结膜吸吮线虫实验室感染大绕眼果蝇

在安徽黄山地区捕捉有绕眼习性的果蝇,将结膜吸吮线虫初产蚴混于果汁中,实验室喂饲感染果蝇,常温饲养20 d后,检查果蝇的感染情况。结果显示,大绕眼果蝇（Amiota magna）和冈田绕眼果蝇（A. okadai）的阳性率分别为30%（30/100）和21.6%（55/255）,两者间的差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.058 4, P>0.05）。将采自大绕眼果蝇的结膜吸吮线虫感染期幼虫接种家兔,35 d后在兔结膜囊内检获结膜吸吮线虫成虫及其初产蚴,表明在实验室条件下,结膜吸吮线虫可感染大绕眼果蝇。     

广东省江门市广州管圆线虫病流行病学调查

目的 对广东省江门市广州管圆线虫病进行流行病学调查。 方法 2006-2007年在广东省江门市礼乐镇和五邑大学及新会市三江镇和双水镇, 调查广州管圆线虫不同宿主感染情况和特征，包括用消化法检测褐云玛瑙螺(Achatina fulica?和福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)感染广州管圆线虫(Angiostrongylus cantonensis)Ⅲ期幼虫情况；解剖褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus)、板齿鼠(Bandicota indica)和黄胸鼠(Rattus flavipectus)心、肺，检查心肺血管中广州管圆线虫成虫感染率；随机抽样问卷调查当地居民广州管圆线虫病史及饮食习惯等。ELISA检测300份居民血清广州管圆线虫特异性IgG和IgM抗体阳性率。 结果 检查褐云玛瑙螺695只，福寿螺720只，其广州管圆线虫Ⅲ期幼虫阳性率分别为45.0%和1.8%；平均感染度分别为53.74±147.30条/只和 5.23±8.51条/只。检查鼠类229只，广州管圆线虫成虫感染率为4.4%。问卷调查300人, 其中11.3%有食生或半生鱼、虾史, 5.3%在劳动中直接或间接接触过褐云玛瑙螺和福寿螺。 检查300份居民血清，IgG抗体阳性42份，阳性率为14.0%，其中IgM抗体阳性5份，阳性率为1.7%。 结论　 江门市为广州管圆线虫病流行区，居民受到该病的威胁。     

浙江宁海并殖吸虫中间宿主感染情况调查

2007年8月在宁海县深圳区俞山村现场捕捉溪蟹和川卷螺,镜检并殖吸虫囊蚴和尾蚴的感染情况。共捕获97只长江华溪蟹（Sinopotamon yangtsekiense）,阳性率为11.3%(11/97),平均感染度为1个囊蚴/只。其中, 体重＜5 g的20只, 阳性率为10%(2/20), 平均感染度为1个囊蚴/只; 体重>5 g的77只中,5～15 g的阳性率为10.2%（5/49）,平均感染度为1个囊蚴/只;15～25 g的阳性率为20.0%（4/20）, 平均感染度为1个囊蚴/只,25～35 g的阳性率为0（0/8）。体重>5 g的77只中,雄蟹与雌蟹比例为2.5 ∶ 1,阳性率分别为12.7%（7/55）和9.1%（2/22）,差异无统计学意义（χ²=1.20,P>0.05）。采集放逸短沟蜷（Semisulcospira libertina）200只,未发现阳性。     

