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Andrew W. Roberts Delesha M. Carpenter Austin Smith Kevin A. Look 《Research in social & administrative pharmacy》2019,15(2):222-225
Background
Expanding access to naloxone is crucial for mitigating the public health epidemic of opioid overdose deaths in America. Pharmacists now have greater independent authority to dispense naloxone to the public due to a wave of enhanced pharmacy naloxone access laws. It is unknown to what extent pharmacists are required to receive specialized training to serve in this capacity.Objectives
The goal of this study was to review naloxone training mandates from states with enhanced pharmacy naloxone access laws.Methods
Structured internet searches were completed using publicly available legislative, regulatory, and administrative records to identify the type of enhanced pharmacy naloxone access law and the presence and characteristics of a pharmacist naloxone training mandate in each state.Results
As of November 22, 2017, all 50 states have implemented an enhanced pharmacy naloxone access law. Only 19 states mandated targeted naloxone education before pharmacists engaged in independent naloxone dispensing/prescribing activities.Conclusions
A lack of standardized naloxone training requirements for naloxone-dispensing pharmacists may affect the rate of adoption of enhanced pharmacy naloxone dispensing practices at community pharmacies and suboptimal education of patients at risk of opioid overdose. Ensuring pharmacists' preparedness to serve as naloxone providers is necessary to meaningfully prevent opioid overdose deaths in their communities. 相似文献4.
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Ellie Rosenfeld Sharon Kinney Carlye Weiner Fiona Newall Allison Williams Noel Cranswick Ian Wong Narelle Borrott Elizabeth Manias 《Research in social & administrative pharmacy》2018,14(3):269-278
Objective
Children are particularly vulnerable to experiencing medication incidents in hospitals. Making sound medication decisions is therefore of paramount importance. Prior research has principally described pharmacists' role in reducing medication errors. There is a dearth of information about pharmacists' interactions with pediatric hospital staff across disciplines in resolving medication issues. The aim of this study was to examine interdisciplinary medication decision making by pharmacists in pediatric hospital settings.Design
An ethnographic design was undertaken comprising observations, semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Audio-recorded data were analyzed thematically.Setting
The study was conducted in three wards of an Australian pediatric tertiary teaching hospital, comprising general surgical, gastroenterology, endocrinology, neurology, adolescent and rehabilitation settings.Participants
Pharmacists, registered nurses and doctors were recruited from diverse clinical wards following information sessions.Results
Pharmacists were central to complex pediatric medication decision making, intervening about dosage, administration, drug interactions and authorities. Pharmacists proactively contacted doctors and nurses about prescribing issues; conversely, staff routinely approached pharmacists for medication advice. Pharmacists were perceived as medication experts, their extensive knowledge valued in resolving complex issues: when off-label medications were prescribed, when protocols were absent or ambiguous, where tension existed between protocol adherence and patient safety, and where patients on multiple medications were at risk of medication error. Pharmacists had strong relationships with doctors and nurses, which had a bearing on pharmacists' input in interventions. Furthermore, pharmacists identified prescribing errors through strategies, such as case note review and medication reconciliation, although the lack of emergency department pharmacists and limited after-hours staffing posed challenges to both strategies.Conclusions
Pharmacists made a substantial and highly valued contribution to pediatric inter-professional medication decision making. These results provide new knowledge that informs theoretical developments of pharmacists' role in decision making. 相似文献6.
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Background
Pharmacists need to demonstrate knowledge of and have confidence in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) therapeutic equivalence (TE) standards to improve acceptance of generic medicines amongst patients and other healthcare professionals.Objective
To evaluate community pharmacists' understanding, interpretation and perceptions of the FDA TE standards to identify if further education is needed on this topic.Methods
An anonymous, 13-item survey was piloted and then distributed by e-mail to a random sample of 287 Indiana community pharmacists. The 5-min survey included demographic, knowledge-based, and perception-based questions on FDA TE criteria that participants were given one week to complete. Participants completed the survey using a Web-based survey tool (Qualtrics).Results
192 pharmacists completed the survey achieving a response rate of 66.9%. Only 7.3% of respondents correctly identified FDA bioequivalence criteria for approval of generic drug products. Two questions presented TE codes from the Orange Book and asked respondents to identify if a pair of drug products were therapeutically equivalent: 62.6% and 61.0% of respondents answered correctly. However, 89.4% of respondents correctly indicated that the Orange Book is the location of FDA TE evaluations. 74.9% of responding pharmacists indicated a positive perception of the rigor of FDA approval standards associated with generic medications and 66.0% believed that generic drug products made by different manufacturers are of similar quality.Conclusions
The results suggest that community pharmacists need additional education on the interpretation of TE codes and FDA bioequivalence criteria for approval of generic drug products. The safety and efficacy of generics are often questioned by patients and physicians. It is important for pharmacists to be knowledgeable of FDA TE standards as they are experts in medicines and need to be confident with the criteria to effectively convey them to patients and healthcare professionals. 相似文献8.
