急性中度等容性血液稀释下泮库溴铵药代动力学研究

１０例择期整形外科手术患者在Ｎ２Ｏ－Ｏ２－芬太巳或疏喷妥钠复合麻醉下于手术开始前行急性血液稀释达中度（Ｈｃｔ ２５％～３０％）。静脉注射伴库溴铵后定点取静脉血，采用荧光法测定血浆伴库溴铵浓度。经３Ｐ８７药代动力学程序包处理。结果表明：静注后伴库溴铵在人体内呈二室开放模型。血液稀释状态下其Ｖｄｓｓ增加６５．５９％，Ｖ２增加９７．４５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）由７５．３±１２．６４分延长至１２５．４９±５５．２分（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＣＩ由２．３５±０．４３ｍｌ·ｍｉｎ－１·ｋｇ－１减少到１．２６±０．２４ｍｌ·ｍｉｎ－１·ｋｇ－１（Ｐ＜０． ０５）。两组Ｖ１及ｔα均无显著差异。根据上述药代动力学变化特点可以预计在长时间手术中，血液稀释状态下的患者对伴库溴铵的首剂需求量增大而对维持剂量所需相对减少，如果多次或大剂量给药可使作用时间延长。     

急性等容血液稀释对组织氧供氧耗的影响

目的：通过观察急性等容血液稀释（ＡＮＨＤ）时组织ＤＯ２、ＶＯ２的变化，寻找ＡＮＨＤ的生理极限。方法：１０只健康成年杂种犬，用戊巴比妥钠、维库溴铵静脉麻醉后行气管内插管，控制呼吸。每只犬进行三个水平即中度（ＨＤ１）、深度（ＨＤ２）、极深度（ＨＤ３）ＡＮＨＤ，然后回输自家血，测定血流动力学指标，动脉及混合静脉血气，动脉血乳酸等，以观察ＡＮＨＤ时ＤＯ２、ＶＯ２的变化。结果：ＨＤ１（ＨＣＴ＝１９．４３％±１．９７％），ＨＤ２（ＨＣＴ＝１４．７３％±０．９９％）时，ＤＯ２分别降低４２％和５２％，ＥＲＯ２分别升高４０％和８８％，ＣＩ升高４１％和４８％，而ＶＯ２只降低４．８％和５．２％，动脉血乳酸末升高。ＨＤ３（ＨＣＴ＝９．５０％±０．８８％）时，ＤＯ２降低７３％，ＥＲＯ２升高２００％，ＣＩ降低，ＶＯ２降低３５％，动脉血乳酸显著增加。回输自家血后，ＤＯ２、ＶＯ２及血乳酸均恢复。结论：中、深度ＨＤ时，ＤＯ２减少，ＶＯ２可通过增加ＥＲＯ２和ＣＩ代偿；极深度ＨＤ时ＶＯ２降低显著，出现无氧代谢，ＨＤ达极限。     

急性中度血液稀释对维库溴铵量-效关系和恢复时相的影响

目的：研究血液稀释对维库溴铵量－效关系和恢复时相的影响。方法：选择６０例ＡＳＡⅠ级，年龄１７￣４５岁，施择期整形外科手术的患者，其中３０例术中采用血液稀释，另３０例作为对照。用６０％ＮＯ２－Ｏ２－硫喷妥钠－芬太尼维持麻醉。血液稀释后Ｈｃｔ从４５．７％降至２６．２％。用加速度仪监测神经肌肉功能。采用累计给药方法建立维库溴铵的量－效关系曲线。结果：血液稀释能明显左移维库溴铵的量－效关系曲线，与对照组相     

急性中度血液稀释对罗库溴铵量-效关系的影响

急性中度血液稀释对罗库溴铵量－效关系的影响薛富善廖旭刘青华安刚罗来葵本研究通过观察急性等容血液稀释对罗库溴铵量－效关系的影响，旨在为临床麻醉中于血液稀释状态下合理应用该新型肌松药提供参考资料。资料与方法选择６０例ＡＳＡⅠ级施择期整形外科手术的成年患者...     

