谈食品、药品、化妆品、医疗器械检验扩项

随着食品药品监管职能改革的不断深入,各地先后将食品、保健品、化妆品的监管职能由卫生行政部门移交给了食品药品监管部门。食品药品监管部门接收了食品等监管职能后,面临的首要问题就是成立食品等的技术监督机构,有的是成立单纯的"食品检验中心",有的     

ICP-MS法测定减肥茶中铅、汞、镉、砷、铜重金属元素

本文采用微波消解方法处理减肥茶样品后,用ICP-MS法测定样品中铅、汞、镉、砷、铜重金属元素的含量,通过优化ICP-MS仪器测定条件,用内标克服仪器信号漂移及样品基体效应等的影响,建立了ICP-MS法同时测定减肥茶中多种元素的方法,同时对市场上不同厂家及不同批次的7例样品重金属的污染状况进行了评估,为健康安全使用减肥茶提供有益参考。     

佳木斯地产白头翁、玉竹、扁蓄、长白沙参、绵马贯众、关卷术中微量元素的测定

本文采用原子吸收分光光度法测定了地产白头翁等六种中草药中的微量元素含量,为开发三江地区的中草药资源,指导临床提供了有意义的数据。1 材料与方法①试剂和仪器:HClO_4,HNO_3均为分析纯试剂,Cu、Cd,Mn、Ca、Mg、Fe、Pb、Zn标准贮备液均由光谱纯试剂配制。仪器为日本岛津AA-670型原子吸收分光光度计。②样品来源:6种中草药均由作者从佳市     

ICP-AES法测定叶面肥中硼、铜、铁、锰、钼和锌

研究电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪(ICP AES)测定微量元素叶面肥中硼、铜、铁、锰、钼和锌等6种元素的方法。此法准确可靠、简便快捷,提高了测定叶面肥中微量元素的效率。方法回收率在98.1%~101.6%,相对标准偏差小于1.9%,方法的检出限为0.0005~0.008 m g/L。     

维、哈、柯文版Linux操作系统关键技术的设计实现

维吾尔文、哈萨克文、柯尔克孜文(以下简称民文)等多文种操作系统软件,对于提高我国西部少数民族地区的信息化水平,起着重要作用.本文首先阐述了民文与汉文、西文等语言在计算机处理方面的差异,然后通过分析Linux国际化框架,提出了民文版Linux的总体设计结构,最后分两个模块重点论述了民文变形显示、从右向左书写、民汉混合处理等主要技术难点在Qt层次上的实现.测试表明,民文版Linux在保证原有功能的基础上,全面支持了民文的使用习惯.     

厚朴花的本草考证、真伪鉴别、化学成分、药理作用、临床应用及新兴研究

目的:为厚朴花的研发提供参考。方法:以"厚朴花""化学成分""厚朴酚""和厚朴酚""挥发油""生物碱""药理活性""临床应用""Flos Magnoliae Officinalis""Chemical component""Magnolol""Trichosanthin""Honokiol""Volatile oil of Flos Magnoliae Officinalis""Polysaccharides of Flos Magnoliae Officinalis""Clinical application"等为关键词,组合查询2008年1月——2018年6月在中国知网、万方数据、维普网、ScienceDirect、PubMed、Web of Science等数据库中的相关文献,另单独查询厚朴花的本草考证及真伪鉴别的文献,检索时间无范围限制。对厚朴花的本草考证、真伪鉴别、化学成分、药理作用、临床应用及新兴研究进行论述。结果与结论:共检索到相关文献256篇,其中有效文献44篇。厚朴花来源于药用植物厚朴的花蕾,在历代本草中未著功用,近世始以之入药。对厚朴花的几种混淆品如山玉兰花、深山含笑花、滇缅厚朴花等,可从主要性状特征和粉末显微特征上进行真伪鉴别。目前对厚朴花化学成分的研究多集中在指标成分厚朴酚、和厚朴酚的含量测定、挥发油成分分析方面。厚朴花挥发油主要组成成分包括萜烯类、醇类、酮醚类化合物等。厚朴花中挥发油成分较厚朴酚、和厚朴酚研究更为详细,建议增加挥发油作为厚朴花质量评价标准。对厚朴花药理作用的研究多围绕镇痛、抗菌等方面展开。厚朴花功似厚朴而力缓,临床主要用于脾胃湿阴气滞、胸脘痞闷胀满、纳谷不香等症。目前厚朴花化学成分及药理作用研究不够深入,尤其两者的关联研究较少,有待进一步研究。厚朴花干粉可制备银纳米片的生物质,为厚朴花的后续开发利用提供了新思路。     

