肾移植患者血小板活化指标测定的临床研究

为探讨移植肾排斥反应与血小板活化指标的关系，应用抗人活化血小板ＧＭＰ－１４０（α－颗粒膜蛋白）特异单克隆抗体Ｓｚ－５１（苏州－５１），检测６８例肾移植患者外周血血小板表面及血浆ＧＭＰ－１４０含量；同时采用放射免疫法测定血浆ＴｘＢ２（血栓烷Ｂ２）含量。术后肾功能正常者ＧＭＰ－１４０及ＴｘＢ２略有升高；发生急慢性排斥反应时两者均显著升高（Ｐ＜０．００１），排斥逆转或移植肾切除后逐渐下降。发生环孢素中毒者其含量无明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示移植肾排斥与体内血小板活化有关，活化指标ＧＭＰ－１４０、ＴｘＢ２检测对早期诊断肾移植后排斥反应及环孢素中毒具有一定的临床价值，是监测移植肾排斥反应的一个较灵敏的生物学指标。     

肢体缺血再灌注导致脂质过氧化增强和血栓素A2合成增加的研究

骨骼肌缺血再灌注可导致肌肉微血管的实质损伤，观察了肌肉缺血再灌注时脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）和ＴｘＡ２与ＰＧＩ２的代谢状况。缺血组家兔（ｎ＝６）。双后肢缺血２小时。再灌注２小时后，左股薄肌丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量，下腔静脉血ＭＤＡ和乳酸浓度均显著高于对照组（ｎ＝６）。再灌注后１０和３０分钟，缺血组血中ＴｘＢ２水平和ＴｘＢ２／６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１ａ比率明显增高，再灌注后血中ＳＯＤ活性和６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ     

体外循环对血小板花生四烯酸代谢的影响

选择２２例心脏瓣膜置换术患者，观察在体外循环（ＣＰＢ）中血小板的功能及花生四烯酸（ＡＡ）代谢改变。结果显示：ＣＰＢ中血小板计数、血小板聚集功能及粘附功能均显著下降，而血小板胞浆游离［Ｃａ２＋］及膜磷脂酶Ａ２（ＰＬＡ２）、环氧化酶（ＣＬＯ）活性均显著升高，停机时血小板聚集功能及粘附功能均与术后失血量呈显著负相关，而胞浆游离［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ及膜ＰＬＡ２活性则与术后失血量呈显著正相关。表明ＣＰＢ对血小板胞浆游离［Ｃａ３＋］及膜ＰＬＡ２活性的影响是血小板功能失调及术后非外科性失血的重要原因。     

气管插管应激时血浆血栓素A2和前列环素含量变化

为比较气管插管应激时血浆血栓素Ａ２（以ＴｘＢ２表示）和前列环素（以６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１ａ表示）的变化，２２例患者随机分为芬太尼组和对照组，两组患者均给予硫喷妥钠４ｍｇ／ｋｇ和琥珀胆碱１。５ｍｇ／ｋｇ诱导后插管，结果显示诱导后５分内，对照组ＳＢＰ、ＤＢＰ、ＭＡＰ、ＨＲ、ＰＡＷＰ、ＴＰＲ及血浆ＴＸＢ２含量较芬太尼组明显升高（Ｐ＜０。０５），对照组ＴＸＢ２的升高与ＭＡＰ及ＴＰＲ的升高呈高度正相关系，对     

体外循环对血小板计数及释放反应的影响

目的：探讨体外循环（ＣＰＢ）对血小板计数及血小板释放反应的影响。方法：２０例ＣＰＢ患者分别于转流前、转流３０分、鱼精蛋白中和肝素后１０分及术后２、１２和２４小时进行血小板计数（ＢＰＣ）、血小板表面α颗粒膜蛋白（ＧＭＰ－１４０）、血小板β球蛋白（β－ＴＧ）、血小板第４因子（ＰＥ４）及５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）的测定，并统计术后显著出血的例数。结果：ＢＰＣ在转流期间显著下降，但仍高于５０×１０＾９／Ｌ。Ｇ     

