系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血滤泡辅助性T细胞与CXCR5及其配体CXCL13基因表达水平的研究

目的检测滤泡辅助性T细胞(Tfh)的CXCR5、CXCL13在系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者外周血中的表达,探讨其与SLE的发生及病情活动性的关系。方法 90例SLE患者和60例健康对照者,采用流式细胞术检测外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中CXCR5+PD-1+/CD4+T细胞(Tfh)比例,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测血清中CXCR5、CXCL13浓度,实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测PBMC中CXCR5 mRNA、CXCL13 mRNA的表达。结果活动组SLE患者外周血Tfh比例(11.01%±1.31%)、血清中CXCR5、CXCL13浓度[分别为(368.21±171.56)pg/ml、(387.59±213.54)pg/ml]和CXCR5 mRNA、CXCL13 mRNA(分别为2.15±0.63、1.71±0.37)的表达均高于健康对照组[分别为1.78%±0.11%,(210.6±100.17)pg/ml,(149.45±104.52)pg/ml,0.53±0.22,0.46±0.13;均P<0.05];SLE患者外周血Tfh比例与CXCR5 mRNA的表达水平呈正相关(r=0.68,P<0.01),与SLEDAI亦呈正相关(r=0.67,P<0.01),其中CXCR5 mRNA的表达水平与SLEDAI呈高度正相关(r=0.82,P<0.01)。SLE患者外周血Tfh比例与CXCL13 mRNA的表达水平呈正相关(r=0.73,P<0.01),与SLEDAI亦呈正相关(r=0.87,P<0.01)。结论 SLE患者外周血中Tfh细胞比例、CXCR5、CXCL13明显升高,可能在其发病过程中起了一定的作用。     

实时荧光定量PCR检测RAGE mRNA方法的建立及初步应用

目的 建立实时荧光定量PCR(RTFQ-PCR)检测人晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)mRNA的方法并研究其在食管癌组织中的表达.方法 根据Genebank提供的序列在RAGE基因外显子5和6之间设计引物,应用SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光染料,建立检测RAGE mRNA的RTFQ-PCR方法,并对其线性、特异性、灵敏度及重复性进行评价;根据标准曲线计算出食管癌及配对远端正常组织中RAGE mRNA含量,并以RAGE mRNA和18S rRNA含量的比值作为评价RAGE mRNA表达水平指标.结果 线性范围为5.0×103～5.0×109copies/ml,相关系数为-0.98,批内变异系数(CV)为0.63%～8.71%,批间CV为1.52%～12.38%.食管癌及配对远端正常组织RAGE mRNA与18S rRNA浓度的对数比值(-x±s)分别为0.638±0.068和0.334±0.329(P＜0.005),提示食管癌组织RAGE表达上调.结论 RTFQ-PCR检测RAGE mRNA的方法具有灵敏、特异、重复性好等优点,RAGE mRNA表达水平与食管癌存在一定相关性.     

系统性红斑狼疮和类风湿性关节炎患者外周循环中APRIL表达水平的检测和意义

目的探讨增殖诱导配体（APRIL）在系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）和类风湿性关节炎（RA）中的表达情况及其与B细胞刺激因子（BLyS）、抗双链DNA抗体（抗dsDNA）及疾病预后的相关性。方法用逆转录-实时定量聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测19例SLE和39例RA患者及20名健康对照者的外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）中A-PRIL和BLyS mRNA的表达，用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测血清中APRIL和BLyS蛋白水平。同时，检测血清IgG、IgA、IgM、类风湿因子（RF）和抗dsDNA水平。结果SLE和RA患者未缓解组较对照组、疾病初发组和治疗后缓解组APRIL mRNA水平显著升高，与BLyS mRNA表达水平呈中等程度的相关性。疾病组外周循环中BLyS蛋白显著升高，APRIL蛋白未见升高，APRIL与BLyS无相关性，APRIL蛋白与抗dsDNA和疾病活动度之间无相关性。结论检测APRIL mRNA含量在判断自身免疫病患者病情和疾病预后中有一定价值。     

