肺癌的胸膜改变与病理分类讨论（附61例分析）

目的：探讨肺癌的胸膜改变与病理分类的关系。方法：回顾性分析我院今年61例肺癌并胸膜转移手术的病人CT表现。结果：肺鳞癌19例，胸膜增厚14例，占鳞癌的73，7％，腺癌30例，胸膜增厚及胸膜凹陷分别是18例和14例，占60％和47％。结论：中早期肺鳞癌的胸膜转移以胸膜增厚为主，腺癌胸膜转移以胸膜增厚和胸膜凹陷为主。影像诊断为临床提供了重要的参考价值。     

艾滋病合并肺毛霉菌病的胸部影像表现

目的 探讨艾滋病(MDS)合并肺毛霉菌病的胸部影像表现.方法 回顾性分析13例艾滋病合并肺毛霉菌病的X线胸片+胸部高分辨率CT(HRCT)表现.结果 13例患者X线胸片中5例出现肺内浸润性病灶,7例呈网织纹理,4例见胸腔积液,4例出现肺门及纵隔淋巴结增大.3例见粟粒病变,3例见结节状肿块影,2例呈磨玻璃密度影(GGO),2例见肺气囊,内含结节的空洞、胸膜增厚、心包积液及局限性气胸各1例.13例患者HRCT发现7例见纵隔淋巴结增大,7例见小叶间隔增厚,6例出现肺内浸润性病灶,5例见粟粒病变(其中1例可见胸膜下小结节),4例见胸腔积液,3例见结节状肿块影,可见GGO、多发肺气囊及树芽征各2例,空洞(内含结节的空洞)、胸膜增厚、局段支气管扩张、心包积液及局限性气胸各1例.结论 AIDS合并肺毛霉菌病常见的胸部影像表现为:肺粟粒病变、纵隔淋巴结增大、网织纹理(小叶间隔增厚)、肺内多发的浸润性病灶、胸腔积液及结节状肿块影.     

HRCT征象在鉴别周围型肺鳞癌和腺癌中的价值

目的　探讨胸部HRCT征象在鉴别周围型肺鳞癌和腺癌中的价值。资料与方法　搜集具有完整胸部HRCT资料并经病理学证实的 12 1例周围型肺癌 (鳞癌 5 4例 ,腺癌 6 7例 ) ,对其影像表现进行全面回顾分析 ,以进一步认识周围型肺鳞癌和腺癌的CT表现。结果　 (1)周围型肺鳞癌的平均直径大于周围型肺腺癌 ,其差别具有显著性 (P =0 .0 0 0 ) ;(2 )深分叶征、灶状坏死及病灶广基与胸膜相连征在周围型肺鳞癌的出现率明显高于周围型肺腺癌 (分别为P =0 .0 0 0 ,P =0 .0 0 0 ,P =0 .0 0 5 ) ;(3)胸膜凹陷征在周围型肺腺癌的出现率明显高于周围型肺鳞癌 (P =0 .0 0 6 ) ;(4 )空泡征或空气支气管征、支气管血管集束征、毛刺征、棘突征在周围型肺鳞癌和腺癌中的出现率不具有显著性差别 (P值均 >0 .0 5 )。结论　HRCT观察肺癌征象更为细致可靠。深分叶征、灶状坏死及病灶广基与胸膜相连征三者两两组合或三者同时组合时对诊断周围型肺鳞癌的特异性高达 90 %～ 10 0 % ,在周围型肺鳞癌和腺癌的鉴别诊断中具有一定的价值。     

含气支气管征在CT诊断周围型小肺癌的价值

目的:探讨周围型小肺癌内含气支气管的病理基础、CT表现及其诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的46例周围型小肺癌(直径≤3 cm)及22例孤立性良性结节含气支气管征的薄层CT表现,其中腺癌31 例,细支气管肺泡癌6例,鳞癌5例,腺鳞癌3例,小细胞癌1例。结果:46 例肺癌中,CT上显示含气支气管征20 例(43.5%),其中腺癌显示含气支气管征17例、肺泡癌2例、鳞癌1例,其他类型的肺癌未见此征。病灶内含气支气管影形态改变主要表现为管腔不规则狭窄、扭曲、扩张与中断。22例良性结节中,CT显示含气支气管征1例,其影像表现为管腔通畅,形态无明显异常。结论:孤立性肺结节内含气支气管征的出现,特别是形态学改变对周围型小肺癌的诊断具有重要的临床价值。     

