Factors associated with warfarin discontinuation,including bleeding patterns,in atrial fibrillation patients

Abstract

Objective:

To determine risk factors for both warfarin discontinuation and bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).     

住院心房颤动患者华法林的使用分析

目的分析比较瓣膜性心房颤动和非瓣膜性心房颤动住院患者华法林使用情况及国际标准化比值（INR）达标状况。方法收集969例住院心房颤动患者的病历资料进行回顾性分析。将患者分为瓣膜性心房颤动和非瓣膜性整体的心房颤动2组,分析2组华法林使用率和达标率的差异及应用华法林患者的INR达标水平。结果瓣膜性心房颤动患者161例中使用华法林者93例,占57.8%;非瓣膜性心房颤动患者808例中使用华法林者214例,占26.5%。93例使用华法林的瓣膜性心房颤动患者中,INR值在2.0～3.0者21例,占22.6%;214例使用华法林的非瓣膜性心房颤动患者中,INR值在2～3者38例,占17.8%。2组患者华法林的使用率比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,INR达标率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。使用华法林的307例心房颤动患者的达标率INR在2.0～3.0者59例,占19.2%;INR＜2.0者230例,占74.9%;INR＞3.0者为18例,占5.9%。结论华法林在心房颤动患者中的使用率低且使用华法林后INR的达标率低。     

某三甲医院心房颤动患者华法林规范化抗凝治疗现状调查分析

目的：了解心房颤动患者抗凝治疗现状,为心房颤动规范化抗凝治疗提供参考。方法：选取皖南医学院弋矶山医院2013年1月~2014年12月非瓣膜性心房颤动患者200例,采用CHA2DS2-VASc和HAS-BLED评分系统对纳入人群进行血栓危险分层和出血风险评估,并依据《2010年欧洲心脏病学会（ESC）心房颤动治疗指南》评价其规范化抗凝情况。结果：CHA2DS2-VASc和HAS-BLED评分分别为（2.73±2.10）分和（1.57±1.13）分。183例（91.5%）患者接受抗血栓治疗,使用华法林抗凝治疗的有74例（37%）,而血栓高危组125例患者中,接受华法林抗凝治疗50例（40%）。华法林抗凝治疗时间（5.78±4.73） d,累积给药剂量为（19.46±18.19） mg,55例（74.32%）患者出院前监测国际标准化比值（INR）,INR达标率为30.9%。结论：心房颤动以华法林抗凝治疗现状不容乐观,应采取有效的干预措施,提高心房颤动患者抗凝治疗规范化程度。     

华法林和阿司匹林对永久性房颤患者抗凝治疗的有效性及安全性观察

目的比较华法林和阿司匹林用于永久性房颤患者抗凝治疗的有效性及安全性。方法入选符合本研究标准的141例永久性房颤患者,随机分为两组,华法林组（治疗组）70例,以华法林2.5mg/d作为起始剂量,阿司匹林组（对照组）71例,阿司匹林100mg/d,早饭后即刻服用。结果治疗组发生出血3例（4.29%）,脑梗死2例（2.82%）,上腹不适1例（1.43%）。对照组发生出血2例（2.82%）,脑梗死13例（18.31%）,上腹不适15例（21.13%）。治疗组脑梗死、上腹不适的发生率低于对照组（P〈0.05）,两组间出血发生率无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论华法林抗凝治疗可明显减少栓塞事件及上腹部不适的发生率,INR维持在2.0～3.0之间,用药既有效又安全。     

Direct costs of warfarin treatment among patients with atrial fibrillation in a Finnish health care setting

ABSTRACT

Objective: The main objective was to estimate the mean direct costs of warfarin treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. Secondly, the costs of initiating warfarin treatment during a 60-day period and the impact of International Normalized Ratio (INR) and co-morbidities on costs were estimated.

Design and data: The study was performed as a retrospective cohort study over a 12‐month period in a Finnish communal health care setting. All AF patients aged 65 years or older (n = 250) with warfarin treatment were identified from the database of the health service district of an urban area. Patient specific information related to co-morbidities, INR-control, complications and health care resource use were collected. Cost information was obtained from the Finnish national health care unit cost list.

Methods: The effect of treatment balance and other background variables on treatment costs were evaluated using ordinary least squares regression (OLS), log-transformed OLS and generalized linear model (GLM). The mean costs were calculated on the basis of the different models and bias corrected and accelerated (BCa) bootstrap confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the mean costs.

