螺旋CT在支气管扩张症诊断中的应用研究

目的：评价螺旋CT在肺段水平诊断支气管扩张症（支护）的价值。方法：对30例临床和X线疑为支扩的患者共540个肺段分别进行10mm层厚和薄层（1－3mm）螺旋CT扫描,其中10例共180个肺段与支气管造影进行了比较。两位观察者用盲法对不同层厚的螺旋CT扫描和支气管造影进行评价。结果：根据诊断标准并计算kappa值,两位观察者对支扩评价的一致性很好（k值分别为0．96,0．98）。以支气管造影为金标准,螺旋CT10mm层厚扫描诊断支扩的敏感性,特异性,准确性HRCT相比,薄层螺旋CT扫描对诊断支扩有更大的优越性,对临床疑支扩的患者,应首选螺旋CT检查。     

螺旋CT诊断支气管扩张症

目的评价螺旋CT在肺段水平诊断支扩的价值.材料与方法对30例疑为支扩的患者分别进行10mm层厚和薄层(1～3mm)螺旋CT扫描,其中10例共180个肺段与支气管造影进行了比较,用盲法对不同层厚的螺旋CT扫描和支气管造影进行评价.结果两位观察者在10mm层厚分别发现支扩肺段90个和94个,薄层CT分别发现支扩肺段108和110个.与支气管造影比较,螺旋CT1omm层厚诊断支扩的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为64.6%、100%、90.1%;薄层螺旋CT诊断支扩的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为93.8%、100%和98.3%.结论薄层螺旋CT扫描对诊断支扩比支气管造影有更大的优越性,对临床疑支扩的患者,应首选螺旋CT检查.     

支气管扩张:多层螺旋CT厚层和薄层比较

目的 评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)的5 mm(厚层)和1.25 mm(薄层)层厚图像在诊断支气管扩张中的能力.方法 回顾性分析200例在薄层MSCT上诊断为支气管扩张患者的影像学资料,其中男112例,女88例,平均年龄67.42岁,在肺叶、肺段水平及支气管扩张的范围、类型上比较薄层与厚层MSCT之间的诊断差异.所用设备为64排MSCT,扫描层厚5 mm,螺距0.94,并作1.25 mm薄层重组.采用x2检验分析两者之间的差异.结果 在200例薄层MSCT诊断为支气管扩张者中,厚层MSCT仅检出其中的153例(76.5％),两者有极显著差异(P=0.000);在1200个肺叶中,薄层MSCT检出437个(36.41％)肺叶有支气管扩张,而厚层MSCT仅检出284个(23.67％)肺叶,有极显著差异(P =0.000);在3600个肺段中薄层MSCT检出682个(18.94％)肺段有支气管扩张,而厚层MSCT检出459个(12.75％)肺段,有极显著差异(P=0.000);在支气管扩张范围级别上,厚、薄层在1级范围之间有显著差异,而在2、3级之间并无显著差异;厚层MSCT漏检的支气管扩张都是柱状支气管扩张.结论 在检出局灶性、柱状支气管扩张的能力上薄层MSCT要显著高于厚层MSCT.     

支气管扩张的高分辨率CT诊断价值

目的 评价高分辨率CT(HRCT)在支气管扩张检查中的应用价值.资料与方法 搜集临床可疑支气管扩张及常规CT扫描(层厚8 mm)局部肺纹理增粗者64例,行HRCT扫描(层厚1 mm)、大矩阵和高分辨率骨算法.结果 常规CT可疑者HRCT清晰显示了支气管扩张的部位、类型和范围,可不同程度显示"双轨征"、"树芽征"、"指套征"及"印戒征".64例中常规CT扫描诊断支气管扩张38例(88个肺段),其中柱状型23例,静脉曲张型3例,囊状型12例和混合型26例.HRCT诊断支气管扩张64例(198个肺段),其中柱状型33例,静脉曲张型8例,囊状型23例和混合型42例.结论 HRCT诊断支气管扩张具有更高的敏感性、特异性及准确性,不仅能显示支气管扩张的范围、程度和部位,而且无创伤.可作为诊断支气管扩张的首选检查方法.     