抑肽酶在心肺转流术中对肺损伤的保护

目的 探讨心肺转流术（ｃａｒｄｉｏｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙ ｂｙｐａｓｓ,ＣＰＢ）导致肺缺血－再灌注损伤,抑肽酶对肺损伤保护的作用。方法 将２４例心内直视手术的患者随机分为对照组和实验组,每组１２例,实验组给予抑肽酶处理。检测ＣＰＢ前后左、右心房血中性粒细胞和血小板计数,围手术期各时段桡动脉血浆中内皮素、血栓素Ｂ２、６－酮－前列腺素Ｆ１α和呼吸指数的变化。结果 对照组ＣＰＢ后左、右心房血中血小板和中性粒细胞计数差异有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０５）;实验组ＣＰＢ前后则差异无显著性;内皮素、血栓素Ｂ２、呼吸指数在ＣＰＢ中、ＣＰＢ后两组比较均差异有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论 ＣＰＢ致肺损伤,血小板和中性粒细胞在肺内聚集,内皮素、血栓素Ｂ２、６－酮－前列腺素Ｆ１α在其病理过程中起重要作用。抑肽酶能通过干预这些因素而达到保护肺功能的     

尿视黄醇结合蛋白在诊断早期糖尿病肾病中的评价

目的：探讨尿视黄醇结合蛋白（ＲＢＰ）在糖尿病肾病中的诊断价值。方法：非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者５０例，正常对照组２５例。分别检测尿ＲＢＰ、Ａｌｂ、ＴＲＦ、β２－ｍ、ＮＡＧ和Ｃｒ。结果：ＮＩＤＤＭ组尿ＲＢＰ／Ｃｒ较对照组显著增高，尿ＲＢＰ／Ｃｒ与尿Ａｌｂ／Ｃｒ、ＴＲＦ／Ｃｒ、β２－ｍ／Ｃｒ、ＮＡＧ／Ｃｒ均呈显著性正相关。当尿Ａｌｂ／Ｃｒ在正常范围时，尿ＲＢＰ／Ｃｒ显著增高（Ｐ〈０．０５）     

体外循环手术前后病人血清sIL—2R水平和T淋巴细胞亚群,NK细胞的…

通过检测心脏体外循环手术前后病人血清中可溶性白介素２－受体、Ｔ细胞亚群、自然杀伤细胞，观察分析心脏ＣＰＢ手术病人细胞免疫的影响及其临床意义。选择：２４例风心病择期换瓣病人，术前，ＣＰＢ１０分钟、ＣＰＢ２小时，术后和１天、３天、５天检测血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平，Ｔ细胞亚群及ＮＫ细胞活性，术后第１天血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平升高，ＣＯ４（辅助细胞）活性明显降低，ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８（辅助细胞／抑制细胞）比值下降，ＮＫ     

大鼠阳离子化牛血清白蛋白肾炎肾脏前列腺素来源的探讨

目的 探讨大鼠阳离子化牛血清白蛋白（Ｃ－ＢＳＡ）肾炎中肾脏前列腺素来源。方法 应用羊抗大鼠血小板血清ＩｇＧ，对大鼠Ｃ－ＢＳＡ肾炎模型进行干扰。结果 实验组大鼠肾皮质ＰＧＥ２、ＰＧＩ２、ＴＸＡ２均减少，肾小球病理损害减轻，尿蛋白减少。结论 血小板参与Ｃ－ＢＳＡ肾炎病理过程以及肾脏前列腺素部分来源于血小板。     

