有患者行DWI检查(b值分别取0、500、1 000 s/mm2),对比各组患者局灶性病灶的平均表观弥散系数(ADC值)。结果四种肝脏病变中,肝囊肿各b值下ADC平均值最高,肝血管瘤次之,肝转移瘤和肝细胞癌最低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。肝转移瘤与肝细胞癌各b值下ADC平均值的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 DWI及ADC值可鉴别肝脏常见占位性病变的良、恶性。     

Paediatric focal nodular hyperplasia: A case study of typical contrast-enhanced ultrasound findings with quantitative analysis and correlated with magnetic resonance imaging

IntroductionFocal nodular hyperplasia, a benign liver tumour, is the second most common focal benign liver lesion, after a cavernous haemangioma. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is used increasingly for the diagnostic work up and follow-up of focal liver lesions in adults, but is particularly valuable in the paediatric population, with the ability to reduce radiation and the nephrotoxic contrast agents used in computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Confident recognition of focal nodular hyperplasia is important; it is benign, usually asymptomatic, of no clinical significance, of no clinical consequence or malignant potential. We present a case of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver with its characteristic findings on conventional ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound with quantitative analysis and correlated with magnetic resonance imaging.Case presentation: A 15-year-old female with right upper quadrant abdominal pain was referred for liver ultrasound. A focal liver lesion was detected on B-mode ultrasound examination, and colour Doppler demonstrated no specific features. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination demonstrated early arterial enhancement, with a characteristic spoke-wheel pattern, centrifugal uniform filling of the lesion on the late arterial phase and sustained enhancement on the portal venous phase. Quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasound has been performed, showing a typical curve of enhancement, as well as characteristic parametric images, supporting the interpretation of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and assisting the diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a central T2 hyperintense scar and similar enhancement characteristics as contrast-enhanced ultrasound on T1 gadolinium-enhanced sequences.ConclusionContrast-enhanced ultrasound is a useful technique for the differentiation of benign from malignant liver lesions and has the potential to establish the diagnosis of focal nodular hyperplasia, based on the enhancement pattern, which is similar to that observed on magnetic resonance imaging but can be better appreciated with superior temporal, contrast and spatial resolution of contrast-enhanced ultrasound.     

SonoVue超声造影在肝良性占位病变诊断中的应用

目的探讨超声造影在肝良性占位病变诊断中的应用。方法30例肝良性占位病变患者经肘部静脉团注SonoVue。采用超声造影二次谐波成像技术,实时观察注射造影剂后病灶增强特征。结果经超声造影后,23个肝血管瘤动脉相均呈高回声增强,20个(87%)表现为周边向心型,2个(8.7%)为中央扩散型,1个(4.3%)为整体型增强特征,20个病灶在门脉相和延迟相仍为高回声增强,2个病灶渐变为等回声增强,1个病灶渐变为低回声增强。2个肝局灶性结节增生病灶在动脉相均呈中央扩散型增强,表现为轮辐状,门脉相及延迟相呈等回声增强。3个肝局部脂肪缺失病灶均显示动脉相无增强,门脉相及延迟相呈等回声。2个肝脓肿病灶动脉相周边无增强,延迟相病灶内呈低回声增强及无增强。结论SonoVue超声造影二次谐波成像技术能动态显示病灶增强特征,有助于肝良性占位病变的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

肝脏局灶性结节增生的CT表现及鉴别诊断

目的分析肝脏局灶性结节增生(FNH)的CT表现和诊断价值。方法分析经病理证实的肝脏局灶性结节增生25例(34个病灶)CT影像资料。结果21例单发病灶,4例多发病灶。32个病灶呈稍低密度,2个病灶为等密度,增强扫描动脉期显著强化,门脉期呈持续高密度强化或呈等密度,延迟期病灶为等密度或略低密度,13个病灶有纤维分隔或瘢痕。结论CT双期扫描对能够正确诊断大部分肝脏局灶性结节增生病例。     