《临床医学》系列医学专著诚聘主编、副主编、编委

正随着医学科学技术的进步,新的医学理论、医疗技术和诊疗方法不断应用于临床,并取得了良好的临床效果。为了推广普及这些新技术、新经验,并为临床医护和医药科研人员晋升、考核创造条件,《中国医药科学》杂志社等单位联合组织编写《临床医学》等系列专业著作。现面向全国医疗机构、医药院校及科研院所等相关医药单位诚邀具备一定条件的医护、医药科研人员担任主编、副主编、编委。     

《临床医学》系列医学专著诚聘主编、副主编、编委

正随着医学科学技术的进步,新的医学理论、医疗技术和诊疗方法不断应用于临床,并取得了良好的临床效果。为了推广普及这些新技术、新经验,并为临床医护和医药科研人员晋升、考核创造条件,《中国医药科学》杂志社等单位联合组织编写《临床医学》等系列专业著作。现面向全国医疗机构、医药院校及科研院所等相关医药单位诚邀具备一定条件的医护、医药科研人员担任主编、副主编、编委。     

《临床医学》系列医学专著诚聘主编、副主编、编委

正随着医学科学技术的进步,新的医学理论、医疗技术和诊疗方法不断应用于临床,并取得了良好的临床效果。为了推广普及这些新技术、新经验,并为临床医护和医药科研人员晋升、考核创造条件,《中国医药科学》杂志社等单位联合组织编写《临床医学》等系列专业著作。现面向全国医疗机构、医药院校及科研院所等相关医药单位诚邀具备一定条件的医护、医药科研人员担任主编、副主编、编委。     

《临床医学》系列医学专著诚聘主编、副主编、编委

正随着医学科学技术的进步,新的医学理论、医疗技术和诊疗方法不断应用于临床,并取得了良好的临床效果。为了推广普及这些新技术、新经验,并为临床医护和医药科研人员晋升、考核创造条件,《中国医药科学》杂志社等单位联合组织编写《临床医学》等系列专业著作。现面向全国医疗机构、医药院校及科研院所等相关医药单位诚邀具备一定条件的医护、医药科研人员担任主编、副主编、编委。     

Effects of propranolol on the development of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in male rats

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is the most frequently occurring type of secondary osteoporosis. Antagonists of β-adrenergic receptors are now considered to be potential drugs under investigation for osteoporosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of propranolol, a nonselective β-receptor antagonist, on the skeletal system of mature male rats and on the development of bone changes induced by glucocorticoid (prednisolone) administration. The experiments were performed on 24-week-old male Wistar rats. The effects of prednisolone 21-hemisuccinate sodium salt (7 mg/kg, sc daily) or/and propranolol hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, ip daily) administered for 4 weeks on the skeletal system were studied. Bone and bone mineral mass in the tibia, femur and L-4 vertebra, length and diameter of the long bones, mechanical properties of tibial metaphysis, femoral diaphysis and femoral neck, bone histomorphometric parameters and turnover markers in serum were determined. Prednisolone-induced unfavorable skeletal changes led to disorders in bone mechanical properties. Propranolol not only did not improve bone parameters, but even caused deleterious effects on the skeletal system. Concurrent administration of propranolol with prednisolone did not counteract the changes induced by prednisolone. The results of this study may help to understand the equivocal results of human studies on the effects of β-blockers on the skeletal system. It is possible that the drugs exert biphasic effects on the skeletal system, both favorable and deleterious, depending on the dose or individual susceptibility.     

Effects of doxycycline on development of changes in histomorphometric parameters of bones induced by bilateral ovariectomy in rats

Tetracyclines are considered potential medication for the treatment of osteoporosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of doxycycline on development of unfavorable changes in bone histomorphometric parameters induced by bilateral ovariectomy in rats. Doxycycline at a dose of 20 mg/kg po daily was administered for 28 days to bilaterally ovariectomized and sham-operated 3-month-old Wistar rats. Bone histomorphometric parameters of the tibia (transverse growth, width of periosteal and endosteal osteoid, area of the transverse cross-section of the diaphysis and area of the transverse cross-section of the marrow cavity) and the femur (width of epiphyseal and metaphyseal trabeculae, width of epiphyseal cartilage) were examined. Bilateral ovariectomy caused symptoms of osteopenia in the rat bones. Doxycycline counteracted the unfavorable changes in bone structure caused by estrogen deficiency. However, in the sham-operated rats doxycycline itself induced deleterious effects in the trabecular bone.     