潘库溴铵与维库溴铵,阿曲库铵合用的实验研究

目的：将结构相近的潘库溴铵与维库溴铵和结构不同的潘库溴铵与阿曲库铵合用，比较其作用效果以判别相互作用的类型。方法：以刺激电极和力－位移换能器监测兔胫前肌的阻滞程度。选１５只新西兰白兔通过累积给药法求得兔三种药物的ＥＤ５０值。再将２０只新西兰白兔随机分为４组，分别采用潘库溴铵与维库溴铵、阿曲库铵合用、按不同顺序给药的方法。每种肌松药剂量为１／２×ＥＤ５０。结果：潘库溴铵与阿曲库铵合用，Ｔ１抑制９２％～９７％，明显高于５０％（Ｐ＜０．０１），提示有协同作用；而潘库溴铵与维库溴铵合用，Ｔ１仅抑制３９％～５２％。结论：非去极化肌松药间之相互作用与药物结构相关。     

外科危重患者的预后评估

为准确评估外科危重患者的预后，作者对外科３８６例危重患者进行了前瞻性研究，疾病的危重程度评价采用ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分系统。结果显示：ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分均值为１５．６±５．８（０～３８）；死亡患者（１０７例，占２７．７％）的ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分明显高于存活患者（２７９例，占７２．３％）的评分，差异有显著意义（１８．７±４．３ｖｓ。９．７±３．９，Ｐ＜０．０１）。随着ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分增高，死亡率从１．９％逐渐升高至１００％，两者之间垦显著相关（ｒ＝０．７５，Ｐ＜０．００１）。受试者工作特征曲线显示，随着危险度和ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分的增加，特异度从８９．２％增至９９．３％，而敏感度却从５９．８％下降至１８．７％。作者认为人ＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分系统是评估外科危重患者预后的良好指标，值得临床上推广应用。     

HCV感染对肾移植患者T细胞亚群及HLA-DR表达的影响

目的　了解ＨＣＶ 感染对肾移植患者免疫功能及感染和急性排斥反应的影响。　方法　采用直接免疫荧光标记法测定患者外周血Ｔ 细胞亚群及ＨＬＡＤＲ 的表达,并统计ＨＣＶ 感染组和对照组感染和急性排斥反应的发生率。　结果　ＨＣＶ 感染组ＣＤ４ 、ＣＤ２８ 、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８ 值明显低于无感染组（ 分别为４１ ．３±５ ．１、５５．２ ±５ ．８ 、１．４９±０．４ 和４９ ．１ ±８ ．２ 、６４．８±５．０、１．８１ ±０．５）,ＨＣＶ 感染组Ｔ 细胞ＨＬＡＤＲ 的表达比对照组明显下降（６ ．９ ±４．２ ｖｓ １１．９ ±４．８）,感染和急性排斥反应的发生率两组差异无显著性（分别为２５．０％ 、１０ ．０％ 和１７ ．５％ 、１２．５ ％ ）。　结论　ＨＣＶ 感染可抑制肾移植患者的细胞免疫功能,但不影响患者感染及急性排斥反应的发生率。     

老年患者行急性高容量血液稀释对维库溴铵药效学的影响

目的探讨老年患者行急性高容量血液稀释对维库溴铵药效学的影响。方法选择择期行骨科手术的老年患者40例．随机分成AHH组及对照组,常规补液后AHH组用万汶15ml／Kg行血液稀释。丙泊酚、芬太尼及琥珀胆碱行全麻诱导后,用加速度肌松监测仪监测肌松,以累积剂量技术测量两组患者维库溴铵的量效关系。结果AHH组维库溴铵的量效关系曲线向左上移位,其50％有效剂量、90％有效剂量、95％有效剂量较对照组明显降低,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。AHH组作用时间和最后一次加药到T,恢复到90％的时间较对照组明显延长,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论行AHH的老年患者对维库溴胺的敏感性约增加30％,作用时间延长,在临床麻醉中应合理调整剂量。     

