牵张成骨术治疗颞下颌关节强直后睡眠呼吸暂停综合征

目的 评估牵张成骨术(DO)治疗颞颌关节强直后睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)的效果。方法 对8例患有颞颌关节强直后OSAS的患者采用DO技术进行治疗。手术在全麻下分两期进行。第一期行关节成形、下颌体部截骨,安置牵引器,前徙下颌矫正小颌畸形及OSAS;第二期在拆除第一期牵引器的同时,进行下颌升支后缘L型截骨,安置牵引器,通过牵引延长下颌升支。结果 8例患有颞颌关节强直后OSAS的患者的症状均有不同程度的改善。术后张口度可迭3cm～4cm,小颌畸形得以矫治,AHI指数由术前的20～40降至5以下,最低血氧饱和度由术前的68％提高至术后的96％,OSAS得以治愈。术后半年～两年随访,未见复发。结论 DO技术是治疗颞颌关节强直后OSAS理想方法。     

A description of two surgical and anesthetic management techniques used for a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare and debilitating genetic disorder of skeletal malformations and progressive heterotopic ossification. Flare‐ups are episodic, with bone formation in skeletal muscle and connective tissue leading to ankylosis of major joints of the axial and appendicular skeleton. This report outlines the management of a patient with FOP who had ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint and progressive ossification of the neck structures. The patient underwent two different surgical and anesthetic procedures within a 10‐year period to manage his oral pain. The authors compare the surgical techniques, osteotomy versus the more conservative buccal approach, anesthesia techniques, and conventional intubation versus sedated fiberoptic intubation. This report emphasizes the importance of a less invasive surgical technique and an appropriate anesthetic management that reduces the risks, cost, and morbidity associated with routine surgical management of patients with FOP.     

Cephalometric studies of patients with ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint following surgical treatment.

Cephalometric studies of eighteen cases of ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint, treated surgically, were undertaken. Arthroplasty tended to correct the characteristic facial deviation of patients with ankylosis and approximate the facial features of these patients to those of a normal person. These changes were found to occur in a larger percentage of the patients and to a greater magnitude 6 months postoperatively than 1 week following surgery. These findings support the concept that the mandible grows in response to functional stimulation and emphasize the importance of early surgical treatment of ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint.     

人工关节头应用于颞下颌关节骨性强直治疗的临床探讨

目的：回顾性研究分析人工关节头在颞下颌关节骨性强直治疗中进行关节重建的方法和临床治疗效果。方法：对2007年8月～2012年3月间收治的6例（10侧）颞下颌关节骨性强直患者进行人工关节头关节重建。对治疗方法和效果进行综合分析。结果：6例均采用人工关节头置换恢复颞下颌关节,术后患者张口度恢复理想。结论：人工关节头置换用于治疗颞下颌关节骨性强直具有可行性,并能达到良好的治疗效果。     

The interpositional dermis-fat graft in the management of temporomandibular joint ankylosis

The aim of this retrospective clinical study is to present the clinical experience of using dermis-fat interpositional grafts in the surgical management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in adult patients. Eleven adult patients who presented with ankylosis of the TMJ were identified and included in the study. All patients underwent a TMJ gap arthroplasty which involved the removal of a segment of bone and fibrous tissue between the glenoid fossa and neck of the mandibular condyle. The resultant gap was filled with an autogenous dermis-fat graft procured from the patient's groin. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. Five of the 11 patients were found to have osseous ankylosis while 6 patients had fibro-osseous ankylosis. Two patients had bilateral TMJ ankylosis that were also treated with costochondral grafts which were overlaid with dermis-fat graft. The average interincisal opening was 15.6 mm on presentation which improved to an average of 35.7 mm following surgery. Patients were followed up from 2 to 6 years post-operatively (mean 41.5 months) with only 1 re-ankylosis identified out of the 13 joints treated. This study found that the use of the autogenous dermis-fat interpositional graft is an effective procedure for the prevention of re-ankylosis up to 6 years following the surgical release of TMJ ankylosis.     

