盐酸丁哌卡因硬膜外阻滞对肝酶谱及血浆蛋白参数的影响

应用盐酸丁哌卡因硬膜外阻滞后．测定术毕、术后２４小时印术后一周肝酶谱及血浆蛋白参数动态变比，并与利多卡因进行比较。结果表明：丁哌卡因组（丁组）ＡＬＢ、ＣＰ、ＣＨＥ与术前对照组比较术毕和术后２４小时降低（Ｐ＜０．０１和Ｐ＜０．０５）α－ＡＴ在术毕和术后２４小时增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＡＫＰ和γ－ＣＴ分别在术毕和术后２４小时增高（Ｐ＜０．０５和Ｐ＜０．０１）。术后一周各项指标恢复正常。利多卡因组（利组）仅α－ＡＴ术后２４小时增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。丁组与利组两组间比较结果：ＣＰ和ＡＤＡ在术毕有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１和Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

硬膜外腔持续输注丁哌卡因—芬太尼混合液用于术后镇痛的研究

观察３０例胸、腹部术后患者４８小时伯镇痛效果。随机分为三组：１组（对照组）接受全身性阿片类药物止痛２，３组（观察组）用微量泵硬膜外腔持续输注０．１％丁哌卡因和０．０００５％芬太尼混合液每小时２ｍｌ，５ｍｌ止痛。用药后观察镇痛效果和对呼吸及循环系统的影响。结果：２、３组镇痛效果较１组为好，其镇痛效果持续、稳定、用药量少（Ｐ＜０．０１）。注药期间三组未发生呼吸抑制及循环的明显改变。３组个别病例出现皮肤     

硬膜外阻滞加气管内全麻与单纯气管内全麻用于全胃切除术的对比研究

硬膜外阻滞加气管内全麻（硬气组）和单纯气管内全麻（对照组）用于全胃切除术，对患者血流动力学、血浆儿茶酚胺、皮质醇浓度及动脉血气的变化进行了对比观察，以其探索对应激反应的影响。结果表明硬气组插管后及术中ＭＡＰ、ＨＲ波动小，与对照组有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。硬气组气管插管后５分钟血浆儿茶酚胺总量和去甲肾上腺素浓度与麻醉前相比有所降低，对照组却显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。两组之间比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。儿茶酚胺浓度降低与ＭＡＰ有显著相关性。术中两组血浆皮质醇浓度均略升高，显示了硬气组不影响皮质醇的正常分泌。两组动脉ｐＨ、ＢＥ术毕与麻醉前相比均降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），但对照组降低更显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

甘油丁哌卡因硬膜外镇痛效果的研究

研究厂甘油丁哌卡因连续硬膜外注射以延长局麻作用时间。选３０例成人晚期恶性癌肿患者，按疼痛相应部位置入硬膜外导管，随机分为两组，组Ｉ（ｎ＝１３）用０．１２５％丁哌卡因盐水溶液５ｍｌ，当疼痛恢复到用药前程度，然后０．１２５％丁哌卡因和５０％的甘油混合液，经硬膜外导管注入硬膜外腔；组Ⅱ（ｎ＝１７），接受相同形式和浓度的局麻药，给药顺序颠倒，用双盲试验评估。丁哌卡因甘油溶液作用时间明显延长１２．２：７．２小时和１１．６：７．４小时（Ｐ＜０．０１），顺序颠倒对结果未出现明显影响，作用出现时间为３．８±１．３和９．２±１．１分钟与９．９±１．４和３．４±１．８分钟。组Ｉ和组Ⅱ均有显著的差异，比较两者在分布平面上略有差别，但不明显。认为：０．１２５％甘油丁哌卡因溶液连续硬膜阻滞无神经毒性，镇痛的延长效应是由于甘油使丁听卡因的吸收减慢。     

硬膜外阻滞加气管内全麻与单纯气管内全麻用于全胃切除术的对…

硬膜外阻滞加气管内全麻和单纯气管肉全麻（对照组）用于全胃切除术，对患者血流动力学、血浆儿茶酚胺、皮质醇浓度及动脉血气的变化进行了对比观察，以其探索对应激反应的影响。结果表明硬气组插管后及术中ＭＡＰ、ＨＲ波动小，与对照组有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。硬气组气管插管后５分钟血浆儿茶酚胺总量和去甲肾上腺素浓度与麻醉前相比有所降低，对照组却显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。两组之间比较有两显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５     