Psychopharmacological evidence for a role of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel in the substantia nigra of the rat.

Recent evidence suggests that an ATP-sensitive potassium channel is present in the brain. From ligand binding studies it has been inferred that this relatively unfamiliar channel is particularly densely distributed in areas associated with motor control. The aim of this study was thus to examine whether pharmacological agents, specific for the ATP-sensitive channel in other tissues, had effects on a particular motor behaviour associated with the substantia nigra: the effects of microinfusion into the substantia nigra of diverse potassium channel blocking agents were examined on the initiation of circling behaviour in the normal rat. Application of tolbutamide and quinine, but not tetraethylammonium, caused circling behaviour in the presence of a systemically administered challenge of amphetamine. However, in the case of application of tolbutamide, the direction of circling was dependent on whether the site of infusion was in the pars compacta or pars reticulata. On the other hand, the effects of quinine were the same, irrespective of site of application within the substantia nigra, i.e. in the same direction, as seen after injection of tolbutamide into the pars compacta. Quinine and tolbutamide are different chemical species which both, unlike tetraethylammonium, principally block the ATP-sensitive potassium channel. It therefore seems that an ATP-sensitive potassium channel in the pars compacta cells of the substantia nigra could play a selective role in modifying the net activity of the nigrostriatal pathway and hence the control of movement.     

Dopamine D-2 auto- and postsynaptic receptors in the nigrostriatal system of the rat brain: localization by quantitative autoradiography with [3H]sulpiride

In vitro receptor autoradiography with [3H]sulpiride (a selective D-2 antagonist) was used to assess the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine and ibotenic acid lesions of the caudate-putamen and substantia nigra pars compacta on D-2 dopamine receptors in rat brain. A marked reduction in [3H]sulpiride binding within the pars compacta of the substantia nigra resulted from lesions of the substantia nigra compacta with either toxin, while substantial reduction in binding within the caudate-putamen followed only ibotenate lesions of that structure. Since (-)sulpiride is a selective D-2 antagonist, these data confirm that autoreceptors on nigral DA neurons are of the D-2 type, while a portion of D-2 receptors in the caudate-putamen are postsynaptic on striatal neurons.     

成人额骨的厚度研究及其意义

目的研究成人额骨多个部分的厚度,并分析其意义。方法选国人成人干颅骨130个,其中男性70个,女性60个。将眉弓平均分成4份,于矢状面处垂直锯额骨,而后用直尺、游标卡尺、量角器等测量工具测量额鳞、额结节、额颞部、眉弓、眶面、额窦处以及鼻部各个部位的骨厚度。结果测得了男女性干颅骨额鳞、额结节、额颞部、眉弓、眶面、额窦处以及鼻部各个部位的骨厚度,计算其均值。此外,男、女性除了额结节、额颞部、眉弓的骨厚度差异有统计学（P〈0．05）意义外,其余各部分皆无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论测量了男女性额骨的额鳞、额结节、额颞部、眉弓、眶面、额窦处以及鼻部处的骨厚度,其测量数据将会对临床工作起到良好的指导作用。     

吻合血管的腓骨上段重建肩关节行肱骨肿瘤保肢术

目的研究分析肱骨上段骨肿瘤切除术后大段骨缺损,应用吻合血管的腓骨上段移植重建肩关节的技术与疗效。方法1997-07～2003-12对9例肱骨上段的骨肿瘤行瘤段切除术后应用吻合血管的腓骨上段移植重建肩关节。本组所有骨肿瘤均侵及肩关节,按Enneking分期,广泛性边缘性切除肱骨肿瘤,取同侧腓骨上段带完整的腓骨头与腓动脉移植于瘤段切除之骨缺损处,将腓动脉与肱深动脉吻合,腓骨头与肩关节盂形成关节,并重建肩关节之功能肌,移植腓骨长18～23cm,平均20cm。结果所有患者均获随访,中位随访时间为2年,移植骨均愈合良好,均于术后3～6个月与宿主骨牢固连接。重建肩关节的功能评分均在25分以上。结论吻合血管的腓骨上段移植能够修复肱骨骨肿瘤瘤段切除术后约15cm以上的骨缺损,进行肩关节周围肌肉重建后可以保留大部分肩关节功能。     

Cathepsin K as a target for the treatment of osteoporosis

Cathepsin K is a recently discovered member of the papain superfamily of cysteine proteinases. This enzyme is highly expressed in human osteoclast cells where it plays an important role in the resorption processes in normal bone remodelling. The importance of cathepsin K in osteoclast-mediated resorption of the bone matrix provides a rationale for the design of inhibitors of cathepsin K as potential drugs for the treatment of diseases of excess bone remodelling such as osteoporosis. Successful application of modern methods of drug discovery, including genomics and structure-based methods of drug design, has resulted in the identification of this previously unknown therapeutic target and the rapid elucidation of novel, potent and selective inhibitors of human osteoclast cathepsin K. Several classes of inhibitors of cathepsin K that have been reported in the published literature and in recent patent filings are described in this review.     

