血液透析病人并发高血压应用降压药物处方分析

目的 调查血液透析病人并发高血压降压药物使用情况,探讨药物使用的合理性,为临床合理用药提供参考.方法 收集某医院2015年1-3月血液透析病人高血压用药的电子处方,对各类药物的用药频率及联合用药情况进行分析.结果 在含有高血压药物的处方中,最为常用的抗高血压药物依次为钙通道阻滞剂(CCB)、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂(ARB)、β-受体阻滞剂(β-RB)和血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI).抗高血压药应用频率最高为硝苯地平控释片,处方中采用单一用药进行降压的占44.00%,二联占30.00%,三联及其以上占26.00%.结论 某医院血液透析病人并发高血压降压用药基本符合当前高血压治疗原则及个体化治疗方案,无滥用药物情况,但仍需提高用药的合理性.     

Evaluation of applying drug dose adjustment by physicians in patients with renal impairment

ObjectiveTo determine whether appropriate dose adjustment was taken into account or not by the physicians when prescribing drugs in patients with renal impairment.DesignA retrospective chart review was performed and included 98 adult in-patients, diagnosed with renal impairment based on clinical evaluation and laboratory data, in King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, who was admitted to the hospital from September 2005 to January 2011. Data of the patients were noted and recorded including baseline demographics, clinical data, laboratory data, renal state, treatment data and medications.ResultsThe initial number of the patients was reduced to 80 where a total of 502 drugs were investigated in the present study with an average of six drugs per patient. Of these 502 studied drugs, 196 (39%) required dose adjustment where 92 (46.9%) were adjusted and 104 (53.1%) were not adjusted. It was found also that most of the drugs requiring dose adjustment were antibiotics (39.8%).ConclusionThe current study confirms that physicians still do not take into account sufficiently patients’ renal function when prescribing drugs. Continuous medical education and collaboration with clinical pharmacist should be encouraged for quality improvement in patients with renal impairment.     

Garenoxacin pharmacokinetics in subjects with renal impairment*

ABSTRACT

Objective: This open-label, parallel-group study determined the pharmacokinetics of garenoxacin in subjects with severe renal impairment, including subjects maintained on dialysis.

Research design and methods: Subjects were assigned to one of four groups according to their underlying renal function: creatinine clearance (CL_cr) > 80?mL/min, CL_cr < 30?mL/min, hemodialysis (HD), and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Subjects received a single oral 600?mg dose of garenoxacin. Administration of garenoxacin to subjects receiving hemodialysis was completed in two phases separated by 14 days: 3?h before HD (phase 1) and immediately after HD (phase 2).

Main outcome measures: Plasma and urine or dialysate samples were analyzed for garenoxacin, and single-dose pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. Safety was assessed.

Results: Twenty-five subjects received garenoxacin. Compared with healthy controls, garenoxacin area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration were increased by 51% and lowered by 20%, respectively, in subjects with severe renal impairment. The terminal half-life was prolonged in subjects with severe renal impairment compared with healthy controls (26.5 ± 7?h vs 14.4 ± 3?h, respectively). In subjects receiving HD or CAPD, removal of garenoxacin from systemic circulation was relatively inefficient (HD, 1.5–11.5%; CAPD, 3%), suggesting no need for a supplemental dose of garenoxacin after dialysis. Garenoxacin was well tolerated.

Conclusions: Based on the broad therapeutic index of garenoxacin, the effects of renal impairment on garenoxacin exposure are not considered clinically significant. There was a modest increase in AUC in subjects with severe renal impairment and the magnitude of the changes was not considered clinically relevant.     