"引江济淮"工程对钉螺扩散和血吸虫病蔓延的影响

目的 论证“引江济淮”工程能否造成钉螺扩散和血吸虫病蔓延。 方法 调查工程途经地区血吸虫病流行现状，包括常规方法调查钉螺分布情况，间接血凝试验（IHA）检测居民血清中血吸虫抗体，尼龙绢集卵孵化法检查耕牛血吸虫感染情况；现场螺笼放养，定期观察巢湖实验区钉螺的生存繁殖情况，为期1年，同时设立对照区。 结果 工程引水口附近江外滩钉螺密度最高达326只/框。工程途经的无为县、和县钉螺分布广，居民IHA血吸虫抗体阳性率分别为22.1%（168/760）和18.6%（37/199），耕牛血吸虫感染率分别为2.4%（9/371）和0.2%（2/997）。工程沿线巢湖市居巢区和芜湖市裕溪口地区居民血吸虫感染率分别为1.3%（46/3 598）和10.5%（310/2 960）。在巢湖2个实验区放养肋壳钉螺和光壳钉螺各100只，1年后回收活螺分别为6～189只和20～47只，放养期间查见幼螺；2个实验区和对照区肋壳钉螺的产卵季节存活率分别为11.3%（6/53）～16.7%（10/60）、 3.0%（1/33）～20.8%（11/53）和4.7%（2/43）～14.7%（10/68），差异无统计学意义（χ² =0.093，0.760，P＞0.05； χ² =0.647，0，P＞0.05）；光壳钉螺分别为24.1%（14/58）～44.4%（32/72）、 37.8%（17/45）～67.3%（37/55）和86.3%（44/51）～93.1%（54/58），差异有统计学意义（χ² =9.575，5.302，P＜0.05；χ² =56.863，36.218，P＜0.05）。产卵季节（放养1个月）的雌螺卵巢含卵量，2个实验区和对照区肋壳钉螺为5.90±1.64个、3.00±2.41个和4.44±2.65个（t=1.396，1.460，P＞0.05）；光壳钉螺同地卵巢含卵量为3.52±3.90个、2.92±3.36个和3.42±2.40个（t=0.656，0.201，P＞0.05），差异均无统计学意义。 结论 钉螺可在巢湖环境中存活、繁殖；“引江济淮”工程可引起钉螺扩散，相关地区开始具备血吸虫病传播条件。     

三苯双脒、青蒿琥酯和吡喹酮治疗感染华支睾吸虫金色仓鼠的疗效观察

目的 观察三苯双脒、青蒿琥酯和吡喹酮对感染华支睾吸虫金色仓鼠的疗效。 方法 93只仓鼠各感染30个华支睾吸虫囊蚴, 分组后灌胃顿服给药治疗, 观察各组疗效。① 31只感染仓鼠中, 20只于感染后14 d随机均分为4组, 分别为青蒿琥酯300 mg/kg组、三苯双脒100 mg/kg和200 mg/kg组、吡喹酮200 mg/kg组, 观察药物对华支睾吸虫童虫的作用;另6只于感染后24 d随机均分为2组, 分别为三苯双脒200 mg/kg组和青蒿琥酯300 mg/kg组;余5只作对照组。② 22只仓鼠于感染后28 d随机分成5组（每组4～5只）, 分别为三苯双脒25 mg/kg和50 mg/kg组、青蒿琥酯25 mg/kg组、吡喹酮50 mg/kg组, 以及对照组。③ 40只仓鼠于感染后28 d随机分成8组（每组4～6只）, 分别为三苯双脒50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg和200 mg/kg组, 青蒿琥酯100 mg/kg和200 mg/kg组, 吡喹酮100 mg/kg和200 mg/kg组, 以及对照组。各组受治鼠于治疗后2周剖杀, 收集胆道系统内的残留华支睾吸虫, 计算各组的平均虫数和减虫率。 结果 仓鼠感染华支睾吸虫囊蚴后14 d, 三苯双脒100 mg/kg和200 mg/kg组, 以及吡喹酮200 mg/kg组的平均虫数均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）, 减虫率分别为90.6%、85.9%和71.9%;青蒿琥酯300 mg/kg组平均虫数与对照组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。感染后24 d, 童虫已发育为成虫, 三苯双脒200 mg/kg组平均虫数显著低于对照组（P<0.01）, 减虫率为89.8%;青蒿琥酯300 mg/kg组的减虫率为100%。感染后28 d, 三苯双脒25 mg/kg组平均虫数显著低于对照组（P<0.05）, 减虫率为71.8%, 剂量增至100 mg/kg时, 减虫率为100%;青蒿琥酯25 mg/kg和100 mg/kg组的减虫率分别为20.0%和56.4%, 剂量增至200 mg/kg时, 减虫率为98.5%, 其平均虫数显著低于对照组（P<0.01）。吡喹酮100 mg/kg和200 mg/kg组的减虫率分别为78.9%和83.5%, 其平均虫数均与对照组的差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 三苯双脒和吡喹酮对感染华支睾吸虫童虫和成虫的仓鼠均有较好的疗效, 青蒿琥酯仅对成虫有效。     