多发性骨髓瘤患者B淋巴细胞刺激因子及其受体的表达水平

目的 探讨B细胞激活因子(BLyS) 及其受体在多发性骨髓瘤(MM)发病中的作用机制.方法 用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)和实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RFQ-PCR),对31例MM患者和30名健康人血清BLyS含量、外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs) 中BLyS及其受体mRNA含量进行检测;并比较MM患者血清BLyS含量与外周血PBMCs中BLyS及其受体基因表达水平和β2微球蛋白(β2M)的相关性.结果 MM患者血清BLyS含量(6.99±3.28 g/L)明显高于健康对照组(2.70±1.09 g/L,P<0.01),并与β2M浓度呈正相关性(r=0.954,P=0.000);77.42%(24/31),93.55%(29/31),90.32%(28/31)的MM患者血清BLyS蛋白和PBMCs中BLyS,B细胞成熟抗原(BCMA) mRNA表达水平较正常人明显增高,并且也与β2M的含量呈正相关;而64.52%(20/31)患者穿膜蛋白活化物(TACI) mRNA表达水平降低.结论 MM患者的血清BLyS蛋白浓度和PBMCs中BLyS及其受体基因表达水平有异常改变,说明BLyS及其受体可能参与MM的发病;BLyS及其受体表达水平也许可作为预后的一个指标.     

实时荧光定量PCR检测鸟苷酰环化酶C基因表达方法的建立

目的建立实时荧光定量PCR(RFQ-PCR)检测鸟苷酰环化酶C(GC-C)基因表达的方法。方法在GC-C基因高保守区设计了特异性的引物和探针,RT-PCR扩增目的片段并实时检测产物的荧光强度,根据标准品建立标准曲线,由软件自动计算出待测样本中GC-C mRNA含量,并以GC-C mRNA和β2M mRNA含量的比值作为评价GC-C表达水平的指标。结果本法检测GC-C mRNA含量的线性范围为101pg／ml-109pg／ml,样本批内和批间CV值分别为6．87％一11．12％和8．86％- 15．19％。30例健康献血员和11例大肠良性病变患者的外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中均未检出GC-C mRNA表达,大肠癌患者PBMC的GC-C mRNA检出率为83．8％(31／37),表达水平为0．88±0．06。10例大肠癌组织和T84细胞株均检出GC-C mRNA,表达水平分别为每μg组织(0．86±0．07)和每个细胞0．0082。结论成功建立RFQ-PCR检测GC-C mRNA含量的方法,具有较好的检测灵敏度、特异性和可重复性。     

人肝癌组织中APRIL及其受体mRNA水平的定量测定

目的采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RFQPCR)技术分析肝癌组织中增殖诱导配体(APRIL)及其受体mRNA的表达水平。方法在APRIL及其受体基因的高保守区设计相应引物和荧光探针,实时检测PCR产物的荧光强度,根据标准品建立的标准曲线,由软件自动计算出待测样本中靶基因mRNA准确含量,并以靶基因和内参β2MmRNA含量的比值作为评价靶基因表达水平的指标。结果RFQPCR检测靶基因mRNA含量的线性范围为10～109pg/ml,批内和批间重复性测定的变异系数v分别为3.87%～10.12%和6.86%～12.29%。20例肝癌组织样本的检测结果显示肝癌及癌旁组织中APRIL和BCMA的水平均显著高于远端正常组织(P<0.01),而TACI的表达水平在三组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论成功建立RFQPCR检测APRIL及其受体mRNA含量的方法,具有较好的检测灵敏度和重复性;而且发现APRIL在肝癌发生、发展过程中可能起了重要作用,有可能还参与了肿瘤细胞的转移,并主要是通过受体BCMA而不是TACI发挥作用。     

实时荧光定量测定人B细胞激活因子受体基因表达水平

目的研究建立实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RFQ-PCR)检测人B细胞激活因子受体(BAFF-R)含量的方法，及探讨其在外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中BAFF-R mRNA表达的检测价值。方法在BAFF-R基因高保守区设计特异性引物和荧光探针，用逆转录(RT -PCR)扩增目的片段实时检测产物的荧光强度，根据标准品建立标准曲线，由软件自动计算出待测样本中BAFF-R mRNA含量，并以BAFF-R mRNA和β2M mRNA含量的比值进行BAFF-R表达水平评价。结果RFQ-PCR检测BAFF-R含量的线性范围为10^9～10^1pg／ml，低浓度样本批内和批间变异系数(CV)分别为12．5％和11．9％，高浓度样本批内和批间CV分别为8．3％和9．3％。30名健康献血员样本的PBMC中，83％(25／30)有BAFF-R mRNA表达，范围为0．14～1．03。结论RFQ-PCR检测BAFF-R mRNA含量的方法，具有较好的检测灵敏度和重复性。     