Results: The best fitting cost model was log-transformed OLS. The costs of warfarin treatment on the basis of the log-transformed model were 589.82 euros (BCa 95% CI: 586.68–591.99) per patient compared to 616.00 euros (BCa 95% CI: 579.98–652.96) obtained with the OLS-model. For the treatment initiation period, the mean costs were 263 euros (BCa 95% CI: 218.90–314.71). Depending on the way that INR-control was defined, the mean costs were 95.27 euros or 166.92 euros higher for patients who were not in the defined INR-balance.

Conclusions: The INR-control has a significant impact on the warfarin treatment costs. The choice of model influences the estimated mean costs. In addition, different models identify statistically significant effects between different background variables and costs.     

达比加群酯预防心房颤动患者发生卒中的疗效和安全性分析

目的探讨达比加群酯预防心房颤动患者发生卒中的疗效和安全性。方法选取我院2015年1-12月收治的心房颤动患者200例,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组100例。对照组患者采用华法林治疗,试验组患者使用达比加群酯治疗。比较分析两组患者治疗后全身性栓塞、卒中、大出血的发生率。结果试验组卒中发生率为7.00%,对照组为16.00%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=3.98,P<0.05);试验组全身性栓塞发生率为5.00%,对照组为14%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.71,P<0.05);试验组大出血发生率为9.00%,对照组为19%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.15,P<0.05)。结论在预防心房颤动患者发生卒中的疗效和安全性上,达比加群酯的效果较传统药物华法林显著。     

延伸护理对房颤患者服用华法林治疗依从性的影响

目的 探讨延伸护理对房颤患者服用华法林治疗依从性的影响.方法 选择2012年10月至2013年10月在我科住院房颤患者100例随机分为对照组（48例）和观察组（52例）,对照组给予常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上给予延伸护理,比较两组患者华法林治疗依从性.结果 观察组患者采用延伸护理后,其服用华法林治疗依从性明显提高,出血或栓塞等不良事件6例,占11.5％,与对照组比较,出血或栓塞等不良事件10例,占20.8％,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.结论 采用延伸护理能有效提高房颤患者服用华法林治疗的依从性,降低出血或栓塞等不良事件的发生率,提高生存质量.     

健康教育对老年心房颤动患者应用华法林抗凝治疗的影响

目的探讨健康教育对提高心房颤动(房颤)患者应用华法林抗凝治疗知识认知的影响。方法对64例应用华法林抗凝治疗的房颤患者实施健康教育,并在入院第1天和出院前调查患者对华法林抗凝治疗知识认知情况。结果健康教育前后应用华法林抗凝治疗的房颤患者对抗凝治疗知识的知晓情况比较,均P<0.01,差异具有统计学意义。结论健康教育可提高房颤患者对华法林抗凝治疗相关知识的掌握,提高患者治疗依从性,使华法林在临床上达到安全、有效的应用。     

房颤患者华法林初始剂量及出血危险因素的调查分析

目的:比较两种华法林初始剂量在房颤患者中应用的安全性及有效性,并探讨其出血相关危险因素.方法:采用回顾性调查方法,将某医院服用华法林的住院房颤患者按初始剂量分为超低剂量组(1.25～1.875 mg)和低剂量组(2.5～3.0 mg),比较两组患者抗凝的安全性和有效性指标.同时采用Logistic回归分析主要的出血危险因素.结果:超低剂量患者各项安全性指标与低剂量组均无统计学差异(P＞0.05);但前者首次达到目标国际标准化比值(INR)的时间较后者显著延长(P＜0.05),同时INR低于目标范围的比例显著增加且INR的控制率显著降低(P＜0.001).年龄＞65岁,肝功能不全,出血体质,卒中史,联用胺碘酮会显著增加华法林的出血风险(OR＞1且P＜0.05).结论:房颤患者应用超低初始剂量华法林抗凝的出血风险与低初始剂量相当但血栓风险增加;对于联用胺碘酮的患者,应加强出血风险的监护.     