硬膜外布比卡因镇痛对剖宫产术后催乳素及婴儿体重的影响

目的：观察剖宫产术后病人自控硬膜外镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）对催乳素（ＰＲＬ）、母乳量及婴儿体重的影响。方法：选择６０例健康足月产妇,择期在硬膜外麻醉下施行剖宫产术。术毕随机等分为镇痛组和对照组。镇痛组行ＰＣＥＡ,注入０．２％布比卡因（２ｍｌ／ｈ）持续７２小时镇痛。对照组术毕拔出硬膜外导管。两组采用放射免疫分析法测定血浆ＰＲＬ。结果：镇痛组ＶＡＳ明显低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）。两组术后ＰＲＬ较术前明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,镇痛组术后ＰＲＬ又显著高于对照级殖 组婴儿体重增加明显高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）,肠蠕动恢复时间明显快于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,镇痛组睡眠好。两组宫缩无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：剖宫产术后经卡因ＰＣＥＡ能促进ＰＲＬ分泌,增加婴儿体重。     

硬膜外腔持续输注丁哌卡因一芬太尼混合液用于术后镇痛的研究

观察３０例胸、腹部术后患者４８小时的镇痛效果。随机分为三组：Ｉ组（对照组）接受全身性阿片类药物上痛； Ⅱ、Ⅲ组（观察组）用微量泵硬膜外腔持续输注 ０．１％丁哌卡因和 ０．０００５％芬太尼混合液每小时２ｍｌ、５ｍｌ上痛。用药后观察镇痛效果和对呼吸及循环系统的影响。结果：Ⅱ、Ⅲ组镇痛效果较Ⅰ组为好，其镇痛效果持续、稳定、用药量少（Ｐ＜０．０１）。注药期间三组未发生呼吸抑制及循环的明显改变。Ⅲ组个别病例出现皮肤瘙痒，停药后自动缓解。     

罗哌卡因含或不含肾上腺素硬膜外麻醉的药效学和药代动力学

目的观察肾上腺素对１％罗哌卡因硬膜外阻滞的药效学和药动学影响。方法选择ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级行下腹部手术病人１６例,随机分为两组,每组８例。分别用１％罗哌卡因２ｍｇ· ｋｇ~－１（Ｒ组）和加入１： ２００ ０００肾上腺素的 １％罗哌卡因 ２ｍｇ· ｋｇ~－１（ＲＥ组）行硬膜外阻滞,对比两组药效学和药代动力学指标。结果两组药效学指标、Ｃｍａｘ和ＡＵＣ间均无显著性差异。与Ｒ组相比,ＲＥ组的Ｔｍａｘ明显后延（Ｐ＜０．０１）,Ｋ值明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论 １：２００ ０００肾上腺素对１％罗派卡因硬膜外阻滞的药效学没有影响,但可以减缓罗哌卡因的吸收和清除。     

不同配伍芬太尼术后硬膜外病人自控镇痛效应的比较

目的：采用硬膜外病人自控镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）技术，对不同配伍芬太尼术后镇痛效应进行了研究。方法：１００例（ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级）手术病例随机分成三组，Ｆ组（ｎ＝２０）：用０．０００４％芬太尼＋０．１５％丁哌卡因；ＢＦ组（ｎ＝４０）：用Ｆ组药液＋０．０００９％丁丙诺啡；ＭＦ组（ｎ＝４０）：用Ｆ组药液＋０．００５％吗啡；采用双盲法对比观察。结果：术后２４小时三组病人ＶＡＳ评级Ｆ组最高（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＰＣＥＡ总按数／实进数（Ｄ／Ｄ）比值在０～２范围内的病例数，ＭＦ组≈ＢＦ组＞Ｆ组（Ｐ＜０．０５），提示ＭＦ、ＢＦ组镇痛效果较好。三组病人ＰＣＥＡ期间呼吸、循环无明显变化，恶心、呕吐等并发症较低（２．５％～５．０％），后两组有１０％～１５％病人嗜睡。结论：选择芬太尼和丁哌卡因行ＰＣＥＡ时，复合小剂量吗啡（０．００５％）或丁丙诺啡（０．０００９％）其镇痛效果更好。     