创伤性颞下颌关节强直的病程特点与分类治疗

目的调查创伤性颞下颌关节强直（TMJA）的髁突骨折类型及病程特点；探讨各分类治疗方法及疗效。方法31例42侧创伤性TMJA，按Sawhney分类分成4型。Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型强直分别行关节松解和融合骨切除术＋关节盘复位术；Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型强直分别行全关节切除和全关节扩大切除术＋颞肌筋膜瓣衬垫术、选择性下颌支后缘垂直骨牵引及颏成形术。术后复查9～54个月（平均30个月），评价治疗效果。回顾调查引起强直的髁突骨折类型和强直发生的过程。手术与CT及MRI对照观察早期骨化部位、关节盘移位和关节残余运动方式。结果创伤性TMJA均继发于髁突矢状和粉碎性骨折，且关节盘发生移位者。I型（纤维性）强直通常出现在伤后4～5个月，平均张口度18．3mm。术中探及的关节盘全部发生移位，早期强直骨化发生在无关节盘区域。随诊期内，2例（6．45％）复发，其他患者张口度均稳定维持在30mm以上。结论髁突矢状和粉碎性骨折是最容易导致关节强直的骨折类型。关节盘移位是强直形成的重要因素。早期手术可以复位关节盘，避免后期强直时必须切除全关节。     

Rehabilitating children with temporomandibular joint ankylosis.

Although the probability of ankylosis following injury of the temporomandibular joint is small, patients, especially children with temporomandibular joint ankylosis, are greatly handicapped. Of the 42 cases of ankylosis seen in our clinic, six occurred in the adult, and 36 in children under 14 years of age. Treatment in all cases was surgical, and the results were beneficial, although the greatest difficulty in the treatment had been the early recurrence of ankylosis. Based on our experience, osteoarthrotomy for temporomandibular joint ankylosis in children has been advocated.     

髁突置换治疗创伤性颞下颌关节强直五例

目的 总结用人工髁突置换治疗创伤性颞下颌关节强直(temporomandibular joint ankylosis,TMJA)的临床效果.方法 2006年8月至2008年4月北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔颌面外科共5例创伤性TMJA患者接受人工髁突置换手术,患者均为男性.术前行CT检查后,用快速成形技术制作三维头模,在头模上模拟切除关节骨球、关节成形、选择适宜的人工髁突,术中依术前设计安放并固定人工髁突.术后1周和复查时评价手术效果.结果 5例共植入6侧人工髁突(1例为双侧).3例复查时间为术后8～30个月,另外2例失访.复查时张口度平均为30 mm,2例咬合关系良好,1例前牙区有约1 mm的开骀.结论 人工髁突置换可以作为创伤性TMJA手术治疗的方法之一,其临床效果还需进一步验证.     

Piezoelectric osteoarthrectomy for management of ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint

We describe the use of a piezoelectric osteotome for removal of bone in patients with ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and its advantages over conventional techniques. We studied 35 patients with ankylosis of 62 TMJ (27 bilateral and 8 unilateral, 2 recurrent) who were treated by gap arthroplasty between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2012. We used a preauricular, with extended temporal, incision in all cases. The ankylosis was released with a piezoelectric scalpel. There were 23 men and 12 women, mean (SD) age 16 (9) years. We noticed a substantial reduction in bleeding with the piezoelectric bone cutter compared with the dental drill, though the operating time was longer. We noticed no bleeding from the maxillary artery or pterygoid plexus. Mean (SD) bleeding/side was 43 (5) ml, and mean (SD) operating time was 77 (8) minutes for a single joint. At 6 months’ follow-up mean (SD) passive mouth opening was 35 (3) mm. Piezoelectric bone removal for the release of ankylosis of the TMJ is associated with minimal bleeding, few postoperative complications, and satisfactory mouth opening at 6 months’ follow up.     