青海省达日县棘球蚴病流行病学调查

目的 分析青海省果洛藏族自治州达日县棘球蚴病的流行分布现状,为制定预防控制措施提供科学依据。 方法 于2007年8～9月对达日县6个乡各2～3个自然村的3周岁以上常驻牧民分别用B超、间接红细胞凝集试验（IHA）和间接ELISA法（重组Ag B和Em 18抗原）检查两型棘球蚴病患病和感染情况。并调查当地啮齿类动物、牦牛、绵羊和野犬的感染情况,对采集的棘球绦虫和棘球蚴用PCR-RFLP方法进行虫种鉴定,并确定其基因型。收集牧民的家犬粪便,用双抗体夹心法检测粪抗原阳性率。 结果 共调查牧民1 723人,B超查出棘球蚴病患者236例（占13.7%）,其中囊型和泡型棘球蚴病患病率分别为5.5%（95/1 723）和8.2%（141/1 723）。男、女性棘球蚴病患病率分别为11.6%和16.0%（χ ²=7.0,P＜0.05）。家犬粪抗原阳性率为11.3%（31/275）。剖检9只无主犬,其中5只棘球绦虫感染阳性,对检获的虫体经PCR-RFLP鉴定,1只犬感染细粒棘球绦虫,基因型为G1,4只犬感染多房棘球绦虫。牦牛、绵羊的细粒棘球蚴感染率分别为26.4%（14/53）和5/16,对从牦牛、绵羊检获的细粒棘球蚴经PCR-RFLP鉴定,基因型均为G1。捕获高原鼠兔239只,石渠棘球绦虫感染率为11.3%（27/239）。 结论 达日县存在细粒棘球绦虫、多房棘球绦虫和石渠棘球绦虫的分布,泡型和囊型棘球蚴病在人群中严重流行,犬是细粒棘球绦虫和多房棘球绦虫主要传染源。     

实验感染小鼠肉汁中抗旋毛虫抗体水平的研究

目的 观察小鼠感染旋毛虫后不同时间肉汁中抗体水平的变化及其与血清抗体水平的相关性。 方法 将288只昆明小鼠随机分成3组（每组96只）： 轻度（A组）、 中度（B组）及重度（C组）感染组，每鼠分别经口感染100、300、500条旋毛虫幼虫，感染后各组每周或隔周随机剖杀8只小鼠，收集血清和肉汁，用旋毛虫肌幼虫排泄物分泌抗原（ES抗原）ELISA检测血清及肉汁中抗体水平；另取30只小鼠，每鼠感染500条旋毛虫幼虫，感染后6周剖杀，制备肉样，用ELISA检测4 ℃及-20 ℃保存不同时间后的肉汁中抗体动态水平。 结果 轻度、中度和重度感染组小鼠分别在感染后4、3和3周开始从肉汁中检出抗体，抗体阳性率分别为87.5%、50%和87.5%；3组小鼠的肉汁抗体阳性率均随感染后时间的延长而逐渐升高，分别在感染后6、4和4周达100%，抗体水平均在感染后8周达高峰，吸光度（A₄₉₀值）分别为0.43、0.49及0.52，之后肉汁中抗体水平稍有下降，但感染后第18周抗体阳性率仍均为100%，A490值分别为0.35、0.41及0.46。3组小鼠感染后不同时间肉汁与血清抗体水平均具有相关性（r₁₀₀=0.940，r₃₀₀=0.970，r₅₀₀=0.983，P<0.05）。感染旋毛虫小鼠肉样在4 ℃保存7 d和1 d的抗体水平A₄₉₀值均为0.53（F=0.250，P>0.05）。在-20 ℃保存8周和1周的肉汁抗体水平A490值分别是0.46和0.50，保存8周的肉汁抗体水平与1周的相比无明显下降（F=2.273， P>0.05）；虽然保存10周的肉汁A₄₉₀值已降至0.43，与保存1周的相比差异有统计学意义（F=15.675， P<0.05），但抗体阳性率仍为100%并持续至实验结束时（保存20周）。 结论 动物死亡或屠宰后不能采集血清时，可从新鲜、冷藏及冷冻胴体采集肉汁代替血清进行抗旋毛虫抗体的检测。     