罗库溴铵的自动化反馈控制给药

目的：本实验设计了一种比例－积分（ＰＩ）控制器，自动化反馈控制罗库溴铵的持续静脉输注，并研究了吸入麻醉药七氟醚对罗库溴铵的肌松作用的影响。方法：选择１４例ＡＳＡ分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级的手术病人，随机分成七氟醚麻醉组（７例）和芬太尼复合麻醉组（７例）两组。０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ（２×ＥＤ９５）罗库溴铵静注气管插管后，ＰＩ控制器开始控制罗库溴铵的持续静脉输注，将肌松维持在设定点ＴＨ＝５％的水平。结果：维持９５％的神经肌肉阻滞，芬太尼复合麻醉组罗库溴铵的持续输注速率为８．６±１．１μｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｍｉｎ－１；七氟醚组为４．７±１．２μｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｍｉｎ－１。七氟醚显著地降低了罗库溴铵的输注需要量（Ｐ＜０．０１）。控制器性能指标平均超调七氟醚组为０．６０％±０．４６％，复合麻醉组为０．４２％±０．６７％；平均标准差分别为１．８０％±０．６８％和２．１６％±０．７５％。结论：控制器能够将肌松控制在稳态水平，且能满足手术所要求的较高肌松水平。七氟醚显著地强化了罗库溴铵的肌松作用。     

急性中度血液稀释对阿曲库铵量-效关系和恢复时相的影响

本研究观察急性中度血液稀释对阿曲库铵量－效关系和恢复时相的影响，旨在为临床麻醉于血液稀释状态下安全使用此中效肌松药提供资料。资料和方法５０例ＡＳＡＩ级施择期整形外科手术患者，年龄１８～５４岁，体重４４～７８ｋｇ。其中２５例患者在急性中度血液稀释下施大型整形外科手术，另２５例术中未采用血液稀释的患者作为对照组。全部患者术前各项检查及心、肺、肝、肾功能检查均正常，无神经肌肉系统病史。术前亦未服用对肌松药有影响的药物史。术前１小时肌注阿托品０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ和安定０．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ。麻醉诱导前３０分钟静…     

术前急性高容量血液稀释对罗库溴铵量-效关系的影响

Objective To study the influence of preoperative acute hypervolaemic haemodilution (AHHD) on the dose-response relationship of rocuronium.Methods Forty patients were randomly allocated to AHHD group or control group (n=20).Anesthesia was maintained with propofol and remifentsnyl using TCI,and rocuronium was randomly given with one of six doses(60 μg/kg).AHHD was conducted with preoperative infusion of 15 ml/kg 6% hydroxyethyl starch at a rate of 30 ml/min.Neuromuscular function was assessed using an accelograph with train-of-four stimulation at wrist.The dose-response relationship of rocuronium was determined with cumulative dose-response technique.Results Hb,Hct,TPP and ALB decreased markedly (P＜0.05) after AHHD.AHHD did not result in a significant shift in rocuronium dose-response curve.There was no significant difference in ED50,ED90,and ED95 between the AHHD group[(192.1±24.9) μg/kg,(309.9±42.7) μg/kg,(322.0±44.4) μg/kg,respectively]and the control group [(178.5±34.7) μg/kg,(209.1± 47.8)μg/kg,(304.1±49.5) μg/kg,respectively].Conclusion These results demonstrate that the potency of rocuronium is not affected by AHHD,and rocuronium may become an ideal choice of relaxant in occasion of applying AHHD.     

右美托咪定滴鼻用于患儿面罩吸入麻醉诱导前镇静的半数有效量

目的 测定右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)滴鼻用于患儿面罩吸入麻醉诱导前镇静的ED50,比较幼儿、学龄前和学龄患儿ED50的差异. 方法 选择ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级接受面罩吸入麻醉诱导的患儿,按年龄分为幼儿组(1～3岁)、学龄前组(4～6岁)和学龄组(7～12岁),每组预计35例.每组均在麻醉前1h经鼻滴入Dex,起始剂量为2μg/kg,按改良序贯法进行调整,根据上一例患儿面罩吸入诱导时的镇静满意程度,下一例患儿增加或减少0.25 μg/kg.镇静效果以面罩接受程度四分法进行评估,1～2分为镇静不满意,3～4分为镇静满意.用概率单位回归分析法计算出Dex满意镇静的ED50及相应的95％置信区间(95％CI). 结果 幼儿组、学龄前组和学龄组实际所需例数分别为31、28和30.幼儿组、学龄前组和学龄组Dex滴鼻镇静的ED50和95％CI分别为1.94(1.72～2.18)、1.61(1.41～1.82) μg/kg和1.30(1.13～1.47) μg/kg,3组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 随着患儿年龄的增加,面罩吸入麻醉诱导前所需Dex滴鼻镇静的ED50减小.     