Inverted, T-shaped silicone implant for the treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis

Reconstruction of the ankylosed temporomandibular joint is a challenging task. Speech impairment, difficulties with mastication, poor oral hygiene, facial asymmetry, and mandibular micrognathia results in physical and psychologic disabilities. Various surgical techniques with varying success rates have been reported. Many autogenous and alloplastic materials have been proposed. The authors used an inverted, T-shaped silicone implant for the reconstruction of the temporomandibular joint after the release of the ankylosis in 10 patients without any complications in the postoperative period. The authors assert that the reconstruction of the ankylosed temporomandibular joint with an inverted, T-shaped silicone implant is a reliable and effective alternative. This technique can be used according to the special requirements of each patient and obviating the need for the fixation of the implant and is a safer and better way of using silicone for the treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis.     

Facial growth after treatment of unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis in childhood without growth centre transplantation. A serial cephalomorphometric study

Our aim was to study the influence of early surgical treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis on further facial growth and development. At the Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Zurich, 11 children with a unilateral TMJ-ankylosis met the criteria of a maximal preoperative interincisal mouth opening of 15 mm, of a minimal long-term postoperative interincisal mouth opening of 30 mm, and of excellent documentation. 30 anatomical landmarks were defined on the copies of the follow-up cephalograms using the structure-superimposition technique. The points were perforated and digitized. Analysis and graphic-plotting were followed by computer. The hypothesis that mandibular growth continues once the ankylosis was successfully treated (without transplantation of a growth centre) and mandibular function definitely restored, was confirmed. The treatment does normalize the growth rate, but it seems that abnormal growth patterns cannot be influenced by it. As a consequence, the surgical release of the ankylosis should be performed as early as possible.     

小儿颞下颌关节强直手术的麻醉处理

目的: 探讨小儿颞下颌关节强直手术的麻醉和困难气道管理。方法: 回顾性分析43例小儿颞下颌关节强直开口受限,困难气道病例资料,在保留自主呼吸的情况下,分为氯胺酮组（K1组）和氯胺酮复合右美托咪定组（K2组）。K1组和K2组均静脉给予氯胺酮1~2 mg/kg,K2组则追加静注右美托咪定1 μg/kg。患者意识消失后,辅以气管内和咽喉区表面麻醉。采用纤维支气管镜经鼻腔气管插管。插管过程中,根据患者反应小剂量滴定氯胺酮,维持麻醉深度。采用GraphPad Prism 6.0软件对数据进行统计学分析。结果: 所有患儿均在纤维支气管镜下经鼻腔成功气管插管。插管过程中,氧饱和度<95%发生率K2组略低于K1组,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。插管过程中追加氯胺酮次数和氯胺酮总剂量K2组显著低于K1组（P<0.05）,插管时心率变化和插管用时K2组显著低于K1组（P<0.05）。结论: 氯胺酮麻醉辅以良好的气管内和咽喉区表面麻醉,可完成小儿颞下颌关节强直开口受限的困难气道纤维支气管镜插管,氯胺酮复合右美托咪定可使小儿困难气道的插管过程更短、更平稳。     

Clinical investigation of early post-traumatic temporomandibular joint ankylosis and the role of repositioning discs in treatment

This study investigated the development of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis after condylar fracture and the functional results of surgery that included repositioning of the articular discs. In a total of 18 patients, there were 13 cases of fibrous ankylosis (type I) and 11 of partial bony ankylosis (type II). CT scans for both groups and MRI scans for type I patients were analysed. Intraoperative inspection of the damaged disc, the sites of adhesion or bony fusion, and remaining intra-articular movement was recorded. After release arthroplasty and repositioning of discs, follow-up was for 1 to 3.5 years (mean 2.2 years). Post-traumatic TMJ ankylosis was highly associated with sagittal and comminuted condylar fractures. Type I ankylosis usually formed in the 4th to 5th month post-trauma with mean interincisal opening distance of 18.3+/-5.5mm. Progression from type I to II ankylosis occurred 1 year post-trauma and caused a reduction of 5mm in the range of mouth opening. The disc was displaced for each of the involved joints, and intra-articular adhesions or ossification initiated at the site where there was no intervening disc present. After surgical repositioning of the disc, stable joint function and mouth opening from 30 to 45 mm were obtained in all patients but one (recurrence due to dislocation). Sagittal and comminuted condylar fractures predispose the TMJ to ankylosis, and the displacement of the articular disc plays a critical role. Early surgical intervention to reposition the disc was successful for early trauma-induced TMJ ankylosis.     