黄海和渤海经济鱼类感染内弯宫脂线虫的调查

目的 调查我国黄海、渤海经济鱼类感染异尖科内弯宫脂线虫（Hysterothylacium aduncum）状况。方法 购买石岛渔港销售的鱼类93种941尾，分别解剖收集消化道内线虫，标本经乳酚酸透明，光镜下观察鉴定，同时用扫描电镜观察其超微结构。 结果 调查的93种鱼类中，有14种感染内弯宫脂线虫，占15.1%（14/93），其中感染率较高的为鮟鱇（Lophius litulon， 66.7%）、鳕鱼（Gadus macrocephalus， 47.5%）、马鲅（Scomberomorus niphonius，33.3%）等，首次发现内弯宫脂线虫可在软骨鱼史氏鳐（Raja smirnovi）体内寄生。此外不同宿主体内感染的内弯宫脂线虫形态特征有较大差异，如侧翼宽度以及肠盲囊的长度等有所不同。 结论 黄渤海经济鱼类感染内弯宫脂线虫的情况比较严重，不同宿主鱼类体内感染的内弯宫脂线虫可能是由不同虫体组成的复合体。     

湛江市区褐家鼠和黄胸鼠膜壳绦虫感染调查

目的　了解广东省湛江市区褐家鼠和黄胸鼠膜壳绦虫的感染情况。　方法　笼诱捕获褐家鼠和黄胸鼠 ,乙醚处死后解剖检查膜壳绦虫感染情况。　结果　在捕获的 2 0 3只鼠中检出 5 2只感染膜壳绦虫 ,感染率 2 5 .62 % ;其中 2只同时感染缩小膜壳绦虫和微小膜壳绦虫。褐家鼠膜壳绦虫感染率明显高于黄胸鼠 (分别为 2 9.80 %和 13 .46% ,P <0 .0 5 )。鼠膜壳绦虫感染率与其体重显著相关。缩小膜壳绦虫感染度为 1～ 65条 ,平均为 (5 .3 88± 10 .2 3 2 )条 ;微小膜壳绦虫感染度为 1～ 10条 ,平均 (5 .2 0 0± 3 .70 1)条。缩小膜壳绦虫寄生于鼠胃、小肠和大肠 ;微小膜壳绦虫寄生于鼠小肠。结论　湛江市区褐家鼠和黄胸鼠膜壳绦虫的感染较为普遍 ,对人类健康构成一定威胁     

河南省豫东平原片区人群肠道寄生虫调查报告

本文报告河南省豫东平原１０个县（市）人群的肠道寄生虫感染情况。按全国人体寄生虫分布调查实施细则的要求和方法，共检查２２４２４人，查见寄生虫感染者１５５２７例，其感染率为６９．２％。查见寄生虫２０种，其中线虫７种，绦虫３种，吸虫１种和原虫９种。各种寄生虫感染率分别为：蛔虫４５．４％、鞭虫４．６％、蛲虫０．０６％（粪检结果，１５岁以下儿童肛拭结果２５．３％）、钩虫２７％（幼虫培养结果为十二指肠钩虫１９．６％，美洲钩虫１．３％）、华支睾吸虫０．３％、带绦虫０．０１％、缩小膜壳绦虫０．０４％、微小膜壳绦虫０．０２％、东方毛圆线虫０．０１％、粪类圆线虫０．０１％、溶组织内阿米巴０．６％、结肠内阿米巴３．８％、哈氏内阿米巴３．９％、贾第虫７．２％、迈氏唇鞭毛虫０．１％、肠内滴虫０．０３％和人芽囊原虫１．１％。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.