放射作业工人肝功能与染色体损伤水平的关联性研究

目的探讨放射作业人员肝功能与染色体损伤水平的关联性。方法选取2017年12月至2018年7月珠海市443名无肝脏病史、工龄≥1年的在职放射人员作为观察组,202名拟接触放射性作业的工作人员作为对照组;收集一般信息并采集外周静脉血5 ml,应用比色法和胞质分裂阻滞试验分别检测血清肝功能指标和外周血淋巴细胞微核率,采用腹部B超进行肝脏疾病筛查,并计算频率比(FR)及其95%CI值。结果观察组中,γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GGT)升高者(50 U/L)微核率[(0.76±1.43)‰]也显著升高(FR=2.59,95%CI为1.66～4.05,P0.001),两者有明显的剂量-效应关系(P_(趋势)0.001);而ALT升高者(40 U/L)微核率[(0.35±0.70)‰]显著降低(FR=0.54,95%CI 0.31～0.94,P=0.030),两者也呈明显的剂量-效应关系(P_(趋势)=0.005);天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBiL)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)与微核率则未见有明显的剂量-效应关系(P_(趋势)均0.05)。对照组中未发现各肝功能指标与微核率的关联性。结论γ-GGT和ALT升高与放射人员染色体损伤水平有关联,放射人员肝功能异常与染色体损伤有一定相关性。     

铝厂氟污染对儿童肺功能及染色体损伤作用的研究

本文研究了某铝厂氟污染对儿童肺功能及染色休的损伤作用，结果表明，污染组儿童的ＶＣ，ＦＶＣ，ＦＥＶ１．０，ＭＭＦ、ＰＥＦＲ、Ｖ７５、Ｖ５０等肺功能指标的数值均明显低于对照组儿童，有非常显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）；其外周血淋巴细胞微核率和异常率均高于对照组儿童用显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示氟污染对儿童的肺功能和染色体有一定的损伤作用。     

大气颗粒有机提取物的染色体损伤作用研究

目的：探讨大颗粒有机提取物的染色体损伤作用，方法：使用高压液相色谱法对太原市高污染区太钢地区及低污染区阳曲地区大气总悬浮颗粒物有机提取物（EOM）中的部分多环芳烃（PAHs)进行成分分析，采用传统微核实验方法检测有机提取物所致小鼠的染色体损伤作用。结果：太原市太钢地区大气颗粒有机提取物中的多环芳烃含量明显高于阳曲地区，且BaP的含量在太钢地区达到0．819μg/m^3，超过阳曲地区10余倍，两地区EOM均可诱导小鼠微核率的升高，且存在剂量－反应关系，太钢组样品诱发小鼠微的作用明显高于阳曲组（P＜0．01），结论：大气颗粒有机提取物可致小鼠染色体损伤，其损伤程度可能与EOM中所含的PAHs种类和含量有关。     

全自动染色体收获仪在淋巴细胞微核试验中的价值

目的 探讨全自动染色体收获仪在淋巴细胞微核试验中的优势。方法 采集80名放射工作人员的外周血,分别用全自动染色体收获仪和手工法收获淋巴细胞,吉姆萨染片后,在显微镜下观察淋巴细胞的微核。结果 对同一批标本收获淋巴细胞,全自动收获仪用时（185 min）小于人工组（350 min）,使用收获仪得到的微核率（1.04‰ ±0.63‰）、微核细胞率（0.89‰ ±0.69‰）和微核阳性率（70.0%）均高于手工法（0.60‰ ±0.68‰,0.51‰ ±0.55‰,48.8%）,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。结论 全自动染色体收获仪可以缩短实验操作的时间,减轻实验室人员的工作量,保护实验人员的身心健康;同时提高淋巴细胞微核的检出率,为临床提供更为准确的检测数据。     

砷暴露致人淋巴细胞染色体损伤的实验研究

砷由于其具有重要的使用价值但又有剧毒特别是有致突变性[1] 而备受关注。为进一步了解砷接触与致突变作用的关系 ,我们进行了砷致健康人外周血淋巴细胞染色体损伤的实验研究。一、材料与方法1 主要试剂与仪器 :亚砷酸钠 (NaAsO2 ,分析纯 ) ,RPMI16 4 0培养基 (北京博宁医学遗传中心提供 ) ,37℃隔水式恒温培养箱 ,日本Olympus与美国AO双目显微镜。2 血样来源 :选取查体无异常的自愿者 2 7人 ,其中男 9例、女 18例 ,年龄 2 0～ 4 6岁 ,各抽取肘静脉血 0 .5ml,分别接种于RPMI 16 4 0培养瓶内。3 细胞染毒与培养 :以双蒸水为溶剂 ,配制…     