人类Gfi1基因SYBR Green I实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

目的 建立测定人类Gfi1mRNA表达量的SYBR Green I实时荧光定量PCR方法,为进一步研究新基因的功能奠定基础.方法 以Gfi1基因为靶基因设计引物.构建携带GficDNA的质粒plox-Gfi1,经过纯化,质粒浓度测定,拷贝数的计算及10倍的梯度稀释制备标准品.应用ABI stepone PCR仪对Cfi1mRNA进行实时荧光定量PCR检测,建立标准曲线和熔解曲线.结果 建立了Cfi1mRNA表达的实时荧光定量PCR方法,本法线性范围为6.36×102～6.36×108copies/μl,线性相关系数y2为0.996,熔解曲线为单峰,Tm值为(89.98±0.22)℃,标准品的循环阈值批内变异系数和批间变异系数分别为1.35%～3.61%和1.49%～3.42%.结论 本研究建立的Gfi1mRNA表达实时荧光定量PCR检测方法速度快,灵敏度高,特异性强,重复性及稳定性好,可用于Gfi1基因的定量检测.     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者B淋巴细胞刺激因子基因表达的测定及临床意义

目的建立检测人B淋巴细胞刺激因子(BLyS)mRNA的相对定量方法,探讨其基因表达水平与原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)的相关性。方法基于TaqM an-MGB探针技术,以18SrRNA为内参照,通过目的基因与内参基因荧光强度达到一定阈值时的循环数之差(△CT值)定量原始模板浓度,建立实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链反应(FQ-RT-PCR)相对定量方法,检测30名正常人和40例PBC患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)BLyS基因的表达。结果PBC患者外周血单个核细胞BLyS mRNA表达的△CT值为9.5±2.5,与正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),其原始模板浓度为正常对照组的4.3倍。PBC患者中抗核抗体(ANA)阳性占80%;其中ANA 1∶100组BLyS检测的△CT为11.4±0.9,与正常对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而ANA 1∶1 000和ANA 1∶10 000组BLyS的△CT值与正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),两组间△CT值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论PBC患者PBMC BLyS mRNA表达水平明显升高,且与ANA滴度相关。     

实时荧光定量PCR法检测MTX对映体耐药A549细胞株及白血病患者骨髓细胞中FPGS mRNA的表达

目的 建立实时荧光定量PCR检测肿瘤细胞中FPGS mRNA表达的方法,研究MTX对映体[L-(+)-MTX和D-(-)-MTX]耐药细胞株中FPGS的基因表达差异,并用于观察白血病患者MTX治疗耐药前后FPGS mRNA表达水平的变化.方法 用SYBR Green Ⅰ为荧光染料,以β-actin作参照,建立检测FPGS mRNA的实时荧光定量PCR方法.根据Ct值、标准曲线相关系数、斜率、重复性曲线、熔解曲线、扩增效率曲线等进行方法学评价.并用该方法检测MTX对映体耐药细胞株及应用MTX耐药的14例白血病患者骨髓细胞中FPGS mRNA的表达.结果 建立的标准曲线Ct值与模板浓度有良好的线性关系,FPGS和β-actin标准曲线相关系数分别为0.996 8和0.998 7,斜率分别为-3.595和-3.740,批内CV为1.27%～2.95%,批间CV为3.82%;熔解曲线均呈单个特异峰,扩增效率相似(斜率为0.021 7);L-(+)-MTX耐药细胞和D-(-)-MTX耐药细胞中FPGS mRNA相对含量分别为(3.51±0.66)和(0.16±0.01),A549亲本细胞(S)中FPGS mRNA相对含量为(1.00±0.31),差异有统计学意义(F=64.45,P＜0.01);L-(+)-MTX耐药细胞和D-(-)-MTX耐药细胞间FPGS mRNA相对含量差异有统计学意义(q=9.29,P＜0.01).白血病患者应用MTX治疗耐药后,FPGS mRNA表达水平为(0.35±0.04),用药前为(1.00±0.44),差异有统计学意义(t=8.83,P＜0.01).结论 建立的实时荧光定量PCR检测FPGS mRNA的方法重复性好、特异度高,可用于FPGSmRNA含量分析.MTX诱导耐药后细胞株及白血病患者骨髓细胞中FPGS mRNA表达发生了变化,MTX 2种对映体形式在细胞耐药机制中可能发挥了不同的作用.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.