念珠菌感染的病原学及危险因素研究

目的:探讨住院患者念珠菌感染的病原学特征以及发生的相关危险因素。方法:对2006年4月1日到2008年3月31日间住院的1170例患者进行念珠菌感染的病原学研究;采用病例对照研究,对1170例念珠菌感染者和1220例无念珠菌感染者进行对比分析,应用SPSS13.0统计软件分析念珠菌感染发生的危险因素。结果:(1)从不同部位共分离出念珠菌1258株,以白念珠菌895株(71.14%)为最多、其次为光滑念珠菌(10.73%)、克柔念珠菌(10.26%)、热带念珠菌(3.42%)、近平滑念珠菌(2.78%)、葡萄牙念珠菌(1.67%);(2)单因素统计学分析结果显示住院患者念珠菌感染由多种因素造成;Logistic多因素回归分析结果显示:性别、年龄、病原菌检测时间、基础疾病、白蛋白值、预防性使用抗念珠菌药物、使用免疫抑制剂以及有创的检查和治疗是住院患者念珠菌感染的独立危险因素。结论:白念珠菌仍为住院患者念珠菌感染的主要病原菌;早期诊治基础疾病、合理规范应用检查和治疗手段是预防念珠菌感染的关键。     

西藏自治区15个县妇女住院分娩率及影响因素分析

目的了解西藏地区15个项目县住院分娩率及相关的影响因素.方法采用横断面设计及分层多阶段随机抽样的方法,对西藏自治区15个项目县3岁以下儿童及其母亲进行问卷调查.结果调查获得1512名妇女.被调查地区妇女的住院分娩率为40.2%.单因素分析显示：结婚年龄大、初产妇、有副业收入来源、居住地为农区、有孕产期保健宣传指导、有产前检查、产前检查次数多、产前检查医院级别高、有动员住院分娩、对安全分娩有正确的认识与住院分娩率高有关联.多因素分析发现与住院分娩仍有关联的因素为有无产前检查、有无动员住院分娩及对安全分娩的认识.结论调查地区的住院分娩率仍然很低,产前检查和产前宣教动员与住院分娩有显著关联,建议加强对该地区孕产妇的产前保健和宣教动员.     

New integrated care models in England associated with small reduction in hospital admissions in longer-term: A difference-in-differences analysis

Closer integration of health and social care services has become a cornerstone policy in many developed countries, but there is still debate over what population and service level is best to target. In England, the 2019 Long Term Plan for the National Health Service included a commitment to spread the integration prototypes piloted under the Vanguard `New Care Models’ programme. The programme, running from 2015 to 2018, was one of the largest pilots in English history, covering around 9 % of the population. It was largely intended to design prototypes aimed at reducing hospital utilisation by moving specialist care out of hospital into the community and by fostering coordination of health, care and rehabilitation services for (i) the whole population (‘population-based sites’), or (ii) care home residents (‘care home sites’).We evaluate and compare the efficacy of the population-based and care home site integrated care models in reducing hospital utilisation. We use area-level monthly counts of emergency admissions and bed-days obtained from administrative data using a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences design.We found that Vanguard sites had higher hospital utilisation than non-participants in the pre-intervention period. In the post-intervention period, there is clear evidence of a substantial increase in emergency admissions among non-Vanguard sites. The Vanguard integrated care programme slowed the rise in emergency admissions, especially in care home sites and in the third and final year. There was no significant reduction in bed-days.In conclusion, integrated care policies should not be relied upon to make large reductions in hospital activity in the short-run, especially for population-based models.     

A study evaluating poliovirus antibodies and risk factors associated with polio seropositivity in low socioeconomic areas of Pakistan

Background

Seroprevalence studies provide important data on performance of immunization programs, susceptible groups and populations at-risk of future outbreaks. Identifying risk factors that affect seroconversion of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) will enable the polio eradication initiatives to increase seroprevalence. This paper describes the first population-based seroprevalence survey in Pakistan.

Methods

This study evaluated the seroprevalence of poliovirus (PV) types 1, 2, and 3 antibodies to OPV in an illustrative sample of 554 subjects 6–11 months of age in three geographic locations of Pakistan (Lahore, Karachi, and Peshawar) representing a low socioeconomic at-risk populations. Antibody titers were measured and sero protection rates and geometric median titers were compared among different geographic regions and populations, as were demographics and OPV vaccination history collected by questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on subject characteristics to assess for potential risk factors for failure to sero-convert.

