铟及其化合物毒性和健康影响研究进展

目前,铟及其化合物在制造业、临床医学等行业有着广泛的应用.职业性铟接触人群逐年增加,但国内对铟及其化合物毒性研究开展得还很少.本文介绍铟及其化合物毒性的研究进展,对促进国内铟及其化合物毒理学研究具有重要意义.     

镍化合物毒性研究中酶学的应用进展

镍化合物是人类在生产和生活中广泛接触的工业物质,其中氧化镍、硫酸镍和羰基镍等是一类多器官毒物,可累及机体多种重要器官,导致各种毒效应[1].国内外关于镍毒性机制研究相对滞后,影响了对其预防及治疗工作的开展.酶学研究是毒理学研究的重要方法,它对于深入了解镍化合物毒性机制和揭示镍化合物引起的细胞毒性、器官损害和致癌性等方面有重要的意义.     

国际公共卫生新进展

本文从公共卫生挑战、传染病防控、疾病监测、慢性病防治、全球健康、健康素养、精准医学等领域,对近年来国际上公共卫生领域的新进展进行介绍,以期为我国公共卫生工作提供借鉴与经验。     

Acute toxicity of triorganotin compounds: different specific effects on the energy metabolism and role of pH

Triorganotin compounds exhibit several modes of toxic action on the energy metabolism in energy-transducing membranes. The inhibition of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase and the hydroxide/chloride-antiport have been extensively investigated, but debate still exists on whether further mechanisms are relevant. In this work, two possible further effects have been investigated: inhibition of the bc1 complex and the hydroxide uniport, and in addition, the overall inhibition of the ATP synthesis was investigated in chromatophores of the photosynthetic purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides at pH = 7.5 and pH = 6.1. Experimental conditions were chosen in order to exclude the hydroxide/anion antiport as a possible effect. Inhibition of the cytochromes bc1 complex was detected, but at such high concentrations that it is not relevant for acute toxicity. Tributyltin was found to induce a decrease of the membrane potential, which can be attributed to a hydroxide uniport, whereas for triphenyltin no such activity was observed. For both compounds, inhibition of the ATP synthesis was higher at pH = 6.1 than at pH = 7.5. Also the hydroxide uniport activity of tributyltin was higher at lower pH. The contribution of the hydroxide uniport of tributyltin to the overall inhibition of the ATP synthesis cannot be quantified; however, hydroxide uniport occurred in the same concentration range as inhibition of the ATP synthesis. For triphenyltin, inhibition of the ATP synthesis can be attributed to the inhibition of the ATP synthase. It was concluded that chromatophores of R. sphaeroides are a useful system to discriminate various effects of toxicants on the energy metabolism of a cell.     

全氟及多氟类有机化合物对女性生殖健康影响的研究进展

全氟及多氟类有机化合物(perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)是一类人工合成的化工表面活性剂,被广泛应用于纺织、造纸、包装、农药、地毯、皮革等表面防污处理剂。全氟有机化合物可通过饮食、饮水和呼吸等途径进入人体。现已有大量研究表明,PFASs暴露可能影响人类和动物的生殖健康,本综述聚焦PFASs对女性卵母细胞生长发育、女性生殖内分泌激素的调节、女性不孕症相关疾病以及出生子代生长发育等热点问题进行阐述,并对目前PFASs对女性生殖健康影响方面的研究存在的问题及今后的研究方向进行讨论和展望。     

氯霉素的毒性作用和检测方法研究进展

氯霉素是一种广谱抗生素,因其抗菌效果好且价格低廉而被广泛用于畜牧养殖业,但对人体有不良反应,主要是引起人类骨髓功能抑制,从而导致再生障碍性贫血、血小板减少性紫癜等疾病.目前,我国已禁止在动物性食品生产过程中使用氯霉素,但私自使用的现象仍然存在,这就使氯霉素有可能残留在动物性食品中进而对人体健康构成危害.目前用于氯霉素残留的检测方法主要有:微生物法、免疫学法、气相色谱、液相色谱、气质联用及液质联用等,其中微生物及免疫学法常作为初步筛选实验;色谱法作为确证及定量方法;气质联用与液质联用为我国国标中氯霉素残留检测方法.     

铅及其化合物遗传毒性的研究进展

铅广泛用于工业生产中,是常见的环境污染物质和职业性有害因素.铅及其化合物对机体的各个组织均有毒性作用,影响人体正常的生理功能.然而,对其致癌、致畸和致突变作用的研究较少,且存在争议.该文对铅及其化合物的遗传毒性最新研究做一文献综述.     