Imaging of malignant liver masses: characterization and detection

Noninvasive characterization of focal liver lesions is largely based on their enhancement patterns on contrast-enhanced imaging. The use of microbubble contrast agents combined with specialized ultrasound (US) techniques has significantly expanded the role of US in the diagnosis of focal liver lesions based on their vascularity and specific enhancement features. With the advantage of real-time scanning, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can evaluate small lesions that are indeterminate on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MR), because CEUS is far less affected by timing issues. Hepatocellular carcinoma is typically characterized by increased arterial flow with frequent dysmorphic tumor vessels and decreased portal venous flow. However, negative enhancement in the portal phase is often not obvious until late (>2 minutes). On the other hand, metastasis shows prompt brief arterial hypervascularity, with either a rim or diffuse pattern and rapid washout, seen as perfusion defects during the portal venous phase. This pattern of complete rapid washout of metastases within the homogeneously enhanced background liver parenchyma can improve their detection and also improve differentiation from hepatocellular carcinoma or benign focal lesions. All malignant lesions generally show negative enhancement or washout during the extended portal venous phase, and this pattern is useful to differentiate them from benign lesions. Microbubble agents, confined to the intravascular space, may infrequently characterize malignancy by showing washout whereas CT or MR shows persistent enhancement due to interstitial distribution.     

Solid focal liver lesions indeterminate by contrast-enhanced CT or MR imaging: the added diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound

The main clinically recognized application of contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) with microbubble contrast agents is the characterization of incidental focal liver lesions. CEUS with low transmit power insonation allows the real-time assessment of contrast enhancement in a focal liver lesion after microbubble contrast agent injection, during the arterial (10-25 s), portal venous (from 35 s up to 2 min) and late phase (4-6 min after microbubble injection). During the portal venous and late phase benign lesions appear hyper or iso-enhancing in comparison to the adjacent liver parenchyma, while malignant lesions prevalently present contrast washout with hypo-enhancing appearance. CEUS may provide an added diagnostic value in those incidental focal liver lesions in which contrast-enhanced CT or MR imaging are not conclusive. In particular, CEUS may provide an added diagnostic value in those focal liver lesions appearing indeterminate on single-phase CT scan, or on CT scans performed by an incorrect delay time or also after injection of a low dose of iodinated contrast agent, or also in those focal liver lesions revealing equivocal enhancement patterns on contrast-enhanced CT or MR imaging. CEUS may have an added diagnostic value also in hepatocellular nodules in a cirrhotic liver and can be considered a complementary imaging technique to CT.     

超声造影在肝占位性病变诊断中的应用

目的探讨超声造影剂声诺维(SonoVue)在不同肝占位性病变中超声造影特点.方法对30例原发性肝癌、17例转移性肝癌、8例肝血管瘤、7例肝局灶性结节增生、9例结节性肝硬化、1例炎性包块,共72例患者的肝占位性病变进行实时超声造影检查,并与彩色多普勒超声、增强CT及病理结果进行比较.结果经超声造影后,各种肝内占位性病灶均显示不同程度的增强特点.肝癌表现多为动脉相快速显影,门脉相快速消退,呈"快进快出"型;肝血管瘤动脉相时无明显变化,增强方式以门静脉期周边缓慢增强,呈向心样填充,即从周边向中心部持续充填,造影剂显影持续时间较长;肝转移癌动脉相为均匀性增强或周边环状增强,内部可有轻度点状增强改变,实质期迅速出现回声减弱改变,易发现微小病灶;肝局灶性结节增生也为动脉期迅速增强,表现为门静脉期保持呈持续增强改变,以中央扩散型的均匀持续增强为主,在延迟相中有明显的造影剂摄取.结论不同的肝占位性病变在实时超声造影能表现出不同的时相特点,超声造影有助于提高对肝肿瘤超声诊断的特异性、敏感性及准确性.     