小剂量氯胺酮吗啡及氯胺酮-吗啡配伍用于硬膜外腔术后镇痛作用的比较小剂量氯胺酮吗啡及氯胺酮-吗啡配伍用于硬膜外腔术后镇痛作用的比较

目的：探讨氯胺酮、吗啡硬膜外腔术后镇痛效应和伍用后是否可提高镇痛效果并减少副作用。方法：５０例硬膜外腔麻醉下行骨科手术的患者，随机分为５组，每组１０例。Ａ组：吗啡０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ；Ｂ组：氯胺酮０．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ；Ｃ组氯胺酮０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ；Ｄ组：Ａ＋Ｂ；Ｅ组：Ａ＋Ｃ。于术后４、８、１２、２４、４８、７２ｈ记录疼痛评分（ＶＡＰＳ）及副作用的发生情况。结果：Ａ组ＶＡＰＳ评分平均为２．９５，有效镇痛７例，平均持续时间为５２．０ｈ；Ｂ组镇痛效果差，ＶＡＰＳ评分平均为７．２６，有效镇痛３例，与Ａ组比较有统计学显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｃ组ＶＡＰＳ评分平均为３．６０，与Ａ组比较无统计学差异，有效镇痛７例，平均持续时间为４４．４ｈ；Ｄ组ＶＡＰＳ平均评分为２．７３，与Ａ组比较无统计学差异，平均持续时间为５０．８ｈ；Ｅ组平均ＶＡＰＳ评分为１．５８，与Ａ组比较有统计学显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），持续时间为５８．１ｈ。结论：１．氯胺酮０．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ硬膜外腔术后镇痛效果差，剂量增至０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ镇痛效果与吗啡０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ相近，恶心、呕吐发生较少，无精神方面的副作用；２．氯胺酮与吗啡配伍，随着氯胺酮剂量增加到０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ     

Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of epidural ketamine combined with morphine for postoperative analgesia after major upper abdominal surgery

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of the combination of epidural ketamine and morphine compared with epidural morphine alone for postoperative pain relief following major upper abdominal surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. SETTING: Tertiary care referral and teaching hospital. PATIENTS: 46 ASA physical status I and II patients who underwent major upper abdominal procedures. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly allocated to one of the two treatment groups: patients in Group 1 received epidural morphine 50 microg/kg whereas patients in Group 2 received epidural ketamine 1 mg/kg combined with 50 microg/kg of morphine postoperatively. MEASUREMENTS: A blinded observer using a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain assessment followed up patients for 48 hours postoperatively. Top-up dose of epidural morphine was provided when VAS was higher than 4. Analgesic requirements and side effects were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Only 40 patients completed the study. There were no differences between the two groups with respect to age, gender, weight, duration, or type of surgical procedure or intraoperative opioid requirements. Onset of analgesia was faster (p < 0.001) in Group 2 (11 min) than in Group 1 patients (25 min). The time for first requirement of analgesia was significantly (p < 0.01) longer (19.8 +/- 9.8 hours) in Group 2 patients than Group 1 (12.8 +/- 6.2 hours). Total number of supplemental doses of epidural morphine required in the first 48 hours postoperatively was also significantly less (p < 0.005) in Group 2 compared to Group 1. Patients in Group 2 had higher sedation scores than Group I patients for the first 2 hours postoperatively. None of the patients in either group developed hallucinations or respiratory depression. Other side effects such as pruritus, nausea, and vomiting were also similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of epidural ketamine 1 mg/kg to morphine 50 microg/kg improved analgesia after major upper abdominal surgery without increasing side effects.     

术后镇痛对老年人上腹部手术后肺功能的影响

３２例 ＡＳＡ Ⅱ～Ⅲ级择期行上腹部手术（ＵＡＳ）的老年患者随机分成两组：对照组（ｎ＝１６）和术后每６小时用 ０． １２５％丁听卡因十芬太尼０．０２５ｍｇ １０ｍｌ行硬膜外镇痛（ＰＥＡ）组（ｎ＝１６），分析两组患者术前，拔管时，术后４、８和２４小时的呼吸频率（ＲＲ）、潮气量（ＶＴ）、分钟通气量（ＭＶ）和动脉血ｐＨＰａＯ２、ＰａＣＯ２、ＮＣＯ０－３、ＢＥ－Ｂ、Ｏ２Ｓａｔ。结果表明：虽术后持续鼻导管吸氧，对照组仍出现严重的呼吸抑制和酸碱平衡紊乱，尤以术后８小时内，特别是４小时内最严重；而镇痛组则程度轻微且无明显缺氧、二氧化碳蓄积和酸碱平衡失调。可见用０．１２５％丁哌卡因十芬太尼０．０２５ｍｇ １０ｍｌ行ＰＥＡ能改善老年患者的术后肺功能。但在ＰＥＡ期间仍应继续进行呼吸监测，并常规给予吸氧至少８小时。//     

Postoperative outcome of open donor nephrectomy under epidural analgesia: a descriptive analysis