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Ibrahim Jomaa Mariam Odisho Janet M.Y. Cheung Keith Wong Jason G. Ellis Tanya Smyth Bandana Saini 《Research in social & administrative pharmacy》2018,14(1):31-45
Background
A core role of the pharmacist is to ensure safe and effective medication use. Therapeutic classes that impair alertness (e.g. sedatives or hypnotics) can pose safety concerns for the consumer when undertaking activities requiring psychomotor vigilance (e.g. driving).Objective
To explore pharmacists' perceptions and communication strategy of the risks related to alertness impairing medications in clinical practice.Methods
In-depth semi-structured interviews explored community pharmacists' perceptions of medication-related risks, current medication provision and the feasibility of new practice tools. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using Framework Analysis to identify emergent themes. A Psychometric Risk Perception Questionnaire was also used to evaluate pharmacists' perceptions across 7 common psychotropic drug classes.Results
Synthesis of the qualitative dataset of 30 pharmacist interviews revealed three key themes: ‘Safety and Consequences of AIMs’, ‘Factors that Influence Risk Communication’ and ‘Refining Risk Communication’. Participating pharmacists were generally aware of the therapeutic classes associated with medication-related risks but were concerned about patients' level of understanding. Counselling approaches were largely dictated by perceived patient interest/experience with a medication. Concerns were centred on inter-individual pharmacokinetic differences, which could make the precise risk assignment difficult. Pharmacists also highlighted workflow limitations and the need to bring patients' attention to these resources during the clinical interaction to maximise impact.Conclusions
Medication-related risk communication is a complex clinical phenomenon dictated by patients' prior experiences and the pharmacists' practice environment. Extending the evidence base in this therapeutic area and refining clinical resources are key steps towards optimising patient medication safety. 相似文献11.
Marketa Marvanova Paul Jacob Henkel 《Journal of the American Pharmacists Association》2017,57(5):596-600.e1
Objectives
This pilot study examined community pharmacists' knowledge to provide care and services for persons with Alzheimer disease (AD) and area income-based disparities in knowledge and availability of cognitive enhancers.Methods
A cross-sectional telephone survey of pharmacies (n = 137) in high- and low-income areas in Chicago was conducted on pharmacists' degree, experience, and continuing education, as well as knowledge of AD disease and treatment expectations, adverse effects (AEs) of donepezil, and self-care recommendations for insomnia. Pharmacies were selected from highest- and lowest-income zip code areas, defined using household area median incomes from the 2008-2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. In-stock availability of select cognitive enhancers was obtained. Chi-square, Fisher exact test, and simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed with the use of Stata 10.1.Results
Odds were 70% lower that pharmacists in low-income areas would say there was nothing to reverse the course of AD (odds ratio [OR] 0.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13-0.70) and 7 times greater that they would recommend a medication to reverse the course of AD (OR 7.04, 95% CI 2.19-22.62) compared with pharmacists in high-income areas. Odds were more than 50% lower that pharmacists in low-income areas would name at least 1 adverse effect for donepezil (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.19-0.92) compared with peers in high-income areas. Pharmacies in low-income areas had lower odds of having 4 of the 5 surveyed formulations of cognitive enhancers in stock.Conclusion
It is concerning that 20%-30% of pharmacists recommended a medication to “reverse” the course of AD, about one-half of pharmacists could not mention a single adverse effect of donepezil, and more than one-fourth of pharmacists made an inappropriate self-care sleep aid recommendation for a person with AD who was using rivastigmine patch. Although overall results regarding pharmacists' knowledge were poor, performance was significantly poorer in low-income areas. As our AD population increases, we need to strengthen pharmacists' knowledge on and competencies important for pharmacy-related AD care. 相似文献12.