CT扫描对诊断肺癌肺内转移的临床意义

目的研究肺癌的肺内转移途径及其CT表现。方法 34例经病理或临床证实的肺癌肺内转移患者均接受了胸部常规CT扫描,随后,对所有患者的CT表现进行了回顾性分析。结果在34例肺癌肺内转移患者中,血道转移见于18例,CT表现为肺内结节或肿块影;淋巴道转移4例,CT表现为支气管血管束及小叶间隔的不规则形或结节状增厚;支气管播散5例,CT表现为沿支气管分布的结节状或不定形实变影;混合性转移7例,包括4例血道转移伴淋巴道转移,2例支气管播散伴淋巴道转移以及1例血道转移伴支气管播散,CT表现为多种病灶混合存在。结论 CT扫描能鉴别肺内转移瘤与原发肺癌,并能判定其转移途径,因此,它有助于尽早作出明确诊断。     

无显性胸水的肺癌胸膜播种性转移:影像学检出和诊断

目的提高对无显性胸水的肺癌胸膜播种性转移的影像学检出和诊断水平。方法对12例无明显胸水征象而经手术和病理证实有胸膜播种性转移的肺癌病例的胸部平片、普通CT和高分辨率CT(HRCT)等影像学表现进行回顾性分析;并结合文献比较上述各种影像学手段对此种肺癌胸膜播种性转移的检出和诊断价值。结果本组12例肺癌胸膜播种性转移中,胸部平片、CT和HRCT对其检出率分别为8.3%、58.3%和91.7%。HRCT对肋胸膜和纵隔胸膜转移检出率为54.5%,对叶间胸膜转移的检出率为85.7%。胸壁胸膜播种性转移的HRCT表现有:(1)胸膜面毛糙和棘状小突起;(2)胸膜面凹凸不平;(3)胸膜面散在2~3 mm大小结节;(4)胸膜面5~10 mm左右圆形或半圆形结节;(5)胸膜面正常。叶间胸膜播种性转移的HRCT表现有:(1)叶间胸膜均匀增厚;(2)叶间胸膜不均匀增厚;(3)叶间胸膜上散在2~3 mm结节;(4)2~3 mm结节与增厚的叶间胸膜一起构成串珠状改变;(5)叶间裂附近成堆或散在2~3 mm结节,酷似位于肺实质内。结论HRCT是检出和诊断肺癌胸膜播种性转移的最佳影像学技术。     

腺癌肺转移的CT和HRCT诊断

目的：旨在提高对腺癌肺转移的认识。方法：本文收集经病理证实和ＣＴ资料完整的腺癌肺转移瘤７７例，对其进行了ＣＴ和ＨＲＣＴ分析。结果：腺癌肺转移具有肺小叶间隔增厚不光滑，有网状、串珠样改变。支气管－血管束增粗不光滑，双肺或一侧肺叶、肺段多发的结节，沿肺小叶间隔、小叶间隔旁、支气管－血管束周围、叶裂和胸膜下，广泛分布。多数同时伴有肺门、纵隔淋巴结增大，胸膜转移等征象。结论：肺小叶间隔、支气管－血管束、结节、肺门、纵隔和胸膜异常等征象相互组合是腺癌肺转移的特征性表现。     

肺隐球菌病CT征象分析

目的 分析经病理证实的肺隐球菌病(PC)的CT影像表现,加深对本病影像征象的认识及提高诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析经穿刺或手术病理证实的19例PC患者的CT影像及临床资料.结果 ①结节或肿块型10例,结节型多见,直径1~2.5 cm,多发结节易融合.斑片、实变浸润型6例,所见斑片或实变的密度较炎性斑片高,边界多清楚.双肺病灶多为一侧为主,另一侧受累.混合型3例,表现为结节、实变及磨玻璃影等混合存在,均为双肺分布.②病灶分布特点为下肺分布(47%)及胸膜下分布(68%),多为轻~中度强化.③19例患者中,出现影像征象依次为胸膜增厚8例(42%),支气管气相7例(36%),晕轮征5例(26%),空洞4例(21%).结论 PC的CT表现具有多样性.①病灶以下肺及近胸膜分布多见.②病变多为轻~中度强化.③胸膜增厚、支气管气相、晕轮征、空洞等征象对诊断有一定提示意义.     