300例放射工作人员淋巴细胞微核及染色体畸变情况调查

目的 观察和研究放射工作人员外周血淋巴细胞微核和染色体畸变情况,探讨不同性别、不同工种、工龄与染色体畸变之间的关系。方法 用常规方法检测300名放射工作人员的外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变和微核情况并分析。结果 300名放射工作人员染色体平均畸变率、检出率分别为0.042%和3.68%;平均微核率、检出率分别为0.0437%和24.62%;染色体畸变率和微核率都明显高于对照组,差异有显著性意义。不同工龄段无统计学差异,不同工种之间无统计学差异;其畸变率随工龄增高明显,结论 放射工作人员染色体畸变率和微核率高于正常人群,应加强对放射工作人员的辐射防护工作。     

同位素工作者外周血淋巴细胞微核率与染色体畸变分析

染色体畸变分析和微核测定,已广泛用于实践和医学、生物学的科学研究中。在辐射领域中,它们已用于估计辐射剂量,评价辐射的近远期效应。本文就染色体畸变和微核控制测定法的相关关系作一探讨,现报告如下: 一、材料与方法 (一)对象: 选择放射性同位素工作者30人。主要接触I~(125)、I~(131),接触剂量为mci水平(100～200mci)。男15人,女     

油漆工淋巴细胞染色体畸变率和微核率的变化

目的　探讨居室装饰油漆工外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率和微核发生率的变化。方法　应用气相色谱法测定工作场所苯等有机溶剂浓度 ,按常规方法检测外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率和微核发生率。结果　在工作场所空气中苯等有机溶剂浓度超标 2～ 2 5倍 ,接触组工人外周血淋巴细胞微核发生率为 7 12‰ ,对照组为 1 5 6‰ ;染色体畸变率接触组为 2 62 % ,对照组为 0 62 % ,接触组均显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 1)。结论　油漆工作业场所苯等有机溶剂浓度严重超标 ,致使作业工人外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率和微核发生率升高。     

三氯乙烯作业人群外周血淋巴细胞染色体损伤研究

目的探讨三氯乙烯(TCE)致作业人群外周血淋巴细胞染色体损伤的作用。方法以91名TCE暴露工人和59名对照作为研究对象,调查职业史、年龄、性别、吸烟和饮酒等信息。收集班后尿,测定尿中三氯乙酸(TCA)水平反映TCE暴露内剂量。抽取肘静脉血,胞质分裂阻滞微核法制备外周血淋巴细胞涂片,计数微核、核质桥和核芽发生率,评价染色体损伤水平。结果两组研究对象在年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒状况等方面均无显著性差异。暴露组平均TCE作业工龄为1.8年。暴露组尿中TCA水平为57.5mg/L,远远高于对照组0.9mg/L。两组研究对象的微核率及核质桥率无显著差异,但暴露组核芽率[(1.6±1.0)‰]显著高于对照组[(1.2±0.8)‰,P=0.05]。核芽率的升高在尿TCA≥50.0 mg/L组和TCE作业工龄≥1.8年组中表现更为明显。同时,尿TCA≥50.0 mg/L的工人,其微核率[(1.8±0.9)‰]也显著高于对照组[(1.4±0.7)‰,P=0.05]。未发现年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒对微核率、核质桥率、核芽率的显著影响。结论 TCE暴露可致作业工人染色体损伤增加,核芽可以较为敏感的检出由TCE职业暴露所引发的基因组不稳定性。     

电子制造业作业工人肌肉骨骼损伤与工效学负荷水平相关性研究

目的 评估某电子工厂作业工人工效学负荷,探讨其与肌肉骨骼损伤之间的相关性。
方法 采用横断面与回顾性调查相结合的方法,选择工作相关肌肉骨骼损伤快速暴露检查表（quick exposure check,QEC）和Nordic肌肉骨骼问卷,对某电子工厂作业工人的工效学负荷与肌肉骨骼损伤发生情况进行调查与分析。
结果 回收有效问卷636份,研究对象颈部、肩部、手腕/手掌和下背/腰部肌肉骨骼损伤患病人数（患病率）依次为74人（11.6%）、62人（9.7%）、37人（5.8%）、54人（8.5%）。下背/腰部患病率男性高于女性（P < 0.05）,而手腕/手掌患病率女性高于男性（P < 0.05）。肩部患病率随着总工龄的升高而升高（P < 0.01）,颈部、下背/腰部、肩部患病率均呈随现岗位工龄增长而升高的趋势（P均 < 0.05）。肩部MSDs患病组的QEC分值高于非患病组（P < 0.05）。QEC分值中MSDs患者组颈部、肩部工作节奏得分及紧张得分均高于非MSDs患者组（P < 0.05）。颈部MSDs患病率随负荷水平的升高而增高（P < 0.01）。
结论 电子制造企业作业工人肩部MSDs的患病情况较突出,与工效学负荷水平、工龄、紧张水平等因素有关,须对其采取有效的控制措施。
     

Cytogenetic damage in lymphocytes of rubber industry workers

Cytogenetic investigations were conducted in workers who are occupationally exposed to rubber chemicals such as tetramethylthiuram disulfide, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, and tetraethylthiuram disulfide using lymphocytes of peripheral blood. A significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal breaks and gaps was recorded regardless of the duration of exposure to these chemicals.     

