文拉法辛联合氯氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效

目的 观察文拉法辛缓释片合并氯氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效和不良反应.方法 采用单纯随机化法,将107例精神分裂症患者分为研究组（文拉法辛缓释片＋氯氮平）和对照组（氯氮平＋安慰剂）.于治疗前、治疗第2、4、8周末以阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）和阴性症状量表（SANS）评定疗效,于治疗第2、4、8周末以药物副反应量表（TESS）评定不良反应.结果 治疗4、8周末,研究组PANSS总分和阴性因子分与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;研究组SANS总分和部分因子分与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.治疗后第2、4、8周末,研究组TESS评分均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 文拉法辛缓释片治疗精神分裂症安全有效,协同氯氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状可增加疗效.     

文拉法辛联合小剂量多塞平治疗躯体形式障碍的疗效观察

目的探讨文拉法辛联合小剂量多塞平治疗躯体形式障碍的疗效及安全性。方法将64例躯体形式障碍患者随机分为研究组(文拉法辛联合多塞平组)与对照组(文拉法辛组)各32例,分别予文拉法辛联合小剂量多塞平与文拉法辛治疗,疗程均为8周。临床疗效评定分别采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、临床疗效总评量表-病情严重度(CGI-SI)及治疗时出现的症状量表(TESS)于治疗前后进行评定。结果研究组在治疗第2,4,6,8周末HAMA总分显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组在治疗第2周末精神性焦虑分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组在治疗第2,4周末HAMA减分率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组在治疗第2,8周末HAMD总分显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。研究组在治疗第2,8周末HAMD减分率均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。研究组总有效率为93.75%与对照组总有效率为87.50%比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),研究组的显效率为75.00%与对照组的50.00%比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组的不良反应均少,在治疗第8周末两组的TESS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论文拉法辛联合小剂量多塞平治疗躯体形式障碍疗效优于单用文拉法辛,且无明显不良反应。     

齐拉西酮与舒必利治疗精神分裂症的对照分析

目的 比较齐拉西酮与舒必利治疗精神分裂症的临床疗效及安全性,为精神分裂症的治疗积累经验.方法 把80例精神分裂症患者随机分组治疗,研究组予齐拉西酮治疗,共完成40例,平均剂量为(142.8±21.3)mg/d,对照组予舒必利治疗,共完成38例,平均剂量(622.3±152.5)mg/d,观察8周.2组于治疗前及治疗第1、2、4、8周末分别评定阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS).结果 研究组第1周末和第2周末的PANSS总分减分率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),研究组第4周末和第8周末的PANSS总分减分率与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),第8周末两组疗效相当(P>0.05).研究组的不良反应总发生率(20.0%)显著低于对照组(42.1%)(P<0.05).结论 齐拉西酮治疗精神分裂症的疗效与舒必利相当,但起效较早且不良反应较少.     

利培酮早期治疗反应及治疗方案调整对精神分裂症患者疗效的影响

目的:探讨根据利培酮早期治疗反应调整治疗方案对精神分裂症患者疗效及安全性影响。方法:120例精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,两组均给予利培酮单药治疗并于2周内滴定至4～6 mg/d;对照组以此剂量维持治疗;研究组治疗第2周末阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)减分率20%的患者替换为奥氮平治疗(10～20 mg/d),减分率≥20%的患者继续利培酮治疗;疗程共8周。治疗前、治疗第2、4、8周末分别进行PANSS和治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评分。结果:研究组49例、对照组47例完成8周观察;治疗第4、8周末研究组PANSS总分、阳性症状分及治疗第8周末一般精神病理分显著低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);阴性症状分各时间点两组间差异无统计学意义;治疗后各时间点TESS评分研究组明显低于对照组(P均0.01)。结论:根据利培酮早期治疗反应调整治疗方案能明显改善精神分裂症患者的症状,减轻不良反应。     