小于等于3厘米实性周围型肺癌的MSCT表现

目的 总结≤3 cm实性周围型肺癌的MSCT 征象,以提高肺癌的影像诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析105例病理证实的3 cm以下实性肺癌的基本临床资料、病灶大小及MSCT征象(病灶形态、边缘形态、瘤肺界面、内部结构及邻近结构);用Fisher确切概率法、R×C列联表χ2检验、χ2分割法、非参数Mann-Whitney U、 Kruskal-Wallis检验进行统计学分析.结果 105例结节中圆形或类圆形 101例(96.19%),瘤肺界面清楚毛糙100例(95.24%),分叶85例(80.95%),毛刺60例(57.14%),棘状突起33例(31.43%),空泡征12例(11.43%),支气管扩张扭曲或截断的共55例(52.38%),胸膜凹陷征59例(56.19%),血管集束征35例(33.33%).≤1 cm肺癌的分叶(12例)明显低于2～≤3 cm组(29例) (χ2值=8.13,P＜0.0125).鳞癌的男女比例(14GA9552)及病灶大小(2.12 cm±0.63 cm)均高于腺癌(45GA95542、1.72 cm±0.62 cm)(P=0.008 vs 0.032＜0.05).腺癌与鳞癌间仅胸膜凹陷征有统计学差异(54例vs 4例,χ2值7.55,P=0.006＜0.05).结论 3 cm以下实性周围型肺癌具有一定的MSCT特征.     

肺癌性淋巴管炎的影像表现分析

目的 :探讨肺癌性淋巴管炎(PLC)的影像学特征表现,为临床诊治提供可靠影像资料。方法 :回顾性分析30例经病理证实为PLC的X线及CT资料,总结分析其影像特征。结果:PLC主要影像表现为病变处肺野透光度降低,肺纹理增粗、增多,且不对称分布;小叶间隔不规则增厚,呈网结状影;肺门及纵隔淋巴结肿大;胸膜花边样、结节样增厚;中等量以下胸腔积液等。结论:PLC的影像表现具有一定特征性,小叶间隔增厚、呈网状及结节状等是其特征性表现。     

周围型原发性肺癌肺－胸膜广泛性淋巴管转移的CT诊断（附6例报告）

本文报道６例肺－胸膜广泛性淋巴管转移的周围型原发性肺癌。其主要ＣＴ征象为：（１）肺小叶间隔的不均匀增厚；（２）支气管血管束结节状增粗；（３）沿支气管血管束和小叶间隔周围分布的直径约２ｍｍ的小结节；（４）胸膜多发、并分别与原发癌灶间以线影相联的和与血管束末梢相联的结节影和／或斑片影，以及叶间裂不均匀增厚；（５）肺门、纵隔淋巴结肿大。讨论了肺癌肺－胸膜广泛性淋巴管转移的病理机制和ＣＴ的诊断价值。     

戈谢病胸部CT特征分析

目的探讨戈谢病患者胸部CT的影像表现,以提高对本病肺部浸润的诊断能力。方法回顾性搜集2003年5月至2018年10月在北京儿童医院诊治的戈谢病患者43例,其中男25例,女18例。所有患者均行常规胸部CT检查,分析和描述其肺部间质和实质等影像表现。结果43例戈谢病患者中,有20例胸部CT表现异常。肺部呈弥漫性小叶间隔增厚10例,主要分布在双肺下叶;肺部呈单叶段或多叶段的磨玻璃征象5例;细小结节影2例,表现为大小不等的类圆形结节影;肺纤维化者1例,以左肺上叶更为显著。其他表现包括肺囊泡3例、局限性胸膜增厚2例、气胸1例、肺动脉高压1例、胸腺增大12例。戈谢病患者出现肺部病变者以10~14岁居多,其中,小叶间隔增厚与胸腺增大等征象多见,在该年龄区间内分别各有5例。结论戈谢病患者半数累及肺部,肺部表现多样,多表现为弥漫间质病变,主要征象为小叶间隔增厚和磨玻璃样透光度减低,与戈谢细胞浸润病理一致,但不具备特异性,需要结合临床进行诊断,并注意与其他疾病引起的肺浸润相鉴别。     

Thin-section computed tomography of intrapulmonary metastases after surgical resection of lung cancer

To evaluate the morphology of small peripheral intrapulmonary metastases of lung cancers, we studied thin-section computed tomography (CT) images of 12 lesions in 5 cases (1 squamous cell carcinoma, and 4 papillary adenocarcinomas). All lesions were resected, and histopathological diagnosis of them was performed in comparison with primary lesions to differentiate multiple primary lung cancers from intrapulmonary metastases. Thin-section CT images showed mildly lobulated nodules in connection with supplying pulmonary vessels, however, indented pleura and vascular convergence were less frequently seen in intrapulmonary metastases in contrast with primary lung cancers. Thin-section CT is helpful for distinguishing multiple primary lung cancers from intrapulmonary metastases in patients with a history of surgical resection for lung cancers.     