癫痫患者顺式阿曲库铵的剂量反应曲线测定

目的 采用单次剂量注射法建立癫痫患者顺式阿曲库铵的剂量反应曲线,确定其量效关系及ED95,为癫痫患者合理应用顺式阿曲库铵提供依据.方法 选取择期癫痫手术患者40例,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,年龄16岁～42岁,病史3年～26年,均具有服用抗癫痫药物史,术前无酸碱平衡及水电解质紊乱,心肺、肝肾功能正常.患者按随机数字法分为20μ...     

Atropine-edrophonium mixture: a dose-response study

The dose-response and the doses required to prevent bradycardia in 50% (ED50) and 95% (ED95) of patients were determined for atropine after antagonism of pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in 72 patients with edrophonium-atropine mixtures. Edrophonium 0.67 mg/kg (group A, n = 37) or 1.0 mg/kg (group B, n = 35) was randomly mixed with one of seven doses of atropine (ranging from 0.0125 to 0.0215 mg/kg in group A and from 0.02 to 0.04 mg/kg in group B); with dose-response curves for atropine being constructed for both groups 5 and 10 minutes after the injection of the mixture. These dose-response curves were found to be parallel in both groups. The calculated ED50 values of atropine were 1.6-2 times greater in group B, compared with those in group A. The estimated ED50 doses of atropine in groups A and B at 5 minutes were 0.018 and 0.029 mg/kg, respectively, and at 10 minutes, the ED50 doses were similar, being 0.016 and 0.032 mg/kg, respectively. The calculated ED95 doses of atropine in groups A and B at 5 minutes were 0.024 and 0.055 mg/kg, and at 10 minutes, the ED95 doses were also similar, being 0.027 and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively.     

不同年龄患儿罗库溴铵药效学的比较

目的 比较新生儿、婴儿、幼儿和儿童罗库溴铵的药效学.方法 择期全麻手术患儿160例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,根据年龄分为4组(n=40):新生儿组、婴儿组、幼儿组及儿童组.各组随机选取患儿20例,采用4次累积给药法静脉注射罗库溴铵,初始剂量:新生儿组40 μg/kg,婴儿组80 μg/kg,幼儿组及儿童组均为120 μg/kg,后3次均追加罗库溴铵40μg/kg.每次给药后.观察TOF反应.当T1连续3次稳定不变时,给予下一次剂量.采用概率单位法计算T1抑制50%、90%、95%的用药量(ED50、ED90、ED95).各组随机选取20例患儿,静脉注射2倍ED95剂量的罗库溴铵,记录肌松起效时间、高峰时间、临床肌松时间、体内作用时间和恢复指数.结果 与新生儿组比较,幼儿组和儿童组罗库溴铵ED50、ED90和ED95均升高(P<0.01),婴儿组上述指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).婴儿组、幼儿组和儿童组罗库溴铵起效时间、临床肌松时间和体内作用时间缩短,恢复指数降低(P<0.01);与幼儿组比较.儿童组罗库溴铵ED50、ED90和ED95升高(P<0.01).结论 不同年龄患儿对罗库溴铵的量效关系和时效关系存在明显的差别,新生儿对罗库溴铵的敏感性最强.     