先天性支气管闭锁的多层螺旋CT和X线表现

目的分析先天性支气管闭锁的CT和X线表现，以提高对该病的认识和诊断。方法对11例支气管闭锁患者进行了多层螺旋CT（MSCT）扫描。其中3例经手术证实，6例有支气管镜结果，2例随诊1年以上。肺部常规10mm层厚扫描，在16层螺旋CT机进行1．25mm后处理重组，获得多平面重建（MPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）和最小密度投影（MinIP）图像，记录病变的部位和周围肺组织改变。结果11例病变CT均能显示黏液栓和周围气肿改变，其中3例黏液栓内含气体；x线平片亦能显示全部黏液栓，但仅显示8例气肿改变和2例黏液栓内的气液平。3例支气管闭锁位于左侧，8例位于右侧；发生于段支气管者10例，亚段1例；6例位于肺门旁，5例远离肺门。结论黏液栓和周围肺气肿改变是先天性支气管闭锁的典型表现，在先天性支气管闭锁诊断和鉴别诊断上，多层面螺旋CT能提供比x线平片更多的信息。     

螺旋CT在叶内型肺隔离症诊断中的价值

目的 探讨螺旋CT在叶内型肺隔离症诊断中对异常供血动脉显示的作用和方法。方法 将14例肺隔离症患者的螺旋CT扫描方案分为2组，第1组8例，单层螺旋扫描；层厚3mm，床进4.5mm/s，重建间隔1.5mm者5例，多层螺旋扫描；实际层厚2.5mm，有效层厚3.2mm者3例。对比剂流率2.5ml/s；启动智能扫描探测到腹主动脉上段强化最佳时开始扫描，扫描资料交工作站行三维图像后处理。第2组6例为单层螺旋扫描，其中5例扫描层厚5mm，床进5mm/s；1例扫描层厚10mm，床进10mm/s。结果 病灶位于右下肺2例，左下肺12例，表现肿块者11例，边缘清楚的结节者3例。14例均见异常供血动脉，发自腹主动脉11例，胸主动脉2例，脾动脉1例；其中多层螺旋CT三维图像后处理显示异常供血动脉最佳。上述异常供血动脉均经外科手术证实。引流静脉均未显示。结论 在肺隔离症定性诊断中，多层螺旋CT横断面结合三维图像后处理利于显示异常供血动脉，有可能替代传统的血管造影。     

薄层CT扫描对小叶间裂的临床应用价值

目的：探讨薄层CT扫描对小叶间裂的临床应用价值。方法：本文通过对30例患者进行扫描比较，设备采用日立PRATICO螺旋CT扫描仪，常规CT扫描自肺尖至肺底，采用10mm层厚，层间距10mm；常规CT扫描后，在右肺中间段支气管水平加扫薄层CT，6-8层，采用1、2、3、5mm层厚，层间距≤3mm，所有扫描照相条件肺窗为窗宽1000HU，窗位-550HU。结果：30例患者经常规CT扫描(层厚10mm)显示小叶间裂之形态、宽度与薄层(1、2、3、5mm)扫描比较有显著差异。常规扫描肺窗图象中，小叶间裂显示三角形、片状少血管区占80％，余20％显示不清；而薄层CT显示为弧带状(59％)、C形(32％)或线状(9％)较清晰之稍高或高密度影，未发现一例呈低密度少血管区。结论：薄层CT扫描对了解小叶间裂的正常解剖形态及变异，以及微小病灶在右肺叶的准确定位有重要价值。     

螺旋CT扫描对支气管扩张的诊断价值及限度

目的：探讨螺旋CT扫描在诊断支气管扩张中的应用价值及限度。方法：对26例临床高度怀疑支气管扩张的患者，同时行高分辨CT(HRCT)及螺旋CT(SCT)扫描，并以高分辨CT为对照组，分析螺旋CT扫描对诊断支气管扩张的敏感性及特异性。结果：在26例患者的130个肺叶中，显示有19例患者的24个肺叶为HRCT证实有支气管扩张，其中18例患者的23个肺叶为螺旋CT所显示。以HRCT为对照组，螺旋CT诊断支气管扩张的敏感性为95．8％，特异性为99．1％(其中1例为假阳性)。同时在对轻度柱状支气管扩张，扩张的支气管被黏液栓嵌塞等方面则优干HRCT。结论：螺旋CT扫描对诊断支气管扩张具有高度的敏感性和特异性，并能克服HRCT的某些不足，是目前诊断支气管扩张的一种新方法。但由于扫描时间及射线剂量的限制，对全肺行螺旋CT薄层扫描尚存在一定困难。     