Metabolic lung disease: imaging and histopathologic findings

Metabolic lung disease includes pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), pulmonary amyloidosis, metastatic pulmonary calcification, dendritic pulmonary ossification, pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis, and storage diseases. In pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, CT demonstrates air-space consolidation with thickened interlobular septa, producing the so-called "crazy paving" appearance. Pulmonary amyloidosis can appear as parenchymal nodules (nodular parenchymal form), diffuse interstitial deposit (diffuse interstitial form), or submucosal deposits in the airways (tracheobronchial form). Metastatic pulmonary calcification may appear on high-resolution CT as numerous 3- to 10-mm diameter calcified nodules or, more commonly as fluffy and poorly defined nodular opacities. In pulmonary microlithiasis, high-resolution CT demonstrates diffuse punctuate micronodules showing slight perilobular predominance resulting in apparent calcification of interlobular septa. Niemann-Pick disease appears as ground-glass attenuation in the upper lung zone and thickening of the interlobular septa in the lower lung zone. Radiologic study including high-resolution CT will be helpful for the diagnosis and follow-up of these diseases.     

CT findings of leukemic pulmonary infiltration with pathologic correlation

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the characteristic CT findings of leukemic pulmonary infiltration based on the pathologic findings. The CT findings of 11 leukemic patients with leukemic pulmonary infiltration were compared with those of 22 leukemic patients with other diseases as a control group. Evaluated pulmonary parenchymal CT findings included thickening of bronchovascular bundles and interlobular septa, prominence of peripheral pulmonary arteries, ground-glass opacities, air-space consolidation, and nodules. The CT-pathologic correlations for leukemic infiltration were evaluated in 7 patients. Frequent parenchymal CT findings were thickening of bronchovascular bundles (81.8%), prominence of peripheral pulmonary arteries (81.8%), and non-lobular and non-segmental ground-glass opacities (90.9%). The first two findings were significantly more frequently observed in leukemic infiltration than in the control group, had good interobserver agreement, and corresponded pathologically to leukemic cell infiltration around the pulmonary arteries, bronchi, or bronchioles. Non-lobular and non-segmental ground-glass opacity corresponded to leukemic cell infiltration within alveolar spaces and septa adjacent to the pulmonary arteries or bronchi and also corresponded to hemorrhage, edema, or diffuse alveolar damage. Thickening of bronchovascular bundles and prominence of peripheral pulmonary arteries are CT findings suggestive for leukemic infiltration and correspond to peribronchovascular tumor extension.     

尘肺与粟粒性肺转移瘤的CT鉴别特征

目的:探讨尘肺和粟粒性肺转移瘤的常规CT及高分辨CT(HRCT)特征,以提高肺内多发小结节的CT鉴别诊断。方法:回顾性分析44例尘肺和30例粟粒性肺转移瘤的CT资料,观察小结节的特点及其它并发征象。结果:尘肺组CT表现:①小结节特点:大小不均匀35例(79.55%)、密度不均匀40例(91.00%)、分布不均匀40例(90.91%),边界清晰38例(86.36%),结节钙化28例(63.64%);②其它伴发征象:团块28例(63.64%),肺气肿36例(81.82%),小叶间隔增厚36例(81.82%),磨玻璃密度12例(27.27%),胸膜增厚30例(68.18%)、其中叶间裂增厚20例(45.45%),肺门和纵隔淋巴结增大25例(56.82%)、钙化32例(72.73%)。粟粒性肺转移瘤组的CT表现:①小结节特点:大小不均匀18例(60%)、密度不均匀13例(43.30%)、分布不均匀16例(53.33%),边界清晰21例(70%),多发结节内空洞28例(93%);②其它伴发征象:小叶间隔增厚25例(83.33%),胸膜增厚16例(53.33%),肺门和纵隔淋巴结增大18例(60%)、钙化5例(16.67%)。结节密度、分布不均匀、结节钙化及肺气肿、叶间裂增厚、淋巴结钙化在尘肺的发生率高于粟粒性肺转移瘤(P0.05);多发结节小空洞在粟粒性肺转移瘤的发生率高于尘肺(P0.05)。结论:尘肺和粟粒性肺转移瘤的CT表现有一定特征;有助于对两者的鉴别诊断。     

Mucin-producing adenocarcinoma of the lung: thin-section computed tomography findings in 48 patients and their effect on prognosis