Abdominal Dermis-Fat Graft Versus Conventional Temporalis Myofascial Flap Interposition in Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis: A Prospective Clinical Comparative Study

IntroductionTemporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is an extremely disabling condition with almost complete inability to open the jaws causing difficulty in chewing, speech, poor oral hygiene and cosmetic disfigurement. Temporalis myofascial flap still remains the most common interpositional material used; however, patients usually complain of pain during movement, unesthetic bulging in the temporal region and trismus due to scar contracture. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of abdominal dermis-fat graft and compare it with temporalis myofascial flap as to see which of the two grafts offers more advantages and provides better postoperative results following TMJ ankylosis surgery. Materials and MethodsA total of 30 diagnosed cases of TMJ ankylosis were randomly divided into two groups of 15 patients each. All the patients underwent TMJ ankylosis release under general anesthesia followed by abdominal dermis-fat interposition in Group A and temporalis muscle in Group B. The patients were assessed for pre-operative and postoperative mouth opening (immediate and 6 month postoperative), pain during physiotherapy, donor and surgical site complications and recurrence of ankylosis.ResultsThe mean maximum inter-incisal opening in dermis-fat group was significantly higher than temporalis group both at immediate and 6 month postoperative periods (p = 0.041, 0.001). Physiotherapy was less painful in dermis-fat group than in temporalis group, and the differences in VAS scores among the 2 groups showed high statistical significance (p < 0.001). Hypertrophic scar developed at the donor site in 2 patients in dermis-fat group; however, it was located below the beltline and hardly noticeable. A total of 9 patients (4 in Group A and 5 in Group B) developed temporary facial nerve weakness, and no case of re-ankylosis was noted in either group.ConclusionDermis-fat graft in temporomandibular joint ankylosis showed better results than conventional temporalis myofascial flap in terms of postoperative mouth opening, physiotherapy and jaw function with esthetically acceptable results.     

DGA下龋病治疗对儿童口腔健康及生长发育的近期影响

目的 随访在全身麻醉下行龋病治疗的患儿,分析全麻下龋病治疗对儿童口腔健康及生长发育的近期影响。方法 收集2017年2月—2018年1月在上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院儿童口腔科进行全身麻醉下龋病治疗并符合研究标准的全部病例。经患儿家长知情同意,研究者在术前、术后随访时检查患儿口腔情况,记录身高、体重,检测龋活跃性。采用SPSS 25.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果 治疗前患儿平均龋均值为14.02,夜奶喂养及过早人工喂养的患儿龋均值明显偏高。术后3个月时龋病复发率为25.67%,6个月时龋病复发率为50%。治疗后患儿龋活跃性发生明显改变,3次随访结果中,龋活性值在术后3个月时最低。全麻治疗后患儿用餐时间显著缩短,进食次数及摄入甜食的频率明显下降,刷牙时间明显延长。术后BMI处于正常范围的儿童数量显著增加。结论 全身麻醉下龋病治疗可在短期内显著降低患儿的龋活跃性,改善患儿的口腔健康行为和发育情况。但大部分患儿治疗后仍具有较高的龋复发风险。     

Treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis: a case report

Bony ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in a male patient was not diagnosed until the patient reached his early teens, at which time the condition was treated with a costochondral graft. At the time of treatment, there was an expectation that further orthognathic surgery would be required to correct the skeletal deformity. However, with the release of the ankylosis and growth of the costochondral graft, a good functional and esthetic result was achieved without further surgery. It is important that family dentists be aware of the clinical signs and symptoms of TMJ ankylosis, to allow early diagnosis and treatment.     