PURPOSE: Patients subjected to open donor nephrectomy with epidural analgesia were analyzed to determine whether there was a relation between catheter placement site and the appearance of complications and satisfactory analgesia and to determine whether this factor had an impact upon recovery and return to preoperative life. METHODS: A cohort of 36 open donor nephrectomies were performed with postoperative epidural analgesia. Two groups were analyzed: thoracic (22 patients) and lumbar catheters (14 patients). There was a 72-hour evaluation followed by phone contact. Besides detecting related complications pain was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS 0 to 10) in the postanesthesia care unit and at 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours postoperatively. Satisfactory analgesia was defined as a VAS of 3 or less. RESULTS: In all cases the analgesic solution was composed of bupivacaine 0.125% with an opioid in 97%. Patients showed complications in 72% (26/36); the only significant association was motor blockade in the lumbar group (21% vs 0% in the thoracic, P = .023). Patients had a mean VAS of 2.83 +/- 1.77. There was a larger proportion of pain-free patients (VAS 0) in the thoracic group; in addition, there was no VAS of 10 in this group. Ambulation was resumed in less than 24 hours in 57% of patients, having a mean VAS of 2.1 +/- 1.5 compared with 3.2 +/- 1.6 among those who ambulated after 24 hours (P = .04). There was no association between perioperative pain control and the interval to normal activities. CONCLUSIONS: Without a control group, we can hardly evaluate the impact of epidural analgesia on perioperative outcome. Notwithstanding, the obtained pain control may justify its use in these patients. An important issue is to maintain a low VAS (<3), especially in the first 24 hours, which may make a clinically important difference for early ambulation.     

Continuous postoperative epidural analgesia in abdominal surgery using ropivacain

We studied the selective block on patients receiving epidural Ropivacain (R) infusion for postoperative analgesia after major abdominal surgery. Twenty patients received R and twenty patients received Bupivacain (B) via peridural catheter during and after surgery. The patients' age ranged between 40 and 80 and they belonged to ASA I, II and III risk group. The epidural catheter was inserted one day before surgery and the proper position was tested by 80 mg Lidocaine. The epidural needle was inserted via T10-L1 interspaces in upper abdominal surgery and through L1-L3 interspaces in lower abdominal surgery. After the operation continuous epidural infusion of 2 mg/ml solution of R or 2.5 mg/ml solution of B was started. The infusion rate was changed according to the grade of sensory and motor block. The following parameters were observed during the postoperative 72 hours: blood pressure, heart rate, arterial blood O2 saturation, modified Bromage (BMG) score, verbal analogue scale (VAS), the spread of sensory block. Satisfactory sensory blockade was achieved with both local anaesthetics. The required daily dose of R and B increased during 72 hours. VAS scores reached their maximum level within 24 hours and were lower in the R group than in the B group but the difference was not significant. We experienced that 0.25% B causes more intense motor block than 0.2% R in equianalgetic dose but the difference did not reach a significant level. The infusion rate was often decreased because of the unwanted motor block caused by 0.25% B leading to insufficient postoperative analgesia. Because of this fact patients receiving B required opioid addition more often. Our conclusion is that R/B relative dose ratio is 1.2 suggesting that these local anaesthetics have different analgesic potency.     

Effect of epidural analgesia on postoperative paralytic ileus in chronic schizophrenia

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postoperative paralytic ileus is frequently encountered in chronic schizophrenic patients who undergo abdominal surgery. We investigated whether epidural analgesia with local anesthetics minimizes postoperative ileus in schizophrenic patients who are treated long term with antipsychotic drugs. METHODS: We measured the VAS pain after surgery and the time that elapsed before the first passage of flatus and/or feces after the end of surgery in schizophrenic patients provided analgesia with systemic buprenorphine (group A) and schizophrenic patients receiving epidural analgesia with local anesthetics (group B). RESULTS: The frequency of patients who did not pass flatus and/or feces for more than 120 hours postoperatively was significantly higher in group A. Postoperative pain scores of group A at 8 and 24 hours after the end of anesthesia were 36.0 +/- 12.8 and 31.7 +/- 10.7 (0 to 100 mm scale), which were significantly higher than 25.4 +/- 13.2 and 20.5 +/- 9.4 scores in group B. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural analgesia with local anesthetics in chronic schizophrenic patients undergoing abdominal surgery minimizes postoperative ileus compared to patients receiving systemic buprenorphine.     