阿司匹林联合华法林对冠心病合并心房纤颤患者的安全性和有效性分析

目的观察阿司匹林联合华法林对冠心病合并心房纤颤的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2012年8月至2013年8月46例来我科住院治疗的冠心病合并心房纤颤患者,分为观察组(阿司匹林和华法林联合治疗)和对照组(华法林单药治疗),每组23例。随访1年,比较两组血栓栓塞发生率、出血发生率及患者的肾功能。结果观察组患者血栓栓塞发生率、出血发生率及肾功能各项指标与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论阿司匹林联合华法林治疗冠心病合并房颤的脑血栓发生率较低,出血风险较小,对肾功能也没有严重损害,但与华法林单药治疗比较,差异无统计学意义。     

住院心房颤动患者抗凝治疗现状分析

目的了解住院心房颤动（房颤）患者抗凝治疗中存在的问题,为更加安全的抗凝治疗提供依据。方法收集2013年1月1日至8月31日在江苏省苏北人民医院心内科住院治疗的所有非瓣膜性房颤患者病历资料进行回顾性分析。根据2010年《欧洲心脏病学会（ESC）心房颤动治疗指南》,采用CHADS2-VASc评分和HAS—BLED评分分别对患者进行血栓栓塞危险程度分层和出血风险评估。主要分析指标为接受不同房颤治疗方案（室率控制,节律控制）患者的血栓栓塞危险分层,出血风险评分,抗凝药物应用情况、国际标准化比值（INR）、出血合并症、血栓栓塞事件、患者用药依从性等。结果纳入分析的患者共134例,男性69例,女性67例;年龄20～91岁,平均（67±14）岁,CHA2DS2-VASe评分为0、1和≥2分者分别为11、23和100例,HAS—BELD评分≥3分者13例。接受室率控制和节律控制治疗者分别为85和49例。接受室率控制治疗的85例患者中CHA2DS2-VASe评分为0、1、≥2分者分别为1、12、72例。0分者1例使用阿司匹林。1分者12例中2例应用华法林,2例未行抗凝治疗（1例有禁忌证）,8例使用抗血小板药物（阿司匹林、氯吡格雷单用或二药联用）,其中2例单用氯吡格雷患者头颅CT检查均有多发性缺血灶。≥2分者72例中33例应用华法林,35例应用抗血小板药物,4例未行抗凝治疗。接受华法林抗凝治疗的患者出院时25例INR〈2．0,7例INR为2．0～3．0,1例INR〉3．0。接受节律控制治疗的49例患者CHA2DS2-VASe评分平均为（2．3±1．8）,HAS—BLED评分平均为（1．3±1．1）,其中25例应用华法林,出院时17例INR〈2．0,5例INR为2．0～3．0,2例INR〉3．0。1例患者未监测INR。134例患者中有15例（11．2％）出现脑梗死,其中8例（53．3％）应用华法林抗凝治疗,患者出院时INR均未达标。结论住院房颤患者抗凝治疗中存在的主要问题是采用华法林抗凝的比例较低,采用华法林治疗的部分患者抗凝强度不足。临床医师过分担心发生出血合并症是抗凝治疗不规范的主要原因。     

56例永久性心房纤颤患者抗凝治疗临床分析

目的分析基层医院永久性心房颤动患者应用华法令抗凝治疗的重要性。方法根据入院治疗前是否服用华法令抗凝治疗永久性心房纤颤将56例患者分为两组,华法令抗凝组17例,非华法令抗凝组39例,比较两组是否出现合并脑梗死与神经功能损害。结果华法法令抗凝组合并脑梗死与神经功能损害发生率较非华法令抗凝组低(P<0.05)。结论基层医院永久性心房颤动患者使用华法林抗凝治疗后脑梗死等并发症明显减少,应加大宣传教育。     

Oral anticoagulant adherence and switching in patients with atrial fibrillation: A prospective observational study

BackgroundAdherence to oral anticoagulants (OACs) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is important in preventing stroke. The dominance of retrospective studies using administrative data has led to a lack of data on psychosocial determinants of adherence and prevented comparison of adherence between OAC drug classes. OAC switching is another aspect of adherence that is unexplored.MethodsA prospective design was utilized to measure AF patients’ self-reported adherence and OAC switching, and to identify their clinical, demographic, and psychosocial determinants. Participants were recruited from specialized AF clinics in Canada and followed for up to 2 years. Data were collected via telephone every 3–4 months using a structured survey. Adherence was measured using the Morisky Medication Adherence scale (©MMAS-8).ResultsThe included participants (N = 306) were followed for a median follow up time of 14.1 months and had an average of 3.2(SD 1.4) study visits. The mean self-reported adherence on the ©MMAS-8 was 7.28(SD 0.71) for patients receiving care at specialized AF clinics. Older age, experiencing a bleed, and higher satisfaction with the burden of medications were significantly associated with higher adherence. Drug class did not have any significant impact on adherence. 7.8% of the cohort experienced a switch with most of them being from warfarin to DOAC. Taking warfarin as the index medication, experiencing a bleed and older age were significantly associated with higher odds of switching.ConclusionPatients with AF reported high adherence to their OAC therapy however being on DOAC may not translate to better adherence compared to VKA. Improving satisfaction with the burden of therapy is important in improving adherence.     