肠道必需氨基酸代谢及其功能的研究进展

在肠道代谢过程中,食物必需氨基酸可不同程度地被肠道组织利用。这些必需氨基酸,除了用于合成肠黏膜蛋白质外,还可通过不同途径在肠上皮细胞内代谢。它们不仅是小肠黏膜的能量物质,同时还参与肠道内氨基酸、谷胱甘肽和多胺等多种生物活性物质的合成,对维持肠黏膜完整性和肠道功能有重要意义,对整个机体的代谢产生重要的影响。     

Estradiol uptake, toxicity, metabolism, and adverse effects on cadmium-treated amphibian embryos

The exposure of Bufo arenarum embryos to 25 micromol/L 17beta-estradiol (E2) resulted in 100% lethality within 48 hr, whereas 10 micromol//L E2 was the no observed effect concentration value for short-term chronic (7 days) exposure. The toxicity profile curves show that lethal effects were proportional to the E2 concentration and the time of exposure. The E2 uptake resulted in 20.1 ng E2/mg embryo at 8 hr posttreatment, but 67.3% of this value was achieved during the first 30 min of incubation with this estrogen. Regarding metabolism, the embryos synthesize estrone (E1) from E2 by means of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Simultaneous treatments of Bufo arenarum embryos with 1 mg/L Cd2+ and 0.1, 1, or 10 micromol/L E2 enhanced the lethality exerted by cadmium in 76.7, 80, and 83.3% of embryos, respectively. The results indicate that estrogenic endocrine disruptors could have an adverse effect on amphibian embryos and enhance the toxic effect of Cd on amphibian embryos. This study points to the possibility of using the AMPHITOX test as a screening method for potential endocrine disruption as well as the combined effects of chemical mixtures.     

病例对照研究的设计原理及其进展

本文重新审视了传统病例对照研究的缺陷，深层次地探讨了巢式病例对照研究、病例队列研究与队列研究之间的关系，阐述了病例对照研究是队列研究的有效实现形式这一现代观念。     

Larvicidal activities of some organotin compounds on mosquito larvae: a QSAR study

Mosquitoes are not only the cause of nuisance by their bites but also transmit deadly diseases like malaria, filariasis, yellow fever, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis. In this paper, nine QSAR models were developed using different series of organotins with respect to their larvicidal activities against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi mosquito larvae. Internal [cross-validation (LOO-q(2)), quality factor (Q), Fischer statistics (F), and Y-randomization] and external validation tests have validated all these QSAR models. QSAR results suggest that the two most important determinants for the toxicity are the hydrophobic (pi) and Hammett electronic (sigma(+)) parameters of the substituents, and the kill mechanism is different for these two species of mosquito larvae. On the basis of QSAR (6), nine compounds 4a-4i are suggested as potential synthetic targets.     

Inhibitory effects of organotin compounds on histamine release from rat serosal mast cells.

Tributyltin inhibited compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat serosal mast cells in a dose-related manner. Triphenyltin and tripropyltin also showed a strong inhibitory effect on the histamine release and the degree of the inhibition was the same as that of tributyltin. The inhibitory effects of other organometals were much smaller than those of the organotins. Tributyltin and triphenyltin also showed a tendency to inhibit histamine release induced by concanavalin A + phosphatidylserine and calcium ionophore A 23187. The present results suggest that certain triorganotin compounds may have a specific inhibitory effect on histamine release by acting on the same process in each of the three stimulus responses.     

Sampling and analytical methods for antimony and its compounds - a review.

A review of sampling and analytical procedures for antimony and its compounds is presented. Emphasis has been placed on those methods which have application to personal air or biological samples in industrial hygiene. Two analytical techniques in particular have been used most frequently--colorimetric and atomic absorption. A need for research to develop satisfactory solid sorbent sampling techniques for stibine and other volatile antimony compounds is evident.     

蓝莓的活性成分、吸收代谢及其神经保护作用研究进展

蓝莓主要活性成分包括花色苷、氯原酸、枸橼酸、熊果苷、杨梅黄素及其苷类等;并具有神经保护、延缓脑衰老、增强心脏功能等多种生物学作用。近年来,蓝莓提取物改善认知的作用引起广泛关注。本文综述了蓝莓活性成分、吸收与代谢的研究现状,并重点介绍了蓝莓的神经保护作用及其相关机制的研究进展。