我院老年住院患者潜在不适当用药情况分析

目的回顾性分析我院老年住院患者潜在的不适当用药情况。方法以STOPP&START用药审核提示表为依据,对我院464份年龄≥65岁的老年住院患者病历进行评价,获得老年患者潜在性不适当用药情况。结果 464份老年住院患者平均年龄(78.7±6.9)岁,平均用药数量11种,85例(18%)存在潜在不适当用药现象共91项,127例(27%)存在处方遗漏现象共212项。结论以STOPP&START用药审核提示表可以筛查出老年住院患者潜在不适当用药情况,应作为临床处方的参考,保证老年人合理用药。     

瑞舒伐他汀联合厄贝沙坦对原发性高血压早期肾损伤患者肾脏功能及其他实验室指标的影响

目的 探讨瑞舒伐他汀联合厄贝沙坦对原发性高血压早期肾损伤患者肾脏功能及实验室指标的影响。方法 将原发性高血压早期肾损伤患者60例随机分为两组,分别给予厄贝沙坦单用(对照组)和与瑞舒伐他汀联用(试验组);比较两组患者肾功能及实验室指标,评价其临床疗效。结果 对照组患者治疗后总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)及高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)水平分别为(5.65±1.36)mmol/L、(2.18±0.85)mmol/L、(3.70±0.97)mmol/L、(1.18±0.63)mmol/L;试验组患者治疗后TC、TG、LDL-C及HDL-C水平分别为(3.94±0.80)mmol/L、(1.62±0.46)mmol/L、(2.26±0.64)mmol/L、(1.45±0.73)mmol/L;对照组患者治疗后血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)及24 h尿白蛋白定量水平分别为(79.15±17.25)mmol/L、(5.37±1.07)mmol/L、(73.54±16.34)mmol/L;试验组患者治疗后Scr、BUN及24 h尿白蛋白定量水平分别为(75.70±14.84)mmol/L、(4.92±0.98)mmol/L、(57.32±12.94)mmol/L;试验组患者治疗后血脂和肾脏功能指标均显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);试验组患者治疗后β2-MG、Cys-C、hs-CRP及ET-1水平均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 瑞舒伐他汀联合厄贝沙坦治疗原发性高血压早期肾损伤患者效果确切。     

Development and validation of explicit criteria to identify potentially inappropriate prescribing for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BackgroundEarly detection and timely resolution of potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) prevents adverse outcomes and improves patient care. An explicit tool specifically designed to detect PIP among people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has not been published.ObjectivesThis study aims to develop and validate the Inappropriate Medication Prescribing Assessment Criteria for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (IMPACT2DM); an explicit tool that can be used to identify PIP for adults with T2DM.MethodsCurrent national and international guidelines for the management of T2DM and drug information software programs were used to generate potential items. The content of the IMPACT2DM was validated by 2 consecutive rounds of Delphi method. Physicians and clinical pharmacists experienced in providing care for people with diabetes and authors of selected diabetes guidelines were invited to participate in the Delphi panel. Consensus was assumed if 90% (first round) and 85% (second round) of expert panelists showed agreement to include or exclude an item.ResultsA total of 95 potential items were generated from selected diabetes guidelines and drug information software programs. After the first Delphi round 27 items had ≥90% agreement and were included in the tool; 19 items were considered not PIP and were excluded from the tool. The second round contained 49 items; of these 43 were included and 6 were excluded from the tool. The final IMPACT2DM contains 70 items categorized by type of PIP and arranged in terms of medical conditions and medication classes. IMPACT2DM can be applied using information on medical charts and requires minimal or no clinical knowledge to assess quality of diabetes care and improve medication selection.ConclusionsIMPACT2DM has been developed from current quality evidence and undergone content validation. It is the first explicit tool specifically designed to identify PIP for adults with T2DM.     

Pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin administered intramuscularly to rabbits with experimentally-induced renal impairment

The pharmacokinetics of Cefoxitin were studied in rabbits with normal renal function and with varying degrees of renal impairment induced experimentally by uranyl nitrate. All animals received a single intramuscular (i.m.) dose of 40 mg kg^?1 of the antibiotic. The concentrations of Cefoxitin were determined in plasma, urine, and bile by a microbiologic plate diffusion method. The antibiotic follows a two-compartment open kinetic model. In rabbits with renal impairment there is a decrease in α, β K₁₂, K₁₂, K_a and an increase in V_d and the (AUC) with respect to the values obtained for rabbits with normal renal function. Linear relationships are established between log β and logK₁₃ and the serum creatinine. Biliary excretion of Cefoxitin is increased in states of renal impairment. A linear relationship is established between the percentage of the dose excreted in bile and the serum creatinine.     