阿魏酸钠对犬心脏停跳复苏后脑组织TXB_2、6-keto-PGF_(1a)及MDA含量的影响

研究了阿魏酸钠对犬心脏停跳１０分钟复苏后４小时脑组织中血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）、６－酮－前列腺素Ｆ１ａ（６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１ａ）及丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量的影响。１７只犬随机分为非缺血对照组（Ａ组）、缺血再灌注常规治疗组（Ｂ组）及缺血再灌注阿魏酸钠治疗组（Ｃ组）。结果发现，Ｂ组ＴＸＢ２、ＭＤＡ含量及ＴＸＢ２／６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１ａ比值均较 Ａ组明显升高（Ｐ＜０． ０１）。 Ｃ组 ＴＸＢ２、ＭＤＡ含量及 ＴＸＢ２／６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１ａ比值升高幅度均较Ｂ组明显低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明阿魏酸钠可明显抑制犬心脏停跳复苏后脑组织花生四烯酸代谢及脂质过氧化反应。     

体外循环中氨甲苯酸对血小板的保护作用

目的：探讨氨甲苯酸（AMBA）在心肺转流（CPB）中对血小板的保护作用及其临床意义。方法：测定AMBA组和对照组血小板数量出血量和输血量以及CPB前后血浆α－颗粒膜蛋白（GMP－140），血栓烷B2（TXB2）和6－酮－前列腺素F1α（6－K－PGF1a)的浓度变化。结果：CPB术后，AMBA组血小板计数明显高于对照组，出血量明显少于对照组，AMBA组GMP－140和TXB2上升幅度小，而对照组上升幅度大（P＜0．05）。结论：氨甲苯酸在CPB术中可以起到保护血小板，减少术后出血的作用。     

体外循环中止血芳酸对血小板的保护作用

目的：探讨止血芳酸在体外循环中对血小板的保护作用及其临床意义。方法：测定止血芳酸组和对照组血小板数量、出血量和输血量,及体外循环前后血浆α－颗粒膜蛋白（ＧＭＰ－１４０）,血栓烷Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）和６－酮－前列腺素Ｆ１a(6-k-PGF1a）的浓度变化。结果,体外循环术后血小板计数组明显高于对照组,出血量明显少于对照组。ＧＭＰ－１４０、ＴＸＢ２上升幅度小于对照组,二者相比差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：止血芳酸在体外循环术中可以起到保护血小板,减少术后出血的作用。     

甲泼尼松龙对体外循环肺内血小板聚集、血栓素生成的抑制作用及其意义

探讨大剂量甲泼尼松龙（ＭＰＳＳ）对肺再灌注早期血小板聚集、血栓素生成的抑制作用。方法将３０例体外循环心脏手术患者随机分成对照组与ＭＰＳＳ用药组，各１５例。用药组于体外循环前静注ＭＰＳＳ１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重。３０例患者分别于体外循环前、复跳后１０、４５分钟、２小时抽左右心房血，检测血小板数、ＴＸＢ２及６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１αｏ。结果对照组复跳后各时相左房血血小板数明显比右房者低（Ｐ＜０．０５），左房血ＴＸＢ２含量明显比右房者高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而用药组复跳后左、右房血血小板数、ＴＸＢ２差异无显著意义。用药组并能明显降低复跳后ＴＸＢ２／６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α比值（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）。结论大剂量ＭＰＳＳ对肺再灌注早期血小板聚集有明显抑制作用，减少肺内血栓素生成，降低血栓素／前列环素比值，起到预防或减少灌注肺发生的作用。     

Effects of aprotinin on prostaglandin metabolism and platelet function in open heart surgery.

The effects of the protease inhibitor, aprotinin, on plasma prostaglandin levels and platelet function during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were studied in a group of 23 patients which consisted of 11 untreated patients (control group) and 12 aprotinin-treated patients (aprotinin group). Thromboxane B2 (TXB2, a stable metabolite of thromboxane A2) and beta-thromboglobulin levels in the control group increased significantly during CPB compared with preoperative values. These increases were significantly suppressed in the aprotinin group. 6-Keto-PGF1 alpha (stable metabolite of prostacyclin) increased significantly during CPB in both groups, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. In the aprotinin group, the TXB2/6-Keto-PGF1 alpha ratio decreased significantly during CPB compared with the preoperative value, whereas no significant decrease was observed in the control group. Platelet counts decreased significantly during and after CPB in both groups. Platelet aggregability decreased significantly during CPB in the control group, whereas no significant decrease was found in the aprotinin group. In conclusion, aprotinin treatment improved prostaglandin metabolism and preserved platelet function during open heart surgery.     