Results

The average seroprevalence of PV1, PV2, and PV3 was 96.0%, 87.9% and 86.7%, respectively. The lowest sero protection rate for all three serotypes was for Karachi with 90.2%, 73.8%, and 78.8% for PV1, PV2, and PV3, respectively. Significant regional variation in PV3 seroprevalence was found (range: 74.2–100%). In the univariate analysis, age, total and campaign OPV doses were associated with higher seroprevalence, whereas stunting, respondent education and diarrhea in the past six months were significant risk factors for failure to sero-convert.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate consistently high levels of antibody response to PV1 and more geographically varied response to PV2 and PV3. Additionally, important risk factors affecting seropositivity were identified.     

植入物医院感染的危险因素调查分析

目的调查分析综合医院植入物医院感染的危险因素,为控制植入物后医院感染管理工作提供更有效的措施。方法采用回顾性调查方法,对医院2007-2009年1287例植入物的医院感染进行调查分析。结果植入物医院感染73例,感染率为5.67%;其中金属器械植入后医院感染58例,占79.45%;其危险因素主要与急诊手术、开放性创口、手术时间、年龄及住院时间长短有密切相关。结论分析植入物医院感染的危险因素,加强植入物及危险因素的管理,是防止植入物医院感染的重要措施。     

日本医疗法的五次修改与医院管理

日本从1947年颁布医疗法以来,经历了5次较大的修改.每一次医疗法的修改都是根据当时医疗界存在的主要问题进行及时的调整:从区域卫生规划的制定到特定功能医院的成立,从疗养病床的划分到照顾保险制度的实施,从医疗法人的出现到社会医疗法人的建立,从医疗机构非营利性的强化到医疗信息系统的建设,旨在为国民提供安全和安心的医疗服务.日本医疗法的修改与医院管理密切相关,其经验对我国医药卫生体制改革具有一定的借鉴意义.     

神经内科重症监护病房患者医院获得性肺炎危险因素分析

目的探讨神经内科重症监护病房（NICU）患者医院获得性肺炎（HAP）的危险因素。方法对住NICU≥5d的207例NICU患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,判断可能导致HAP的危险因素。结果HAP发生率为14．01％（29／207）。相关分析结果显示,高龄、意识障碍、吞咽困难、呕吐、低前白蛋白血症、住NICU时间〉130d、留置鼻胃管、抑酸药物使用、气管插管、气管切开、机械通气和支气管镜深部吸痰与HAP的发生相关（JP〈0．05或〈0．01）,而血糖、镇静药物使用与HAP的发生无关（P〉0．05）。结论NICU患者HAP发生率高,积极采取综合防范措施,减少危险因素,可以有效控制NICU患者发生HAP。     

212例妇科手术患者医院感染危险因素分析

目的 同顾性分析妇科手术患者医院感染的危险因素,为有效地控制和减少妇科医院感染提供依据.方法 医院2008年1月-2009年1月妇科手术患者212例,其中14例出现医院感染为感染组,选取同一时期同一病区未发生医院感染患者作为对照组,两组之间计量资料的比较采用t检验,计数资料的比较采用x2检验,妇科手术患者医院感染危险因素的分析采用多因素logistic回归分析法.结果 妇科手术患者医院感染的发生率为6.6％;t、x2检验结果提示,年龄、是否伴有慢性疾病、手术时间、卧床时间、住院时间、术后留管为医院感染相关因素;多因素logistic回归分析结果:伴有慢性疾病、手术时间长、住院时间长、术后留置导管均进入回归方程.结论 伴有慢性疾病、手术时间长、住院时间长、术后留置导管均为医院感染的独立危险因素.     