Nimesulide and renal impairment

Objectives: To analyse from spontaneous reporting data the renal adverse reactions associated with the use of nimesulide. Methods: Case reports were obtained from a Northern Italian Regional database (Veneto Pharmacovigilance System), containing all the spontaneous reports filed between 1988 and 1997. The Veneto Region is the principal contributor to the Italian spontaneous reporting system, with an annual report rate of approximately 17 per 100 000 inhabitants. The clinical records of hospitalized patients were also analysed. Results: Of the 120 reports associated with oral nimesulide, 11 referred to suspected renal adverse reactions. The drug was taken by ten patients for a short period. All the patients discontinued the therapy and hospitalization was required in six cases. Other risk factors were identified in six cases. Discussion: Together with the new insights into the possible consequences of renal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition, the reported cases should draw the attention of doctors and patients to the importance of recognizing any possible signs of renal impairment during nimesulide therapy, although only extensive epidemiological data can define the real impact of its renal toxicity. Received: 27 July 1998/ Accepted in revised form: 23 November 1998     

慢性心力衰竭患者肾脏损害与成纤维细胞生长因子23的相关性分析

目的 探讨慢性心力衰竭患者肾脏损害与成纤维细胞生长因子23（FGF23）的相关性.方法 289例慢性心力衰竭患者,根据肾小球滤过率（eGFR）结果将入选的289例患者分为3组：肾功能正常组,肾功能轻度下降组和肾功能中、重度下降组.入院时采血测定患者血清FGF23水平、N末端B型钠尿肽（NT-proBNP）及肾功能指标肌酐、尿素氮和计算eGFR,心脏彩色超声测定左室射血分数（LVEF）和左心室舒张末内径（LVEDD）等.结果 3组患者心肾功能的恶化趋势一致.FGF23水平随着肾功能的恶化明显升高,肾功能中重度下降的患者血清FGF223明显高于肾功能轻度下降和正常组患者（P＜0.05）.在慢性心力衰竭患者中,血清FGF23水平与肾功能指标尿素氮、肌酐和eGFR均呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.532、0.686、0.783,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.血清FGF23水平与心功能指标NT-proBNP呈正相关（r=0.652,P＜0.05）,与射血分数呈负相关（r=-0.521,P＜0.05）.结论 心力衰竭程度、心力衰竭肾脏损伤程度与血清高水平FGF23有关.     

Pharmacokinetics of atenolol in patients with renal impairment

Summary The pharmacokinetics of atenolol, a new cardioselective -adrenoceptor blocking agent, were determined following both acute and chronic dosing in 33 hypertensive patients with widely differing levels of renal impairment. In patients with normal renal function the atenolol half-life was calculated to be about six hours following single 100 mg oral doses. This value increased markedly in patients with renal insufficiency and the blood clearance of atenolol was found to have a significant correlation with the glomerular filtration rate. This demonstrated the importance of the kidneys in the elimination of the drug. After 8 weeks oral treatment with atenolol (100 mg twice daily) a significant decrease in blood pressure, heart rate and plasma renin activity was observed, but no correlation was established between the blood levels of atenolol and any of its pharmacodynamic effects. A positive correlation was found however between the anti-hypertensive action of atenolol and the pretreatment value of the plasma renin activity.     