Two-stage treatment of TMJ ankylosis by early surgical approach and distraction osteogenesis

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is characterized by the formation of bone or fibrous adhesion of the anatomic joint components, which replaces the normal articulation and limitation of mouth opening. Early surgical intervention is considered as a treatment procedure to release the joint ankylosis and to maintain the function of the joint. Longstanding temporomandibular joint ankylosis which starts during the active growth period in early childhood resulting in facial asymmetry. Thus, the importance of the evaluation for the facial asymmetries and unfavorable remodeling of the mandible has to be considered during the initial treatment planning. Further operations, either osteotomies or distraction osteogenesis, are required for the treatment of maxillofacial deformities. The present study reports a case of unilateral TMJ ankylosis treated by interpositional arthroplasty prior to distraction osteogenesis for the treatment of mandibular secondary deformity. Various treatment procedures and timing protocols are reviewed and discussed.     

The post-auricular approach for gap arthroplasty - a clinical investigation

Objective of this prospective study was to evaluate and compare posterior auricular approach for surgery of temporomandibular joint ankylosis with preauricular approach. These evaluations were done on the basis of certain parameters like incidences of facial nerve injury, time taken to expose ankylotic mass, haemorrhage and quality of exposure of joint and surrounding structures. This study was conducted among 15 patients of temporomandibular joint ankylosis. A total number of 30 joints were operated. These joints were divided in two groups i.e. Group A - preauricular group, Group B - postauricular group. Fifteen joints were operated in each group. Age of patients was in range of 4-65 years. All the patients were operated under general anesthesia. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative evaluations were done according to parameters. Patients were recalled up to 3 months for observations. Results have shown that in postauricular group incidences of facial nerve injury was significantly less, more time was taken to expose the ankylotic mass, incidences of haemorrhage was more and exposure of structures anterior to joint was difficult. Whereas preauricular approach is less time consuming, incidence of facial nerve damage is higher, exposure of structures anterior to joint is good and intraoperative incidences of haemorrhage is less.     

Subankylotic ostectomy for release of TMJ ankylosis using the transmasseteric anterior parotid approach

Twelve patients with temporomandibular joint ankylosis (5 bilateral and 7 unilateral) with preoperative maximal mouth opening ranging from 0 to 11 mm (mean, 2.25 [SD, 3.19] mm) were treated with a subankylotic ostectomy. Inclusion criteria in the study were patients older than 18 years with restricted mouth opening of less than 30 mm and radiographic evidence of temporomandibular joint ankylosis. The mean maximal postoperative mouth opening was 38.92 (SD, 3.11) mm. All patients showed good functional rehabilitation in terms of movement and speech with no radiographic evidence of recurrence and no occurrences of temporary or permanent facial nerve palsy, sialoceles, or salivary fistulae. As this technique does not encroach upon the mass of ankylotic bone but creates a pseudarthrosis beneath it, chances of recurrences are minimized. The entire length and width of the right ramus from the condyle to the angle region can be accessed with this technique.     

Preservation of condyle and disc in the surgical treatment of type III temporomandibular joint ankylosis: a long-term follow-up clinical study of 111 joints

The purpose of this study was to establish the role of retaining the condyle and disc in the treatment of type III ankylosis, by clinical and computed tomography (CT) evaluation. A total of 90 patients with type III ankylosis met the inclusion criteria; 42 patients had left temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis, 27 patients had right TMJ ankylosis, and 21 had bilateral TMJ ankylosis, thus a total 111 joints were treated. Considerable improvements in mandibular movement and maximum mouth opening were noted in all patients. At the end of a minimum follow-up of 2 years, the mean inter-incisal mouth opening was 30.7 mm. Postoperative occlusion was normal in all patients, and open bite did not occur in any case because the ramus height was maintained through preservation of the pseudo-joint. Only three patients had recurrence of ankylosis, which was due to a lack of postoperative physiotherapy. The advantages of condyle and disc preservation in type III ankylosis are: (1) surgery is relatively safe; (2) the disc helps to prevent recurrence of ankylosis; (3) the existing ramus height is maintained; (4) the growth site is preserved; and (5) there is no need to reconstruct the joint with autogenous or alloplastic material. It is recommended that the disc and condyle are preserved in type III TMJ ankylosis.