骨科患者感染的危险因素调查

目的 对骨科患者感染的危险因素进行调查,研究预防感染的控制措施,以降低医院感染率.方法 对医院骨科2009年8月—2011年6月2226例住院患者的病历资料进行回顾性调查分析.结果 2226例骨科住院患者中发生医院感染81例,感染率为3.64％;最主要的感染部位为泌尿系统,占64.20％,其次是手术切口、上呼吸道、皮肤及软组织、下呼吸道;主要的危险因素为抗菌药物使用、侵入性操作、原发疾病;8l例患者中经手术治疗的71例,占87.65％;留置尿管63例,占77.78％,治疗中经验使用抗菌药物72例,占88.89％,使用＞2种抗菌药物46例,占56.79％,是主要的危险因素之一;从培养的菌株显示,以革兰阴性菌为主,共40株,占49.38％,革兰阳性菌32株,占39.51％,真菌9株,占11.11％.结论 骨科患者感染的危险因素是多方面的,对骨科患者的治疗应严格按照岗位标准操作规程进行操作,对各环节治疗均进行严格的质量控制,合理使用抗菌药物,以降低医院感染的发生率.     

脑卒中相关性肺炎危险因素分析

目的探讨脑卒中相关性肺炎(SAP)的危险因素。方法收集2009年1月-2010年9月神经内科住院的脑卒中患者1229例进行统计分析,并与同期心内科住院冠心病并发肺炎患者进行比较。结果 125例脑卒中患者发生SAP,发生率10.17%;其中早发性肺炎71例占56.8%,晚发性肺炎54例占43.2%;与对照组相比,年龄、心脏病、肺部疾病、肿瘤、卧床、意识障碍、吞咽障碍比例在SAP组显著升高,早发性肺炎组心脏病、意识障碍、吞咽障碍比例显著升高,而晚发性肺炎组肿瘤患者比例显著升高;早发性肺炎病原菌前3位依次为肺炎克雷伯菌7株占20.6%,大肠埃希菌6株占17.6%,金黄色葡萄球菌5株占14.7%;晚发性肺炎致病菌前3位依次为肺炎克雷伯菌5株占14.7%,金黄色葡萄球菌4株占11.8%,鲍氏不动杆菌4株占11.8%;与心内科冠心病并发肺炎者相比,SAP组糖尿病、卧床、意识障碍、吞咽障碍比例显著升高;两组间病原菌分布差异无统计学意义。结论 SAP危险因素众多,早发性及晚发性肺炎危险因素不同,卧床、意识障碍、吞咽障碍是SAP独特的危险因素。     

Increases in asthma hospital admissions associated with the end of the summer vacation for school-age children with asthma in two cities from England and Scotland

In school-age asthmatics, an increase in hospitalizations has been reported in early autumn. This increase in admissions is conjectured to be associated with the return back to school. In the UK schools in England complete their summer vacations 2 weeks later than in Scotland and so there should be a lag between the two countries in the increase in asthma episode. Daily hospital asthma admission data from Aberdeen (in Scotland) and Doncaster (in England) for the period July 23rd to October 8th for years 1999-2004 were included in the analysis. There are peaks in hospitalization after the return back to school for both Aberdeen and Doncaster with the peak for Doncaster appearing 2 weeks after Aberdeen. This study has demonstrated peaks in admissions in school-age children around the return back to school in two cities where different school return dates were reflected in a 2-week lag effect. These data therefore provide strong evidence that peaks in admissions are associated with the end of the summer holidays.     

血液科住院患者医院感染影响因素分析

目的探讨血液科患者医院感染发生率及引起医院感染的相关高危因素,以期为医院感染的预防控制提供参考。方法回顾性分析2012年1月-2013年6月538例血液病患者临床资料,分析医院感染发生率及相关危险因素,数据采用SPSS16.0软件进行统计分析,多因素分析采用非条件多因素logistic回归分析。结果 538例患者发生医院感染76例、93例次,感染率为14.13%、例次感染率为17.29%;其中急性白血病患者医院感染率最高,为28.05%,其次为淋巴瘤患者26.88%,原发性血小板减少性紫癜患者医院感染率最低为2.20%;患者医院感染部位主要为呼吸系统,占51.61%,其次为血液、泌尿系统,分别占17.20%、11.83%;非条件多因素logistic回归分析,患者有院外感染、粒细胞缺乏、使用经外周静脉留置中心静脉导管(PICC)、化疗、有使用免疫抑制剂,患有急性白血病、多发性骨髓瘤、慢性白血病、骨髓增生异常综合征、恶性淋巴瘤等恶性血液病,以上因素存在是引起患者发生医院感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论血液科患者医院感染发生率较高,引起患者医院感染发生的危险因素较多,在患者入院后分析相关危险因素,进行针对性的预防,是降低医院感染发生的有效措施。     