肺结核与鸟细胞内分枝杆菌感染:CT所见比较

作者为比较免疫机能健全的肺结核与鸟细胞内分枝杆菌感染(MAI)患者的CT薄层扫描所见。进一步探讨两者的鉴别,对支气管扩张的发生频率和范围尤为重视。 作者回顾性分析了77例免疫机能健全的活动性肺分枝杆菌感染患者,其中45例为肺结核患者,32例为MAI患者。均通过痰或支气管灌洗液培养;或开胸或针吸活检确诊。39例先进行10mm层厚扫描后,对三个特殊平面进行1～2mm薄层扫描,另38例患者则进行10mm间隔的全肺薄层扫描,还有14例患者进行了静脉注药增强扫描。CT图像经两     

HRCT与支气管造影诊断支气管扩张症的对照研究

目的 评价CT和高分辨率CT（HRCT）在肺段水平诊断支气管扩张症（支扩）的价值。材料与方法 对28例临床诊断为支扩的患者共494个肺段分别行100mm层厚CT、HRCT和支气管造影检查,其中5例进行Spiral CT检查。2位观察者用盲法对支扩的类型和范围进行评价。结果 以支气管造影为金标准,10mm层厚CT诊断支扩的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为65．5％、100％、91．9％;HRCT诊断支扩的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为91．3％、99．7％、97．8％。结论 HRCT诊断支扩的敏感性、特异性、准确性接近支气管造影,可取代大部分支气管造影检查;Spiral CT在支扩的诊断中有更好的应用前景。     

支气管扩张症的影像学比较研究

目的 比较研究4种影像学方法对支气管扩张症(支扩)的诊断价值。资料与方法 对42例临床诊断为支扩的患者分别行胸片、常规CT、HRCT及数字减影支气管造影(DSB)检查。结果 HRCT显示支扩的敏感性为95％，特异性为98％，假阳性率为2％，假阴性率为5％；HRCT与DSB具有良好的一致性。结论 HRCT较其他影像学方法更具优越性；对临床疑为支扩者，应胸片后首选HRCT。     

支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病HRCT诊断

目的 回顾性分析支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病的高分辨率CT(HRCT)表现,探讨HRCT在该病诊断中的价值.方法 收集30例经纤维支气管镜活检、CT导引下穿刺活检或痰培养证实的支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病的临床资料及影像学资料,所有HRCT图像均经2位经验丰富的胸部影像学主任医师阅片并分析总结其征象.结果 30例患者,19例具有多种CT征象,其中树芽征8例,支气管狭窄6例,支气管扩张8例,磨玻璃样密度灶(GGO)8例,腺泡结节10例,结节灶12例,腺泡结节灶伴有晕征4例,结节灶伴有晕征9例,空洞10例.11例具有单一CT征象,树芽征2例,支气管扩张2例,GGO 1例,腺泡结节2例,结节灶伴有晕征2例,空洞2例.30例病例中各征象出现率为:树芽征33.3%,支气管狭窄20%,支气管扩张33.3%,磨玻璃影30%,腺泡结节40%,结节灶46.6%,晕征53.3%,空洞40%.结论 支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病HRCT的主要征象是树芽征、支气管管腔狭窄或扩张,肺内见磨玻璃影、腺泡结节、结节灶,空洞,结节及空洞周围有晕征.支气管扩张合并树芽征、腺泡结节及晕征对诊断本病具有较高的特异性.     