Epidural anesthesia during upper abdominal surgery provides better postoperative analgesia

Since repeated noxious stimuli may sensitize neuropathic pain receptors of the spinal cord, we tested the hypothesis that the appropriate blockade of surgical stimuli with epidural anesthesia during upper abdominal surgery would be beneficial for postoperative analgesia. Thirty-six adult patients undergoing either elective gastrectomy or open cholecystectomy were randomly allocated to receive either inhalational general anesthesia alone (group G) or epidural anesthesia along with light general anesthesia (group E) throughout the surgery. Postoperative pain management consisted of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with bupivacaine accompanied by the continuous infusion of buprenorphine. To assess postoperative pain, a visual analogue scale (VAS) was employed at 2, 24, and 48 h postoperatively. While there was no significant difference in the bupivacaine dose, more patients undergoing gastrectomy in group G required supplemental analgesics than those in group E, and the VAS scores in group E demonstrated significantly better postoperative analgesia compared to group G after both types of surgery. Thus, an appropriate epidural blockade during upper abdominal surgery likely provides better postoperative pain relief.     

盐酸帕洛诺司琼预防上腹部手术后硬膜外吗啡镇痛所致的恶心呕吐

目的 观察和评价帕洛诺司琼对上腹部手术后硬膜外吗啡镇痛引起的恶心呕吐的预防效果和安全性.方法 择期行上腹部手术并术后接受硬膜外吗啡镇痛患者60例,随机分为帕洛诺司琼组（P组）和托烷司琼组（T组）.手术结束前30 min,P组患者缓慢静注帕洛诺司琼0.25 mg,T组患者缓慢静注托烷司琼6 mg.观察记录两组患者术后24 h、48 h VAS及Ramsay评分、恶心呕吐的程度,计算恶心呕吐有效控制率.同时记录患者腹胀、头痛、椎体外系症状等不良反应.结果 两组患者术后24 h及48 h的VAS及Ramsay评分差异无统计学意义.P组患者术后24 h的恶心及呕吐有效控制率分别为80.0%和73.3%,T组分别为63.3%和60.0%;P组患者术后48 h的恶心及呕吐有效控制率分别为90.0%和93.3%,T组分别为66.6%和63.3%.两组患者术后24 h恶心、呕吐有效控制率差异无统计学意义.P组患者术后48 h恶心、呕吐有效控制率明显优于T组患者（P 〈 0.05）.帕洛诺司琼的不良反应主要为头痛.结论 腹部手术后24 h内,帕洛诺司琼预防吗啡硬膜外镇痛所致的恶心呕吐的效果与托烷司琼相当,但术后48 h预防恶心呕吐的效果优于托烷司琼,且不良反应发生率低,程度较轻,安全性好.     

Pre-incisional epidural ketamine, morphine and bupivacaine combined with epidural and general anaesthesia provides pre-emptive analgesia for upper abdominal surgery

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptor antagonists provide a pre-emptive analgesic effect in humans. This study investigated the benefits of pre-emptive analgesia for upper abdominal surgery, using pre-incisional epidural ketamine + morphine + bupivacaine (K+M+B) treatment for achieving postoperative pain relief. METHODS: Sixty ASA 1-2 patients scheduled for upper abdominal surgery were allocated to three groups in a randomized, single-blinded study. Patients in the control group (I) received general anaesthesia followed by an infusion of normal saline. Group II and III patients received general anaesthesia with a continuous epidural infusion of 2% lidocaine. Thirty minutes after the incision in groups I and II, an epidural pain control regimen was administered using ketamine (10 mg) and morphine (1 mg) in 10 ml of 0.085% bupivacaine (K+M+B). Group III patients also received K+M+B, but it was administered 10 min after the 2% lidocaine injection and 30 min before skin incision. All patients received an epidural pain control regimen (q12 h) for 3 days after their first injection. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine was used to control subsequent postoperative pain. During the 3-day period following surgery, duration to PCA trigger (h), morphine consumption (mg), pain intensity at rest and when coughing/moving, and analgesic-related adverse effects were recorded. The VAS scale (0-10) was used to assess pain intensity. RESULTS: Median times to first PCA trigger were 1.2 (0.5-2.0) h, 3.0 (0.7-4.2) h, and 4.0 (2.5-7.5) h for groups I, II, and III, respectively. Both the incident and resting pain scores were consistently lower for group III patients than groups I and II. The number of PCA triggers (all attempts/successful triggers) during the day following surgery were 14.0 (3-30)/8.0 (3-24) times, 10.0 (3-23)/6.0 (2-20) times, and 7.0 (3-12)/4.5 (1-10) times for groups I, II, and III. Total morphine consumption for the 3-day observation period was 12.5 (3-42) mg, 10.5 (2-29) mg, and 6.0 (1-20) for groups I, II, and III, respectively. CONCLUSION: Pre-incisional epidural K+M+B treatment combined with continuous epidural anaesthesia and general anaesthesia provides an ideal pre-emptive analgesic therapy, exhibiting better postoperative pain relief than general anaesthesia and post-incisional K+M+B treatment.