Identifying the insured and uninsured in rural America: an empirical discriminant analysis

PurposeThis present study sought to investigate whether there were factors that could discriminate insured from uninsured rural Americans.MethodsData for four groups were used: 34 uninsured, 102 government-insured (GP), 324 private- or employer-insured (PEP), and 96 both government- and private- or employer-insured (GPEP). A discriminant analysis was conducted on the four groups, using group membership as the dependent variable; age, education, income, attitude to insurance, emergency room visit, chronic disease prevalence were the independent variables.FindingsThe analysis yielded three discriminant functions, however the only significant function was the one that discriminated the PEP-insured individuals from the other groups. About 48% of the cases were classified correctly with the significant discriminant function.ConclusionThe findings of this study can serve as a baseline for future research seeking to eradicate barriers to getting health insurance among the uninsured in rural America.     

Household and socioeconomic factors associated with childhood febrile illnesses and treatment seeking behaviour in an area of epidemic malaria in rural Ethiopia

To assess household and socioeconomic factors associated with childhood febrile illnesses and treatment seeking behaviour, a study was conducted in Adami Tulu district in Ethiopia during the peak malaria transmission season in 2003. All mothers/caretakers of children <5 years of age were interviewed regarding their household characteristics, history of febrile illness (malaria) among children and actions taken 2 weeks prior to the survey. Of 3873 children, 21% had experienced fever in the past 2 weeks. Household ownership of a mosquito net (odds ratio (OR)=0.4, 95% CI 0.3-0.7) and prior spraying of the house with aerosols (OR=0.7, 95% CI 0.5-0.9) or DDT (OR=0.8, 95% CI 0.6-0.9) were associated with lower risk of febrile illnesses, whilst sharing the house with livestock increased the risk (OR=1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6). Treatment was sought for 87% of febrile children, with public facilities, private clinics and community health workers accessed fairly equally (26-27%). Home management was uncommon (6.4%). More febrile children from households in the middle (37.1%) and highest (44.6%) wealth categories sought treatment within 24h compared with the lowest category (18.3%). Widescale use of vector control measures such as mosquito nets and insecticide spraying of houses can effectively reduce the incidence of febrile illnesses among children.     

Decreasing length of maternal hospital stay is not associated with increased readmission rates

Objective: To investigate changes in maternal length of postnatal stay by mode of birth and hospital type, and examine concurrent maternal readmission rates and reasons for readmission. Methods: Linked birth and hospital separation data were used to investigated mothers’ birth admissions (n=597,475) and readmissions (n=19,094) in the six weeks post‐birth in New South Wales, 2001–2007. Outcomes were postnatal length of stay (mean days) and rate of readmission per 100 deliveries. Poisson regression was used to investigate annual readmission rates and Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney test was used to compare length of readmission stays. Results: The overall mean postnatal length of stay declined from 3.7 days in 2001 to 3.4 days in 2007. Private hospitals had longer stays after Caesarean and vaginal deliveries, but mean length of stay fell for both private and public hospitals, and both modes of birth. The maternal readmission rate fell from 3.4% in 2001 to 3.0% in 2007. Leading primary diagnoses at readmission following vaginal birth were postpartum haemorrhage and breast/ lactation complications and following Caesarean section were wound complications and breast/ lactation complications. Conclusions: Despite the decrease in mean length of stay for birth admissions, there was no increase, and in fact a decrease, in the rate of postnatal readmissions. Implications: Current practices in hospital length of stay and care for women giving birth do not appear to be having serious adverse health effects as measured by readmissions.     

泌尿外科患者医院感染的危险因素分析

目的 探讨泌尿外科患者医院感染的危险因素,并提出相应对策.方法 选取近3年泌尿外科收治的患者450例,对其年龄、留置导尿管时间、住院时间、合并糖尿病及其高血压、合并肝肾功能不全、是否使用抗菌药物等影响因素进行分析,考察其是否为危险因素;对医院感染患者的感染部位和病原菌类型进行分析.结果 年龄＞60岁、留置导管时间过长、住院天数＞7d、合并糖尿病或高血压、合并肝肾功能不全以及使用抗菌药物等因素为泌尿外科住院患者医院感染的危险因素,结果差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);感染部位中以泌尿道和呼吸道感染为主,分别占54.8％、26.2％,病原菌主要为革兰阴性菌占52.4％.结论 对于年龄＞60岁、留置导管时间过长、住院天数过久、伴随有并发症且使用抗菌药物进行治疗的患者应予以重视,采取相应措施,降低医院感染率,促进患者早日痊愈.     