终末期肾病患者顺式阿曲库铵量效关系测定

目的采用单次剂量注射法测定终末期肾病患者顺式阿曲库铵量效关系。方法选取接受肾移植的终末期肾病患者40例,按完全随机方法分为4组,每组10例,对4个剂量组患者按体重注射20、30、40、50μg／kg的顺式阿曲库铵。选取无神经肌肉病变的患者20例作为对照组,给予相同剂量的苯磺酸顺式阿曲库铵。记录每个患者最大抑制效应,并对最大抑制效应进行概率转换,对应的肌松药剂量进行对数转换,用直线回归方法建立顺式阿曲库铵的剂量-反应曲线。结果终末期肾病患者顺式阿曲库铵50％有效剂量（ED50）、75％有效剂量（ED75）、90％有效剂量（ED90）、95％有效剂量ED95分别为30．88、35．65、40．62、43．85μg/kg,无神经肌肉病变患者顺式阿曲库铵ED。ED。ED。ED。分别为35．37、42．22、49．60、54．55μg/kg,终末期肾病患者顺式阿曲库铵ED。明显低于无神经肌肉病变患者ED95（P〈0．01）。结论终末期肾病患者因周围神经病变累及神经肌肉接头可导致对肌松药的敏感性增加。     

Influence of acute normovolaemic haemodilution on the dose-response and time-course of action of atracurium

BACKGROUND: Acute normovolaemic haemodilution is a common method to save and avoid homologous blood transfusion during surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of acute isovolaemic haemodilution on the dose-response and time-course of action of atracurium. METHODS: We studied 25 patients undergoing acute isovolaemic haemodilution during surgery and 25 patients not receiving haemodilution as a control group. All patients were ASA grade I and aged 18-54 yr. The haemodilution patients underwent major elective plastic surgery with an anticipated surgical blood loss of more than 600 ml, and the control patients underwent elective superficial plastic surgery with an anticipated surgical blood loss of less than 200 ml. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopental 4-6 mg/kg and fentanyl 2-4 microg/kg i.v., and maintained with 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen. After stabilization of anaesthesia, acute isovolaemic haemodilution in the haemodilution group was achieved by drainage of venous blood and an i.v. infusion of lactated Ringer's solution, and 6% dextran, during which haematocrit and haemoglobin decreased from 45.1% to 25.8% and from 147.2 g/l to 91.2 g/l, respectively. When anaesthesia was stable in the control group and haemodilution was completed in the haemodilution group, neuromuscular function was assessed by measuring with accelerography the response of the adductor pollicis muscle to supramaximal train-of-four (TOF) stimuli every 12 s to the ulnar nerve at the wrist via surface electrodes. The dose-response relationships of atracurium in the two groups were determined by the cumulative dose-response technique. RESULTS: The results showed that during haemodilution, the dose-response curve of atracurium was shifted to the left in a parallel fashion and the potency of atracurium was increased. In patients undergoing haemodilution, ED50, ED90 and ED95 of atracurium were decreased by 25-33%, and duration of action was increased by 21-48% following administration of the same dose (mg/kg), as compared with patients not undergoing haemodilution. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the patients undergoing acute isovolaemic haemodilution were about 30% more sensitive to neuromuscular blockade of atracurium and had a longer duration after administration of the same dose (microg/kg) than the control patients. Care must be taken with this problem when atracurium is used as a muscle relaxant during acute haemodilution.     