利培酮及氯氮平对儿童精神分裂症血清α-肿瘤坏死因子的影响

目的了解抗精神病药物对儿童精神分裂症患者血清a肿瘤坏死因子(TNFα)的影响,并探讨TNFα与精神病理之间的关系。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法检测74例儿童首发精神分裂症患者药物治疗前后及36例正常儿童的血清TNFα水平,同时采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估患者精神症状及其变化。结果精神分裂症患者治疗前TNFα水平显著高于对照组(t=3.08,P<0.01),治疗后4周末及8周末与对照组比较均无显著性差异(t=0.11,0.52,P>0.05),均较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。治疗前及治疗后4周末血清TNFα水平与对应PANSS总分及各因子分无显著相关(P>0.05),治疗后8周末TNFα与阳性症状分及总分呈正相关。治疗后4周末TNFα变化率与阴性症状分减分率、一般病理分减分率及总分减分率呈正相关,治疗后8周末TNFα变化率与阳性症状分减分率呈正相关;利培酮组患者TNFα水平治疗后4周末无显著变化,治疗后8周末显著低于治疗前(P<0.05);氯氮平组患者治疗后4周末及8周末均显著低于治疗前(P<0.01)。治疗后4周末血清TNFα变化率与氯氮平日剂量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),利培酮日剂量与TNFα变化率无相关,8周末两药日剂量与TNFα变化率均无相关。结论抗精神病药物对儿童精神分裂症患者血TNFα有抑制作用,血清TNFα水平与精神病理之间有着一定关系。     

文拉法辛合并舒必利治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的:探讨文拉法辛合并舒必利治疗精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法:将68例精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组与对照组,研究组给予文拉法辛合并舒必利治疗,对照组用利培酮治疗,疗程8周,用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)以及治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定疗效和安全性。结果:治疗8周研究组总有效率为88.24%,对照组为67.65%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后两组PANSS及BPRS评分均有明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),研究组下降更显著(P<0.05)。结论:文拉法辛合并舒必利治疗精神分裂症阴性与阳性症状疗效可靠,不良反应小。     

奎硫平治疗精神分裂症临床研究

目的观察奎硫平治疗精神分裂症的疗效与副作用。方法对36例精神分裂症患者给予奎硫平治疗8周,以阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,以不良反应症状量表(TESS)评定药物不良反应。结果奎硫平治疗后PANSS总分减分率为70.21±16.46,平均显效时间(10.6±3.5)天,显效率69.4%,有效率91.7%,平均有效治疗量为(357±59)mg/d,未见严重的不良反应,EPS发生率低,安全性好。结论奎硫平是一种治疗精神分裂症的有效药物,安全性较高。     

利培酮合并无抽搐电休克治疗难治性精神分裂症的临床研究

目的 了解无抽搐电休克治疗(MECT)合并利培酮埘难治件精神分裂症(TRS)的疗效与不良反应.方法 对69例符合TRS的患者随机分为研究组34例和对照组35例,前者给予利培酮合并MECT治疗,后者单用利培酮治疗,观察12周.分别于入组前、治疗4周末、8周末和12周末时采用阳性症状和阴性症状量表(PANSS)及大体功能评定量表(GAF)评定疗效,不良反应症状量表(TESS)评定副反应.治疗前后威斯康辛卡片分类测验(WCST)评定认知功能.结果 最终纳入分析67例,研究组脱落2例.两组治疗前比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组第4周、第8周、第12周末的PANSS总分及各因子分、GAF评分分别与自身治疗前相比,除第4周末对照组的阳性症状、阴性症状分外,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).第12周末研究组与对照组比较,PANSS总分、阳性症状、一般精神病理症状因子分的减分率、GAF评分的增加值及WCST的总测验次数、持续错误数的差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);研究组PANSS减分率(45.34±15.23)%,临床总有效率56.25%,埘照组PANSSS减分率(37.14±17.19)%,临床总有效率31.43%,两组的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组各时点的TESS评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 与单一的利培酮治疗比较,利堵酬合并MECT能提高TRS的疗效,且未增加不良反应.     

文拉法辛合并氯氮平治疗精神分裂症临床观察

目的观察文拉法辛合并氟氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效和副反应,方法将6。例慢性精神分裂症病人平均分为研究组(文拉法辛加气氮平)和对照组(安慰剂加氟氮千)．分别讦定疗效和副反应。结果治疗12周后研究组PANSS总分、阴性因子分比治疗前明显降低．且阴性因子分值显着低于对照组。结论文拉法辛合并气氮平能明显改善精神分裂症病人的阴性症状、并且副作用少。     

氯氮平合并文拉法辛治疗精神分裂症阴性症状临床观察

目的观察文拉法辛合并氯氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效和副反应。方法将60例慢性精神分裂症病人平均分为研究组(文拉法辛加氯氮平)和对照组(只用氯氮平),分别评定疗效和副反应。结果治疗12周后研究组PANSS总分、阴性因子分比治疗前明显降低,且阴性因子分值显著低于对照组。结论文拉法辛合并氯氮平能明显改善精神分裂症病人的阴性症状、并且副作用少。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.