Chest radiographic and computed tomographic manifestations in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

AIM:To investigate the chest radiographic and high resolution computed tomography(HRCT)chest manifestations in glucocorticoid-naive allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis(ABPA)patients.METHODS:This is a prospective observational study and includes 60 consecutive glucocorticoid-naive patients with ABPA who underwent chest radiography and HRCT of the chest(1.25 mm every 10 mm)in the routine diagnostic workup for ABPA.RESULTS:Chest radiographs were normal in 50%of cases.Of the remainder,most patients demonstrated permanent findings in the form of parallel line and ring shadows suggesting bronchiectasis.Consolidation was detected in 17 cases but in the majority,the corresponding HRCT chest scan showed mucus-filled bronchiectatic cavities.Chest HRCT was normal in 22 patients,while central bronchiectasis(CB)was demonstrated in the remaining 38 patients.Bronchiectasis extended to the periphery in 33%-43%depending on the criteria used for defining CB.The other findings observed on HRCT were mucoid impaction,centrilobular nodules and high-attenuation mucus in decreasing order of frequency.CONCLUSION:Patients with ABPA can present with normal HRCT chest scans.Central bronchiectasis cannot be considered a characteristic feature of ABPA as peripheral bronchiectasis is commonly observed.Consolidation is an uncommon finding in ABPA.     

胸部高分辨率CT检查技术的临床应用

笔者对５０例肺部疾病胸部常规ＣＴ和高分辨率ＣＴ（ＨＲＣＴ）图像进行了对照分析。其中特发性肺间质纤维化（ＩＦＰ）８例，肺转移癌５例，支气管扩张１５例，慢性阻塞性肺气肿１５例，周围型肺癌７例，结果表明：ＨＲＣＴ在ＩＦＰ、支气管扩张和肺气肿的显示明显优于常规ＣＴ（Ｐ＜０．００１），在对肺部原发或转移性肿瘤的显示能提供更多的诊断信息。笔者还讨论了ＨＲＣＴ的检查技术和图像后处理，分析了影响ＨＲＣＴ的若干因素，指出通过缩小视野（ＦＯＶ），减少象素做图像的重建放大显示肺部局部结构更为清楚方便，应灵活运用。     

变态反应性支气管肺曲霉菌病的高分辨率CT表现

目的：分析变态反应性支气管肺曲霉菌病的高分辨率CT（HRCT）表现。方法回顾性分析5例变态反应性支气管肺曲霉菌病患者的胸部HRCT的影像特点。结果5例变态反应性支气管肺曲霉菌病患者的胸部HRCT均可见中心性支气管扩张,其中1例可见中心性支气管扩张合并外周支气管扩张。5例均为双侧肺受累,上叶支气管扩张共累及10个肺叶,中叶（或舌叶）支气管扩张共累及8个肺叶,下叶支气管扩张共累及10个肺叶。2例为静脉曲张状、囊状、柱状支气管扩张混合型,2例为囊状和静脉曲张状扩张混合型,1例为囊状支气管扩张。5例患者的扩张支气管内见黏液嵌塞,形成指套样,牙膏状改变,其中2例为稍高密度;3例可见肺实变,2例可见树芽征,1例合并肺纤维化,1例合并肺淋巴结肿大,1例合并胸膜增厚。结论对于具有长期哮喘病史的患者,如HRCT显示有中央支气管扩张,尤其是扩张支气管腔内黏液嵌塞,且较高软组织密度影时,应考虑变态反应性支气管肺曲霉菌病的诊断。     

HRCT轴位加薄层冠状位扫描及容积重建对鼻骨骨折的诊断价值

目的探讨高分辨率CT（HRCT）对鼻骨骨折的诊断价值。方法25例鼻外伤患者均经HRCT轴位扫描及冠状位薄层加三维重建（VR）,对检查结果与数字X线摄影（DR）进行对比分析。结果25例患者中,12例DR侧位X线平片显示鼻骨骨折,而HRCT图像22例显示鼻骨骨折线,其中,粉碎性骨折14例,线性骨折8例;单侧骨折15例,双侧骨折7例;横型骨折11例,纵形骨折2例,斜形骨折9例;合并上颌骨额突骨折12例。容积重建（VR）及冠状位像显示全部患者鼻骨骨折线。结论轴位HRCT扫描加冠状面重律对鼻骨骨折的诊断晶可靠．其敏感性显著优于DR。     