Treatment patterns and real-world effectiveness of warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation within a managed care system

ABSTRACT

Objective: To examine warfarin utilization and clinical effectiveness among patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation within usual clinical care in a managed care system.

Research design and methods: A retrospective analysis of health care claims for an approximately four million member managed care organization was performed. Health plan members with a diagnosis of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in calendar year 2000 were identified and stratified into two cohorts: Warfarin Therapy (newly initiating warfarin) or Warfarin Candidates (eligible for warfarin therapy according to the ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation, but did not receive warfarin).

Measurements: The occurrence of thromboembolism, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhage during a maximum 720‐day follow-up were compared between cohorts, adjusting for age, gender, and other risk factors, using Cox regression.

Results: Among 12?539 subjects (mean age 78.0 ± 8.8 years) with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 4895 (39.0%) initiated Warfarin Therapy and 7644 (61.0%) were Warfarin Candidates. Event occurrences among Warfarin Therapy vs. Warfarin Candidates were: ischemic stroke, 3.7% vs. 4.5%; any thromboembolism, 7.8% vs. 10.8%; and hemorrhage, 4.4% vs. 4.9%, respectively. Warfarin therapy was not associated with an increased risk for hemorrhage (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.82–1.15), while risks for ischemic stroke and any thromboembolism were significantly reduced, by 22% (HR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.65–0.93) and 34% (HR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.59–0.75), respectively.

Conclusions: Within usual clinical care for the managed care population examined, warfarin remains underused despite current guidelines recommending its use in nearly all patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Although utilization of anticoagulation clinics and INR values attained were unknown in this study, the observed risk reductions for ischemic stroke and thromboembolism were lower than those achieved in clinical trials, while no increased risk for hemorrhage was observed. These findings suggest that warfarin is used conservatively, and dosed cautiously, diminishing the full potential benefit of anticoagulant therapy in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.     

糖尿病心房颤动抗栓治疗疗效分析

目的:观察糖尿病合并非瓣膜性心房颤动(AF)患者应朋华法林及阿司匹林的疗效.方法:将糖尿病合并非瓣膜性AF患者随机分为华法林组40例,阿司匹林组40例;分析两组血栓栓塞及出血事件.结果:入选非瓣膜性AF患者80例,随访12个月,共发生血栓栓塞事件4例,华法林组1例,阿司匹林组3例,两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.32),发生出血事件5例,华法林组3例,阿司匹林组2例,两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.61).结论:不具有血栓栓塞的高危因素非瓣膜性AF患者,选择抗血小板药物阿司匹林治疗及抗凝剂华法林疗效及安全性相似.     

华法林治疗非瓣膜性房颤的效果及安全性分析

目的探讨华法林治疗非瓣膜性房颤的临床效果及安全性。方法选择患者80例,分为两组,每组各40例,观察组给予华法林口服,对照组则给予阿司匹林,比较两组患者治疗后心脏彩超的检查结果,并统计发生缺血性脑卒中、全身性栓塞、大出血的情况。结果观察组患者的左室射血分数显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,发生缺血性脑卒中、全身性栓塞、大出血的比例显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论华法林抗凝可预防老年非瓣膜性房颤发生脑卒中、血管栓塞及大出血。提高心脏射血分数。     

阵发性心房颤动的生物标记物

阵发性心房颤动(PAF)约占所有心房颤动(AF)的50％,PAF作为一种过渡性心律失常显著增加血栓栓塞事件风险,但并未引起足够重视.目前,PAF不再被视为良性病变实体,早期发现或预测PAF具有重要的临床意义.本文从电生理、分子及形态学三方面阐述PAF的生物标记物,以期对PAF的早期诊断和预测提供帮助.