Beers标准回顾性评价老年住院患者存在的潜在不适当用药

目的回顾性调查我院老年住院患者潜在的不适当用药情况。方法以Beers判断标准(2012版)为依据,对我院350份65岁以上老年住院患者病例进行评价,分析老年患者潜在不适当用药情况。结果患者平均年龄为78岁,平均用药数量16种,64例(18.3%)存在潜在不适当用药,12例(3.4%)存在与疾病状态相关的潜在不适当用药。结论老年住院患者潜在不适当用药发生率较高,应引起临床的重视,以保证老年人合理用药。     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ranitidine in renal impairment

Objective: The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ranitidine were examined in subjects with varying degrees of renal function to determine the effect of this condition on acid-antisecretory activity. Methods: Subjects with creatinine clearances (C_Cr) ranging from 0 to 213 ml · min⁻¹ received single 50-mg and 25-mg i.v. doses of ranitidine. This was followed by determination of serum and urine ranitidine concentrations, and continuous gastric pH monitoring for 24 h. Results: Serum ranitidine concentrations were described by a two-compartment model linked to a sigmoidal E_max model describing gastric pH. Ranitidine renal clearance, ranging from 0 to 1003 ml · min⁻¹, correlated with C_PAH (r ² = 0.707), while non-renal clearance was unaltered. Steady-state volume of distribution decreased by half in severe renal impairment. No changes in the effective concentration at half-maximal response (EC₅₀), maximal response (E_max), or basal response (E₀) were observed. Thus, renal elimination of ranitidine declined in parallel with renal function, while sensitivity to the pharmacologic effect (gastric pH elevation) was unaltered. Ranitidine was well tolerated in these renally impaired subjects. Conclusion: These data indicate that the current recommendation for renal impairment dose reduction (by two-thirds when C_Cr<50 ml · min⁻¹) might result in under-treating moderately impaired patients, and suggests a less conservative dose reduction (by half when C_Cr<10 ml · min⁻¹) to avoid therapeutic failure while remaining within the wide margin of safety for this drug. Received: 10 September 1996 / Accepted in revised form: 7 December 1996     

Perception of potentially inappropriate medication in elderly patients by Slovak physicians

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to determine the risk perception of potentially inappropriate drug treatment of elderly patients by Slovak physicians. In Slovakia, a list of such drugs is not available. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 600 patients aged > or =65 years hospitalized at the Department of Internal Medicine in a Slovak general hospital between 1 December 2003 and 31 March 2005. The use of potentially inappropriate drugs at the time of hospital admission and discharge was compared. Potentially inappropriate drug use was defined by Beers 2003 criteria. In addition, 206 physicians were asked to mark the drugs that they considered potentially inappropriate for elderly patients out of a list provided in a questionnaire analysis. RESULTS: Out of 600 patients 20.2% and 20% were treated with at least one potentially inappropriate drug at the time of hospital admission and discharge, respectively. Hospitalization had no significant influence on the number of potentially inappropriate medicines used. The most frequently prescribed potentially inappropriate drugs were digoxin >0.125 mg/day and ticlopidine. Out of 206 responding physicians only 4.9% considered ticlopidine as potentially inappropriate for elderly patient. On the other hand, more than 20% of respondents were aware of the potential inappropriateness of amitriptyline, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide. Mentioned drugs were observed in less than 2% of study population (n = 600). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the questionnaire analysis in physicians as well as the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medication demonstrate that Slovak clinicians are aware of the risk of certain treatments in elderly patients.     

Pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil in patients with terminal renal impairment

The pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil were studied in 15 subjects divided into 3 groups: healthy volunteers, patients with terminal renal impairment in interdialysis sessions and patients with terminal renal impairment undergoing hemodialysis sessions.The serum levels of the antibiotic were determined by a microbiologic plate diffusion method using Bacillus subtilis (ATCC no. 6633) as the test organism.Renal impairment causes a decrease in the elimination rate of the antibiotic. The serum half-life has a value of 1.20 ± 0.21 h in the healthy volunteers, 26.56 ± 8.00h in patients in interdialysis periods and 2.45 ± 0.72 h in patients undergoing hemodialysis sessions.Hemodialysis partially restores absorption and elimination of cefadroxil to levels which approach those established in healthy volunteers.