呼气相肺部高分辨力CT扫描的临床应用研究

目的:探讨在不增加放射剂量的情况下HRCT呼气相肺容积测定,对存在小气道异常的弥散性肺疾病的临床应用价值。方法:45例研究对象行吸气末和呼气末屏气HRCT全肺扫描(层厚1.25mm,间隔20mm,骨算法)并进行冠状面图像重组,测定肺容积。结果:45例患者呼气相HRCT表现为支气管扩张、气管及支气管软化、全小叶型肺气肿、空气潴留等。呼气相HRCT对与空气潴留区相通的气道显示率达100%,冠状面重组图像对空气潴留的范围和分布所提供的诊断信息达到90%,与吸气相HRCT相比,差异均有极显著性意义(P<0.0001)。结论:在不增加患者有效的照射剂量或不降低图像质量的情况下,HRCT呼气相肺容积测定技术可以获得容积数据对显示气道病变及空气潴留区域的范围和分布有重要价值。     

Comparison between conventional interrupted high-resolution CT and volume multidetector CT acquisition in the assessment of bronchiectasis

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is superior diagnostic accuracy for the detection and exclusion of bronchiectasis using 16-slice CT of the chest (1 mm) compared with conventional high-resolution CT (HRCT) of the chest (10 mm). A prospective study was carried out in patients who were referred for chest CT by a chest physician for the investigation of bronchiectasis over a 1-year period. All scans were performed using a 16-slice CT scanner. In addition to contiguous 1 mm slices, conventional HRCT images (1 mm slice every 10 mm) were prepared. Both datasets were dual read. There were 53 patients with a median age of 62 years (range, 51.5–71.5 years), comprising 14 males and 39 females. 10 of 53 scans had no bronchiectasis in either dataset. 36 patients had bronchiectasis diagnosed on both HRCT and 1 mm scans. Two patients had tubular bronchiectasis on the HRCT scans, which was not confirmed on the 1 mm scans. Five patients had confirmed tubular bronchiectasis on the 1 mm scans, which was not identified on HRCT scans. 40 extra lobes demonstrated bronchiectasis on the 1 mm vs the HRCT scans; of these, half were labelled as definite bronchiectasis on the 1 mm scan. There was a 32% increased confidence with the 1 mm scans compared with conventional HRCT of the chest in the diagnosis of bronchiectasis (p < 0.001). In conclusion, there is improved diagnostic accuracy and confidence for diagnosis and exclusion of bronchiectasis using 16-slice chest CT (1 mm cuts) compared with conventional HRCT of the chest.Bronchiectasis is a chronic disabling lung disease affecting between 1 in 1000 and 1 in 5000 of the general population. Pathologically, patients have irreversibly dilated and damaged bronchi. This leads to patients having a daily productive cough and recurrent chest infections.High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest is the gold standard for the diagnosis of bronchiectasis. For diagnosis, patients should have bronchial dilatation at least greater than the associated arterial vessel [1–5]. There may be associated bronchial wall thickening and mucus plugging. The extent of bronchiectasis is determined by the number of lobes involved and the severity of bronchiectasis, varying from mild tubular bronchiectasis to severe cystic bronchiectasis. There has been shown to be good interobserver agreement for the detection and assessment of the severity of bronchiectasis using HRCT [6], with good pathological correlation [7].The aim of this study was to assess whether there is any difference in determining the extent and severity of bronchiectasis, and also if there is an improvement in the degree of confidence in diagnosis, using 16-slice CT of the chest using 1 mm contiguous slices compared with conventional HRCT using 1 mm slices every 10 mm.     

Apical opacity associated with pulmonary tuberculosis: high-resolution CT findings

To elucidate the nature of the apical opacity that is commonly seen in patients with tuberculosis--usually referred to as an "apical cap" or "apical pleural thickening"--18 patients with upper lobe tuberculosis were studied with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). All had a homogeneous apical opacity at least 1 cm thick on chest radiographs. Fifteen of the 18 had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis of more than 5 years duration, and nine showed evidence of ipsilateral pleurisy. HRCT scans at the apex of the thorax in all nine patients scanned at this level showed that extrapleural fat with interspersed vessels accounted for most of the plain radiographic opacity. Scans obtained at a level slightly above visible aerated lung showed extrapleural fat 3-25 mm thick peripherally and atelectatic lung centrally. At more caudal levels, at which both aerated lung and "thickened pleura" were visible on plain radiographs, HRCT showed extrapleural fat (3-20 mm thick), thickened pleura (1-3 mm thick), and atelectatic lung peripherally and areas of emphysematous bullae, bronchiectasis, and atelectatic lung centrally.