北京市电子制造业女工妇科炎症患病状况调查

采用整群抽样的方法对北京市23家电子制造企业684名女工通过手机APP现场填写调查问卷,了解电子制造行业女职工妇科炎症患病状况。结果显示,电子行业女职工妇科炎症患病率为21.78%,不同年龄、婚姻状况、长时间坐位及经常搬运重物的女职工近3个月妇科炎症患病情况存在显著差异。提示应加强女职工职业卫生防护,合理安排工作强度,改善生殖健康状况。     

Chlorpyrifos exposure and biological monitoring among manufacturing workers

Aim

To use biological monitoring data to evaluate the soundness of job based exposure classifications.

Methods

The authors studied 52 chlorpyrifos manufacturing workers and 60 referent workers to compare chlorpyrifos exposure estimations from job titles and work areas to urinary excretion of 3,5,6 trichloro‐2‐pyridinol (TCP), a metabolite of chlorpyrifos. Work history records and industrial hygiene monitoring data were used to establish cumulative interim exposure. Chlorpyrifos exposure during the study year was assessed biologically by urinary excretion of TCP.

Results

Exposure as measured by three urinary TCP samples was significantly higher among the chlorpyrifos workers (188 μg/l) than it was for the referent subjects (7 μg/l). Urinary TCP also correlated well with specific exposure categories of negligible (0.73–1.98 mg/m³ days), low (1.99–4.91 mg/m³ days), and moderate (4.92–15.36 mg/m³ days). The weighted Kappa coefficient was 0.80 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.87) for the mean TCP over the study period.

Conclusions

The estimates of chlorpyrifos exposure based on job classifications and industrial hygiene measurements were significantly related to urinary TCP excretion, indicating that the ambient estimates are useful for providing exposure estimates among chlorpyrifos manufacturing workers.     

Occupational exposure to dust in quartz manufacturing industry.

Owing to the abundance of a sedimentary rock, 65 small-scale quartz manufacturing enterprises, employing 650 workers, have been established in the region studied. Quartz powder manufacturing involves various processes and operations, such as manual handling of quartz stones, crushing, grinding, sieving, screening, mixing, storing and bagging. Results demonstrate that each of these operations generates high concentrations of airborne 'total' dust and respirable dust, which contain a very high percentage (> 75%) free silica. The estimated average exposure to airborne 'total' dust was 22.5 mg m-3 (Permissible Limit of Exposure 1.08 mg m-3), and respirable dust 2.93 mg m-3 (PLE 0.36 mg m-3). This shows that 'total' dust exposure was 7.7 times higher than respirable dust. Since the present work systems and practices may pose a serious health risk to the workers, public and the environment, suitable preventive and control measures have been suggested for improvement in the workplace.     

Identification of dermal exposure pathways in the rubber manufacturing industry

Current existing dermal exposure assessment strategies are predominantly based on regulatory protocols. In order to develop effective and efficient strategies more data driven approaches are needed. In a recently developed conceptual model for dermal exposure, compartments, barriers and mass transport processes relevant for dermal exposure were described. We systematically applied this conceptual model to the rubber manufacturing industry to assess dermal exposure to cyclohexane soluble matter (CSM) and used quantitative data to design an exposure assessment strategy. Identification of the spatial distribution of the dermal contamination showed high CSM surface concentrations for the upper body. Moreover, because of the high correlation between dermal exposure at the wrist and calculated total body exposure (r=0.89, P<0.01) an exposure assessment strategy based on only one pad sampler was employed to estimate CSM surface concentrations in the skin contaminant layer. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the relevant compartments and related mass transport processes demonstrated the importance of deposition of airborne contaminants and direct transfer of contaminants from sources and surfaces to the skin contaminant layer. Interestingly, the importance of the different exposure pathways varied considerably between production functions.The use of a model driven exposure assessment strategy in the rubber manufacturing industry revealed relevant skin regions, compartments and mass transport processes and enabled development of an effective and efficient strategy for dermal exposure assessment and hazard control in this particular occupational setting.