Effects of short-term exposure to the DDT metabolite p,p'-DDE on bone tissue in male common frog (Rana temporaria)

Experimental studies as well as studies in free-ranging animals have shown that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) impair bone tissue composition and strength. The aim of the present study was to expand our studies on bone tissue in a new group of animals by investigating whether bone tissue in frogs is an additional potential target of EDCs. Adult male European common frogs (Rana temporaria) were divided into 5 groups (n = 20) and injected (sc, single injection) with p,p'-DDE, a total dose of 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 10 mg of p,p'-DDE/kg body weight, respectively. A control group was treated with the vehicle (corn oil). Two weeks after injection the frogs were euthanized and samples taken. The diaphysis of the excised left femur was scanned using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and cortical variables, such as cortical bone mineral density (BMD), cortical cross-sectional area (CSA), and periosteal circumference, were determined. In addition, biomechanical three-point bending of the bones was conducted, with the load being applied to the same point as where the pQCT measurement was performed. The results from the pQCT measurements show that bone tissue in male frogs exposed to p,p'-DDE is negatively affected. A significant decrease in cortical BMD at the diaphysis was observed in frogs exposed to 1 mg p,p'-DDE. However, the biomechanical testing of the bones showed no significant differences between exposed and control group. Although this is the only study performed to date examining the possible relationships between EDCs and negative effects on frog bones, it supports both previous experimental findings in rodents and findings in free-ranging animals.     

Effects of alpha-escin on histomorphometrical parameters of long bones in rats with experimental post-steroid osteopenia

The excess of glucocorticosteroids leads to the development of osteopenia. A decreased bone formation rate and an increased bone resorption rate are observed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of alpha-escin on the experimental prednisolone-induced osteopenia. The experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats with initial body weight of 240-310 g, divided into 4 groups (n = 6): Control, Alpha-escin, Prednisolone, Prednisolone + alpha-escin. Prednisolone (5 mg/kg im daily) and/or alpha-escin (100 mg/kg po daily) were administered for 28 days. Transverse cross-section surfaces of the cortical diaphysis and of the marrow cavity in the tibia, transverse growth, width of endosteal and periosteal osteoid, thickness of trabeculae and width of epiphyseal cartilage were examined. Prednisolone administration caused osteopenic changes in rat bones. Alpha-escin administered to the control rats did not exert statistically significant influence on the investigated bone parameters. Alpha-escin administration to prednisolone-treated rats slightly reduced the unfavorable effects of prednisolone on width of periosteal and endosteal osteoid and periosteal transverse growth in the tibia.     

Effects of traditional Chinese medicine on bone loss in SAMP6: a murine model for senile osteoporosis

We evaluated the effects of the traditional Chinese medicines, Hachimi-jio-gan, Juzen-taiho-to and Unkei-to, on bone loss in murine model of senile osteoporosis (SAMP6). Two-month-old SAMP6 were divided into control and experimental groups. The control mice had the tap water available as the only drinking fluid. The experimental mice were given 0.05% aqueous solution of Hachimi-jio-gan, Juzen-taiho-to or Unkei-to for three months. The solution intake of a mouse averaged 5 ml per day. The bones were studied morphologically and histomorphometrically, together with bone mineral density (BMD), serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and estradiol levels. In the control group, BMD and the amount of bone forming surface were low, the serum PTH level was high when compared with the normal mice SAMR1. Many osteocytes and osteoblasts showed degenerative changes and numerous mast cells were observed in the bone marrow. Compared with controls, the serum estradiol level was higher in the Unkei-to group. However, we did not find any significant changes of bones. In the Hachimi-jio-gan and Juzen-taiho-to groups, the bone mass and the amount of bone forming surface increased. Most of the osteocytes and osteoblasts appeared normal. As compared with controls, the number of mast cells in bone marrow decreased in the Hachimi-jio-gan group. The serum PTH level had declined in the Juzen-taiho-to group. The present study provides certain evidence that Hachimi-jio-gan and Juzen-taiho-to are effective in preventing bone loss in SAMP6, while Unkei-to can only improve the ovary function.