Arachidonic acid metabolism and effectiveness of aprotinin treatment during cardiopulmonary bypass]

Arachidonic acid metabolism was investigated in 30 open heart cases, utilizing nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), consisted of 15 untreated cases (Group I) and 15 cases treated with aprotinin mostly given into CPB circuit during CPB (Group II). In group I, arterial blood concentration of thromboxane B2 (TXB2, stable metabolite of thromboxane A2, pg/ml) significantly increased from 45.9 +/- 40.5 preoperatively to 560.2 +/- 381.5 (p less than 0.01) at 30 minutes of CPB (total bypass) and to 830.5 +/- 591.1 (p less than 0.005) at the end of CPB (partial bypass). TXB2 levels in pulmonary artery (PA) and left atrium (LA) did not significantly increase just before, 5 minutes of CPB as compared with preoperative value. At the end of CPB TXB2 levels in PA (625.0 +/- 186.3) and LA (817.0 +/- 320.0) were significantly higher than preoperative value. However there was no significant difference between PA and LA values. Contrarily in group II TXB2 levels were significantly suppressed as compared with the value at each corresponding time in group I. beta-thromboglobulin levels also changed almost parallel to TXB2 levels in both groups. In conclusion, arachidonic acid metabolic disorders could occur in CPB circuit rather than in pulmonary circulation during CPB. Aprotinin administration into CPB circuit suppressed to some extent the platelet activation.     

1，6—二磷酸果糖对体外循环期间中性粒细胞的影响

目的　研究体外循环下 1,6 二磷酸果糖 (FDP)对中性粒细胞 (PMNs)活化、释放的影响。方法　 2 0例先心病矫正术患者随机分成使用FDP( 2 2 0mg/kg)的观察组 (n =10 )和对照组 (n =10 ) ,动态观察中性粒细胞化学发光 (PMN CL)值、中性粒细胞内髓过氧化物酶 (MPO)及弹性蛋白酶(ELA)活性。结果　 ( 1)与阻断主动脉时对比 ,两组各时点PMN CL值均明显升高 (P <0 0 5、P <0 0 1或P <0 0 0 1) ,PMN MPO及ELA活性降低 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ,化学发光最高值、MPO及ELA活性最低值出现在主动脉开放后 (再灌注 ) 4 5分钟。 ( 2 )与对照组相比 ,在主动脉阻断 3 0分钟、主动脉开放后 (再灌注 ) 4 5分钟及 90分钟 ,观察组PMN CL值降低 ,PMN MPO及ELA活性升高 (P<0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。结论　 ( 1)体外循环时PMNs活化并释放多种活性物质 ,且主要发生于主动脉开放后 (再灌注 )早期。 ( 2 )FDP抑制PMNs的活化 ,减轻了PMNs的释放反应。     

尼莫地平对体外循环过程中脑氧耗与脑糖利用的影响

目的：观察体外循环心肺转流（ＣＰＢ）期间脑氧耗与脑糖利用相关性及尼莫地平对其影响。方法：３５例心脏直视手术病人随机分为对照组（ｎ＝１５）和观察组（ｎ＝２０）．监测ＣＰＢ期间不同时期的桡动脉和颈内静脉上球部ＰａＯ２、ＰｊＯ２、ＳａＯ２、ＳｊＯ２及血糖（Ｇ）的变化,并分析Ｃａ－ｊＯ２与Ｇａ－ｊ的关系。结果：两组Ｃａ－ｊＯ２与Ｇａ－ｊ于ＣＰＢ期间均进行性下降,与术前有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）;观察组Ｇ     