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Kylee A. Funk Krystalyn K. Weaver 《Journal of the American Pharmacists Association》2018,58(1):117-119
Objectives
The authors share their knowledge about partnering and establishing collaborative practice agreements with nurse practitioners. State laws and regulations were reviewed that affect pharmacists' ability to fully partner with nurse practitioners.Summary
Nurse practitioners' role in primary care is growing, and, in many states, nurse practitioners practice independently. Collaborative practice agreements (CPAs) enable pharmacists to work with prescribers more efficiently. Pharmacists' and nurse practitioners' scope-of-practice laws and regulations may prevent CPAs between pharmacists and nurse practitioners. State pharmacy practice acts were reviewed to demonstrate which states allow for partnership under a CPA.Conclusion
Pharmacists should consider opportunities to partner more closely with nurse practitioners to provide care, sometimes under a CPA. In states where laws or regulations prevent CPAs between pharmacists and nurse practitioners, pharmacists should advocate for policy change. 相似文献14.
Monica Zolezzi Oraib Abdallah Nadir Kheir Abdelsalam Gomaa Abdelsalam 《Research in social & administrative pharmacy》2019,15(3):252-259
Background
Individuals who suffer from major cardiovascular events every year have one or more risk factors. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment is an important strategy for the early identification of modifiable risk factors and their management. There is substantial evidence that shifting the focus from treatment to primary prevention reduces the burden of CVD.Objectives
To evaluate the preparedness of community pharmacists in Qatar for the provision of CVD risk assessment and management services; and to explore the pharmacists' views on the provision of these services.Methods
A cross-sectional study using simulated-client methodology. Using standardized scenarios, community pharmacists were approached for consultation on two medicines (Aspirin® and Crestor®) used for managing specific CVD risk factors. Pharmacists' competency to assess CVD risk was the primary outcome evaluated. Scores for each outcome were obtained based on the number of predefined statements addressed during the consultation.Results
The mean cumulative score for all the competency outcomes assessed was 11.7 (SD 3.7) out of a possible score of 31. There were no differences for the majority of the competencies tested between the two scenarios used. Significantly more pharmacists exposed to the Aspirin® scenario than to the Crestor® scenario addressed hypertension as one of the risk factors needed to assess CVD risk (22% versus 11%, p?=?0.03); whereas significantly more pharmacists in the Crestor® scenario compared to the Aspirin® scenario, addressed dyslipidemia as one of the risk factors needed to assess CVD risk (30% versus 7%, p?=?0.02). Significantly more pharmacists exposed to the Aspirin® scenario provided explanation about CVD risk than those exposed to the Crestor® scenario 36% versus 8%, p?<?0.01).Conclusion
The results suggest that many community pharmacists in Qatar are not displaying competencies that are necessary for the provision of CVD prevention services. 相似文献15.
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Maria Sjölander Lars Lindholm Bettina Pfister Jeanette Jonsson Jörn Schneede Hugo Lövheim Maria Gustafsson 《Research in social & administrative pharmacy》2019,15(3):287-291
Background
Clinical pharmacists play an increasing role in the pharmacological treatment of hospital-admitted older patients with dementia or cognitive impairment. In an earlier randomised controlled trial, clinical pharmacist involvement in the ward team could significantly reduce drug-related readmissions in patient subgroups. However, the economic impact of the intervention has not been addressed so far.Objectives
To evaluate the economic impact of clinical pharmacist engagement in hospital ward teams for medication therapy management in older patients with dementia or cognitive impairments.Methods
Economic evaluation of a randomised controlled trial conducted in two hospitals in Northern Sweden between January 2012 and December 2014. Participants included 460 hospital-admitted older patients with dementia or cognitive impairments. Patients were randomly assigned to usual care, or usual care with pharmacist intervention; the intervention consisted of medication reconciliation, medication review, and participation in ward rounds. The outcomes were measured as drug-related readmissions to hospital as assessed by a group of external experts, 180 and 30 days after discharge. Costs included pharmacists' direct labour costs for the interventions, average costs for drug-related readmissions, and from this the total cost per person was calculated.Results
The effect of the intervention on drug-related readmissions within 180 days was significant in patients without heart failure (subgroup analysis), and the intervention resulted in cost savings of €950 per person in this subgroup. Drug-related readmissions within 30 days were reduced in the total sample (post-hoc analysis), and the cost-savings in this intervention group were €460 per person.Conclusions
Post-hoc and subgroup analyses indicate that engagement of pharmacists in hospital ward teams reduced the number of drug-related readmissions, and that the cost per person was lower in the intervention group compared to the control group. Including clinical pharmacists created savings in the subgroups of older patients with dementia or cognitive impairments. 相似文献17.
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