Characterization of benign hepatic tumors arising in fatty liver with SonoVue and pulse inversion US

Background We describe the spectrum of contrast-enhancement patterns of benign hepatic tumors arising in fatty liver on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (US). Methods Sixteen patients (12 women and four men) with 27 benign hepatic tumors (17 hemangiomas, eight focal nodular hyperplasias, and two hepatocellular adenomas) arising in fatty liver underwent baseline and pulse inversion US after administration of SonoVue. Two experienced radiologists evaluated baseline echogenicity and dynamic enhancement pattern of each lesion in comparison with adjacent liver parenchyma. Results After administration of SonoVue, in the arterial phase 13 of 17 hemangiomas showed peripheral globular enhancement and one showed a rim of peripheral enhancement, followed by progressive centripetal fill-in, which was complete in 10 of 14 cases and incomplete in four. Three of 18 hemangiomas showed rapid and complete fill-in in the arterial phase. Eight of eight focal nodular hyperplasias became hyperechoic in comparison with adjacent liver parenchyma in the arterial phase and slightly hyperechoic or isoechoic in the portal venous and delayed phases. Both adenomas showed strong arterial contrast enhancement that became less intense in the portal venous and delayed phases. Conclusion Contrast-enhanced US after administration of SonoVue enables depiction of typical contrast-enhancement patterns in most benign hepatic tumors arising in fatty liver, thus providing useful clues for characterization.     

肝脏局灶性结节增生多层螺旋CT表现及鉴别诊断

目的探讨肝脏局灶性结节增生(focal nodular hyperplasia,FNH)的多层螺旋CT表现及鉴别诊断,提高对本病的认识。方法收集我院经手术及病理证实的FNH病例14例,均行多层螺旋CT三期增强扫描,分析其CT影像表现特点。结果平扫病灶大多数为低密度(12/14),少数为等密度(2/14);增强扫描动脉期14例均有明显强化,其中10例可见中心低密度瘢痕,10例可见粗大动脉影与病灶相连;门脉期及延迟期扫描强化均有衰减,10例呈稍高或等密度,4例呈稍低密度,10例有中心瘢痕病例中6例有延迟强化,4例未见强化。结论 FNH具有一定的CT表现特征,CT检查具有重要的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。     

肝脏实质性占位病灶的超声造影检测

目的评价低机械指数超声造影技术对肝脏占位性病变的检测和定性诊断能力。方法对363例共389个肝占位性病变(256个原发性肝癌、53个转移性肝癌、49个血管瘤、19个局灶性结节增生、7个肝脓肿和5个炎性假瘤)行超声造影检查,分析造影表现并与临床病理结果进行比较。结果超声造影显示原发性肝癌表现为动脉相整体完全增强或斑片状增强、门脉期减退(敏感性93.7%,特异性69.9%);转移性肝癌动脉相呈整体完全增强和环状增强、门脉期低回声(敏感性41.5%,特异性96.7%);肝血管瘤的常见特征是周边向中央逐渐或快速填充增强(敏感性95.9%,特异性99.1%);肝局灶性结节增生的表现是动脉相快速离心性整体完全增强,并持续高或等回声至延迟期(敏感性84.2%,特异性98.9%),中央疤痕的出现率低;肝脓肿的特异表现是整个时相呈蜂窝状增强(敏感性71.4%,特异性100%);炎性假瘤则始终未见增强。结论低机械指数超声造影能无创地鉴别诊断肝脏占位性病变,可作为首选的影像诊断技术应用于临床。     

肝脏局灶性结节增生的MRI表现与病理对照分析

目的：分析肝脏局灶性结节增生（FNH）的平扫和动态增强的MRI表现及诊断价值，提高FNH诊断的准确率。方法：回顾性分析15例（16个病灶）经病理证实的FNH的平扫及动态增强MRI表现。结果：16个病灶于T1WI呈略低信号或等信号，T2WI呈略高信号或等信号。增强扫描动脉期呈明显强化，在门脉期及延迟期呈等或略高强化。5个病灶在平扫MRI上显示中央瘢痕，11个病灶在动态增强MRI上显示中央瘢痕，均见延迟强化。结论：平扫和动态增强MRI检查能较全面显示FNH的病理特征和血供特点，明显地提高与其他富血管恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断能力。