足月低出生体重儿危险因素的Meta分析

目的 综合评价足月低出生体重儿的危险因素。方法 检索中文数据库（中国生物医学文献数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、数字化期刊全文数据库）、英文数据库（Medline、Embase）中1980年至2016年2月25日期间公开发表的相关文献,并按照事先确定的纳入与排除标准剔除不符合要求的文献,对纳入文献采用Stata 13.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入23篇文献,包含278 020例研究对象。胎儿性别为女（合并OR=1.60,95% CI：1.49～1.72）、产前检查次数较少（合并OR=1.81,95% CI：1.54～2.11）、母亲被动吸烟（合并OR=1.49,95% CI：1.08～2.06）、妊娠期高血压（合并OR=2.96,95% CI：1.85～4.74）、羊水过少（合并OR=2.71,95% CI：1.87～3.93）是足月低出生体重儿的危险因素。结论 针对足月低出生体重儿的危险因素,应鼓励孕妇产前检查,及时发现并诊治孕妇妊娠期合并症,并通过相关宣教促使孕妇主动避免被动吸烟,从而提升新生儿出生质量。     

老年住院患者医院感染的危险因素分析

目的探讨心内科老年住院患者医院感染的高危因素,为可行的预防措施提供依据。方法回顾性分析2010年1月-2013年1月在心内科进行治疗的1 365例老年住院患者临床资料,比较患者性别、心功能、住院时间、抗菌药物使用、侵入性操作、合并其他疾病等,对可能导致医院感染发生的影响因素进行非条件logistic回归分析,确定影响心内科老年患者医院感染的独立因素。结果心内科1 365例老年患者中108例发生医院感染,感染率7.91%;感染患者心功能减低、住院时间长、抗菌药物使用、侵入性操作、合并其他疾病、非单间病房是发生感染的相关危险因素;多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,心功能降低、住院时间长、抗菌药物使用、侵入性操作、合并其他疾病是心内科老年患者发生感染的独立危险因素。结论心功能低下、住院时间长、抗菌药物使用、侵入性操作、合并其他疾病是心内科老年住院患者医院感染的高危因素,针对以上因素,做好预防和控制措施能够有效地减少医院感染的发生,确保医疗安全。     

糖尿病住院患者医院感染危险因素对照研究

目的探讨糖尿病住院患者合并医院感染的危险因素。方法回顾性分析1620例糖尿病患者住院病历,将合并医院感染者作为观察组,按1∶2选择同期无医院感染糖尿病患者作为对照组,对感染可能因素先进行单因素分析,将有显著意义的因素赋值后进行多因素非条件logistic分析。结果医院感染发生率为8.64%;单因素分析9个变量是医院感染危险因素,logistic回归分析结果筛选出高龄、侵入性操作、血糖水平高、预防性应用抗菌药物是独立危险因素。结论糖尿病住院患者医院感染发生率较高,影响因素较多,应密切监测高龄患者;减少侵入性操作,控制血糖水平,合理应用抗菌药物,降低医院感染的发生。     

一氧化碳中毒并发迟发性脑病的危险因素分析

目的 探讨一氧化碳(CO)中毒并发迟发性脑病(DE)的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析249例CO中毒患者的病历资料,记录性别、年龄、CO接触时间、出现中毒症状至就诊时间、中毒后是否合并意识障碍、氧疗方式,采用单因素x2检验筛选DE的危险因素,将有统计学意义的变量进行非条件Logistic回归分析.结果 年龄和CO接触时间与DE的发生有关,60～75岁年龄段发生DE的风险是3～17岁年龄段的3.236倍,是18～ 59岁年龄段的2.119倍;CO接触时间≥12h发生DE的风险是＜12h的4.338倍.结论 年龄≥60岁和CO接触时间≥12h是DE的独立危险因素.CO中毒的老年患者容易发生DE;及早脱离CO接触是预防DE发生的重要措施.