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prognostic value of thin-section computed tomography (CT) findings in patients with mucin-producing adenocarcinoma (MPA) of the lung. METHODS: The study included 48 patients with pathologically proven MPA who had thin-section CT before treatment. The CT findings were correlated with the histopathologic findings and with disease-free survival on follow-up in all patients. RESULTS: Computed tomography findings identified in patients with MPA of the lung included an air bronchogram (n = 37, 77.1%), areas of ground-glass attenuation (n = 36, 75.0%), areas of air-space consolidation (n = 36, 75.0%), interlobular septal thickening (n = 33, 68.8%), bubble-like lucencies (n = 23, 47.9%), centrilobular nodules (n = 22, 45.8%), and mucus filling of airways (n = 19, 39.6%). Twenty-two (45.8%) of the 48 patients had intrapulmonary metastases. Centrilobular nodules (odds ratio [OR] = 6.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.1-41.4; P < 0.05) and mucus filling of airways (OR = 14.4, 95% 95% confidence interval: 2.0-102.7; P < 0.01) on thin-section CT were independently associated with an increased likelihood of intrapulmonary metastases. The 5-year disease-free survival rates were 67.9% and 38.4% for patients without and with intrapulmonary metastases, respectively (P < 0.05). The presence of centrilobular nodules (relative risk = 10.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.8-59.3; P < 0.01) on thin-section CT was an independent predictor of poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: Centrilobular nodules on CT are associated with a higher prevalence of intrapulmonary metastases and a poor prognosis in patients with MPA of the lung.     

结节病肺部改变的CT征象分析

目的探讨结节病肺部改变的CT表现及特征。方法回顾性分析90例经手术病理证实的结节病的临床资料及CT表现。结果结节69例（76．7％），主要沿支气管血管束分布37例（41．1％），团块影31例（34．4％），磨玻璃影39例（43．3％），支气管血管束增粗30例（33．3％），小叶间隔线58例（64．4％），纤维化17例（18．9％），包括支气管变形8例（8．9％）、条索影5例（5．6％）、蜂窝影4例（4．4％），空气潴留3例（3．3％），支气管狭窄8例（8．9％），胸膜改变42例（46．7％），肺门纵隔淋巴结增大76例（84．4％）。2种及2种以上肺部病变并存83例（92．2％），肺部病变合并肺门纵隔淋巴结增大76例（84．4％）。结节、团块、磨玻璃影、支气管血管束增粗治疗后随访吸收好转例数分别为25例（25／30）、9例（9／15）、11例（11／16），10例（10／12）；小叶间隔线、支气管变形、条索影、蜂窝影吸收好转例数分别为10例（10／22）、0例（0／4）、1例（1／3），0例（0／2）。结论结节病肺部CT表现形式多样，具有一定特征性，同时结合肺门纵隔淋巴结增大改变，有助于提高诊断正确率。     

肺癌性淋巴管播散的CT表现

分析肺癌性淋巴管播散的CT表现，讨论诊断与鉴别诊断以及CT检查对本病的诊断价值。材料和方法：分析问例肺癌性淋巴管播散的有关资料，原发灶12例是肺癌，正例原发灶不明。且11例有常规CT扫描，其中8例加作高分辨率CT（HRCT）扫描：另2例单作HRCT检查。结果：10例有支气管血管束增厚，大部分呈边缘不规则状。9例显现多为均匀的小叶间隔增厚。胸膜病变有叶间胸膜增厚（8例）、胸膜结节（3例）、胸水（4例）。心包积液4例。9例有胸内淋巴结肿大，其中7例累及肺门淋巴结。结论：常规CT加HRCT能清晰显示肺癌性淋巴管播散的影像学表现而有利于正确诊断。考虑到的鉴别诊断有胸部结节病、间质性肺水肿。     

胸部结节病的CT诊断

目的:分析胸部结节病的CT表现,提高对本病的认识和诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析经活检病理证实或临床治疗观察符合诊断标准的26例胸部结节病的CT表现。结果:26例结节病中,肺门、纵隔淋巴结肿大23例(88.5%),其中肺门或/和纵隔淋巴结肿大8例(30.7%),肺门或/和纵隔淋巴结肿大伴有肺内病变15例(57.7%),仅见肺部浸润性改变而无淋巴结肿大1例(3.8%),肺纤维性改变2例(7.7%)。肺内主要表现为结节影15例,支气管血管束增粗7例,小叶间隔增厚4例,实变影1例,磨玻璃影1例。结论:双侧肺门对称性淋巴结肿大和/或纵隔淋巴结肿大以及沿支气管血管束分布的结节影是胸部结节病的特征性表现;不典型者需密切结合临床检查及治疗后随访。