盐酸精氨酸和醋酸精氨酸对烧伤家兔免疫功能及酸碱平衡影响的对比研究

目的观察盐酸精氨酸与醋酸精氨酸对严重烧伤家兔机体免疫功能和酸碱平衡的影响。方法选用110只大耳白兔,取其中8只作为正常对照组;余下102只造成30%TBSAⅢ度烧伤后,根据灌喂不同种类及不同剂量的药物分为烧伤对照组,0.3、0.6、1.2、2.4g/kg盐酸精氨酸组和同种剂量的醋酸精氨酸组,每组兔数10~14只。烧伤对照组家兔伤后仅腹腔注射林格液抗休克,不灌喂药物;其他各组除同烧伤对照组行抗休克处理外,还分别按上述剂量灌喂药物,2次/d,连续7d。观察各组家兔免疫功能、血气分析、Cl-代谢及死亡率的变化。结果烧伤对照组家兔免疫功能紊乱,变化趋势呈先高后低,伤后7d淋巴细胞转化率、CD4/CD8比值、白细胞吞噬率和白细胞趋化指数均明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01);1.2、2.4g/kg盐酸精氨酸、醋酸精氨酸组伤后7d前述4项指标均明显高于烧伤对照组(P<0.05或0.01)。伤后7d,2.4g/kg盐酸精氨酸组pH值、剩余碱、缓冲碱、HCO3-浓度均较同剂量醋酸精氨酸组明显降低(P<0.05或0.01);前组各项指标均明显低于正常对照组(P<0.05或0.01),后组与正常对照组比较变化不明显。2.4g/kg盐酸精氨酸组伤后5、7d血浆Cl-含量明显高于同剂量醋酸精氨酸组和正常对照组(P<0.05或0.01)。0.3、0.6、1.2g/kg盐酸精氨酸、醋酸精氨酸组家兔死亡率明显低于烧伤对照组(P<0.05或0.01),而2.4g/kg醋酸精氨酸、盐酸精氨酸组死亡率高于烧伤对照组及其他剂量组(P<0.05)。结论家兔严重烧伤后免疫功能下降,盐酸精氨酸和醋酸精氨酸都能有效提高机体免疫功能,疗效相当,醋酸精氨酸的安全性明显优于盐酸精氨酸;两种精氨酸的剂量都不宜过大,否则会致死亡率上升。     

Effects of nalbuphine, pentazocine and U50488H on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in the rat

We studied the effect of mixed agonist-antagonist opioids (nalbuphine and pentazocine) and a kappa opioid agonist (U50488H) on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit, and their interactions with morphine in rats. In each group, nalbuphine (0.01-30 mg kg-1), pentazocine (1-30 mg kg-1), U50488H (1-100 mg kg(-1)1) or saline was injected i.p. at 0 min. Another four groups of rats received morphine 13.4 mg kg-1 (ED75) and one of the following substances: saline, nalbuphine, pentazocine or U50488H. In both groups, at 30 min, radiolabelled saline 1 ml was infused into the stomach; at 1 h, gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit were calculated by measuring the radioactivity in the gastrointestinal tract. Slopes for dose-response curves were determined. Nalbuphine significantly, but only weakly, delayed gastric emptying (P < 0.0005) and gastrointestinal transit (P < 0.01). Pentazocine markedly inhibited both, whereas U50488H did not significantly inhibit either. The slopes of the dose-response curves for nalbuphine, but not for pentazocine, on both gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit were significantly less steep than those for morphine. Nalbuphine significantly antagonized the inhibitory effect of morphine on gastric emptying (P = 0.005) and gastrointestinal transit (P = 0.02), whereas pentazocine and U50488H did not. Nalbuphine and pentazocine delay gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit, possibly by different mechanisms.      

Atropine-neostigmine mixture: a dose—response study

The dose-response relationship and the doses of atropine required to prevent neostigmine from lowering heart rates below baseline in 50 per cent (ED50) and 95 percent (ED95) of patients after antagonism of pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade were determined in 70 patients with neostigmine-atropine mixtures. Neostigmine 0.04 mg.kg-1 (group A, n = 35) or 0.06 mg.kg-1 (group B, n = 35) was randomly mixed with one of seven doses of atropine (ranging from 0.014 to 0.04 mg.kg-1) in group A and from 0.02 to 0.04 mg.kg-1 in group B), with dose-response curves for atropine being constructed for both groups 5 and 10 min after injection of the mixture. These dose-response curves were found to be parallel in both groups. The calculated ED50 and ED95 values of atropine were similar in both groups. The estimated ED50 doses of atropine in groups A and B at 5 min were 0.031 and 0.033 mg.kg-1 respectively, and at 10 min the ED50 doses were 0.037 and 0.037 mg.kg-1 respectively. The calculated ED95 doses of atropine in groups A and B at 5 min were 0.05 and 0.046 mg.kg-1, and at 10 min the ED95 doses were also similar, being 0.06 and 0.055 mg.kg-1 respectively. Under the conditions employed in this study it would seem that in order to prevent late reductions in heart rates, the appropriate doses of atropine when used with neostigmine should be greater than that commonly used.