Phosphorylcholine coating of extracorporeal circuits provides natural protection against blood activation by the material surface.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of a new coating, mimicking the outer cell membrane, in paediatric cardiac surgery. METHODS: Two groups of ten patients with a body weight below 8 kg, undergoing elective cardiac operations for different congenital anomalies, were prospectively enrolled in this study. In one group the whole extracorporeal circuit, including the cannulas, was coated with phosphorylcholine (PC). In the second group the same circuit was used without coating. Platelet activation (thromboxane B2 (TXB2), beta-thromboglobulin (betaTG)), activation of the coagulation system (F1+2), leukocyte activation (CD11b/CD18) and terminal complement activation (TCC) were analyzed pre-cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), at 15, 60 min of CPB, at the end of CPB, 20 min post CPB and at postoperative day 1 and 6. RESULTS: No statistical differences were found for F1+2 and CD11b/CD18. After onset of CPB mean levels of TCC remained stable in the PC group whereas an increase was observed in the control group. During CPB betaTG values in both groups increased to a maximum at the end of CPB. Within groups the increase in betaTG levels during CPB was statistically significant (P<0.05) from baseline in the control group starting from 60 min of CPB whereas no statistical difference was observed in the PC group. After the start of CPB TXB2 mean levels increased to 405+/-249 pg/ml in the PC group vs. 535+/-224 pg/ml in the control group. After this initial increase there was a small decline in the PC group with further increase. This was in contrast to the control group were TXB2 levels further increased up to a mean of 718+/-333 pg/ml at the end of CPB (P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Phosphorylcholine coating had a favourable effect on blood platelets, which is most obvious after studying the changes during cardiopulmonary bypass. A steady increase of TXB2 and betaTG was observed in the control group, whereas plateau formation was observed in the phosphorylcholine group. Clinically, this effect may contribute to reduced blood loss and less thromboembolic complications. Complement activation is lower in the coated group.     

Effect of TXA2 on renal lysosomal membrane

ONO-3708, a thromboxane A2 (TXA2) antagonist, was administered by a double blind method during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to study the changes in the plasma and urinary TXB2 levels. Lysosomal enzyme, urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) was assessed, in order to investigate the in vivo effect of TXA2 on renal lysosomal membrane. Plasma and urinary TXB2 increased significantly (P less than 0.01) during CPB, showing an increase in TXA2 originating from the kidney, in addition to the increased excretion of platelet derived TXA2 during CPB. Urinary NAG increased significantly (P less than 0.01) in the placebo group during CPB and the value of post CPB increased further more (P less than 0.01). In ONO-3708 2 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 group, urinary NAG slightly but not significantly increased during CPB, but was inhibited significantly (P less than 0.01) as compared with two other groups. As shown above, the increased production of TXA2 appears to inhibit the functions of the renal lysosomal membrane in vivo. Furthermore, ONO-3708 has demonstrated a lysosomal membrane stability effect, and it seems reasonable to expect some antishock effect of this drug.     

心脏瓣膜置换术中血花生四烯酸及其代谢酶的变化

观察了１５例患者体外循环心脏瓣膜置换术中血花生四烯酸（ＡＡ）浓度、血小板膜磷脂酶Ａ２（ＰＬＡ２）、环氧化酶（ＰＣＯ）及脂氧化酶（ＰＬＯ）活性的变化。结果表明：肝素化时血ＡＡ浓度开始增加，但与ＡＡ有关的代谢酶无明显变化；转流开始后，ＡＡ浓度迅速上升，并持续在较高水平（Ｐ＜０．０１），血小板膜ＰＬＡ２、ＰＣＯ、ＰＬＯ活性均明显增加，且随转流时间延长呈逐渐升高趋势（Ｐ＜０．０５及Ｐ＜０．０１），与文献报道的ＡＡ代谢产物升高时限相符。提示：体外循环瓣膜置换术中ＡＡ代谢明显变化，但转流前与转流中ＡＡ代谢的途径及变化程度具有差异。