苦瓜多糖对链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病小鼠的降血糖效果

目的:研究苦瓜水提多糖(watersolublepolysaccharidesofMomordicacharantiaL.MCW)和苦瓜碱提多糖(alkalinesolublepolysaccharidesofMomordicacharantiaL.MCB)对STZ诱导糖尿病小鼠的降血糖作用。方法:昆明种小鼠120只,随机抽取12只作空白对照,余下108只,禁食后于次日晨腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)200mg/kgbw。取血糖值在11.1mmol/L以上者随机分组,共4组:模型组、MCW组(300mg/kgbw)、MCB组(300mg/kgbw)和优降糖组(15mg/kgbw)。连续灌胃10d后,禁食,次日晨眼眶取血,测定血糖及血清胰岛素含量。解剖取胰腺,观察小鼠胰岛组织形态。结果:MCW和MCB都可以降低糖尿病小鼠空腹血糖,MCB组分的降血糖效果最佳,不但可以显著降低糖尿病小鼠空腹血糖值,而且可以提高糖尿病小鼠血清胰岛素水平。结论:苦瓜多糖能帮助恢复受损胰岛组织,促进胰岛素的分泌,从而降低血糖。     

碱提浒苔多糖降血糖作用研究

目的探讨浒苔多糖的降血糖作用,开发海洋药物新资源。方法用碱提的方法提取浒苔多糖,用四氧嘧啶复制糖尿病小鼠,用浒苔多糖降低小鼠血糖浓度。结果浒苔多糖100,200和400mg／kg剂量组对糖尿病小鼠的降糖率分别是14．4％,20．3％和154％。其中200mg／kg剂量组浒苔多糖达到最有效的降糖效果。结论碱提浒苔多糖能显著降低四氧嘧啶复制糖尿病小鼠的血糖浓度。     

纳米硒桔梗多糖复合物的降糖作用研究

目的:探究纳米硒桔梗多糖复合物的降糖作用。方法:根据硒含量和急毒实验结果确定灌胃给药剂量,采用腹腔注射四氧嘧啶建立糖尿病小鼠模型,通过监测小鼠体重、饮食饮水量、空腹血糖(FBG)值变化及测定小鼠血清中MDA含量和GSH-Px活性,衡量纳米硒桔梗多糖复合物的降糖效果。结果:纳米硒桔梗多糖复合物毒性较低,能明显改善糖尿病小鼠的FBG值,降低小鼠血清中MDA含量,提升GSH-Px活性。结论:纳米硒桔梗多糖复合物具有良好的降糖作用。     

仙人掌、芦荟与苦瓜等降低糖尿病模型小鼠血糖的效果观察

为了观察仙人掌、芦荟及苦瓜等天然植物和不同膳食因素降低糖尿病小鼠血糖的效果 ,给小鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素 (STZ) 80mg kgBW以建立无症状糖尿病小鼠模型。分别采用 2种不同膳食配方及以仙人掌、芦荟、苦瓜汁灌胃 2 1天 ,检测其空腹 12h血糖和用 5 0 %葡萄糖 2 0ml kgBW灌胃 2h后血糖值。结果显示腹腔注射STZ 80mg kgBW 11天后 ,与对照组和注射STZ前比较各组小鼠空腹血糖均显著升高 (P <0 0 1) ,未出现摄食量、饮水量显著增加和体重下降的糖尿病典型症状 ,符合本实验要求的无症状期糖尿病模型小鼠。给予不同受试物 2 1天后 ,仙人掌、芦荟、苦瓜和膳食A组小鼠空腹血糖值均较STZ模型组显著降低 (P<0 0 1) ,同时也低于给受试物前水平 ,但未能达到正常组小鼠的血糖水平。当给予 5 0 %葡萄糖灌胃后 2h ,仙人掌、芦荟、苦瓜和膳食A组小鼠血糖值不同程度的低于STZ模型组 ,但仍高于正常组 (P <0 0 5 )。结果提示 ,仙人掌、芦荟、苦瓜和膳食A能不同程度降低无症状期糖尿病小鼠的空腹血糖和餐后 2h血糖。     

生命早期经饲料补充维生素D对链脲菌素致小鼠糖尿病的影响

目的探讨生命早期经饲料补充维生素D对链脲菌素作用小鼠空腹血糖和胰岛素水平,糖尿病发病率,以及链脲菌素致胰岛损伤的影响。方法 C57BL/6鼠离乳后分别饲喂标准饲料和补充维生素D(VD)饲料9周后注射链脲菌素(STZ),继续喂养4周,注射STZ后每周末测定空腹血糖,计算糖尿病发病率,4周后测血清胰岛素水平,并采用HE染色法观察胰腺形态学变化。结果①生命早期补充VD能降低STZ作用小鼠的空腹血糖水平,并以补充高剂量VD的降糖效果最好,其在注射STZ后4周血糖值明显低于糖尿病模型组(P<0.01);②生命早期补充VD降低STZ致小鼠糖尿病发病率,并以补充高剂量VD的干预效果最好,其在注射STZ后4周时糖尿病发病率为0%,完全抑制糖尿病的发病(P<0.01);③生命早期补充高剂量和中剂量VD明显上调STZ作用小鼠的血清胰岛素水平(P<0.05),并以补充高剂量VD的上调作用最显著(P<0.01)。④生命早期补充高剂量和中剂量VD对STZ致胰岛损伤有明显保护作用,且以补充高剂量VD的保护作用最好。结论生命早期补充一定量VD能降低STZ作用小鼠的血糖水平和糖尿病发病率,上调血清胰岛素水平,改善STZ对胰岛细胞的损伤,且均以补充高剂量VD的作用最显著。     

螺旋藻多糖对糖尿病大鼠血糖及胰岛素水平的影响

目的观察螺旋藻多糖对糖尿病大鼠血糖及胰岛素水平的影响及其作用机制。方法雄性SD大鼠腹腔注射链尿佐菌素制备糖尿病模型,将造模成功大鼠按照血糖值和体重随机分为糖尿病模型组、阳性对照组(格列本脲,20 mg/kg)、螺旋藻多糖高剂量组(200 mg/kg)和低剂量组(100 mg/kg),经口灌胃给药;另设正常对照组。时间为8周,观察螺旋藻多糖对糖尿病大鼠体重、血糖、血清中胰岛素含量、β细胞功能指数和胰腺病理学改变的影响。结果模型组大鼠体重和血糖分别为(219.0±18.6)g、(27.6±2.4)mmol/L,胰岛素含量和β细胞功能指数分别为(7.19±2.55)μU/ml、6.62±2.95;螺旋藻多糖高、低剂量组体重和血糖分别为(273.0±26.9)g、(9.2±4.4)mmol/L和(270.1±43.4)g、(15.4±3.7)mmol/L,胰岛素含量和β细胞功能指数分别为(10.45±3.64)μU/ml、(9.34±2.12)μU/ml和95.48±43.27、62.47±53.51。结论螺旋藻多糖可降低血糖,增加血清中胰岛素含量和β细胞功能指数,其作用机制可能是通过修复受损的胰岛细胞,增加β细胞胰岛素的分泌发挥作用。     

甜茶素提取物对STZ致高血糖大鼠的降血糖作用研究

目的 :　研究甜茶素提取物对 STZ致高血糖大鼠的降血糖效果及其降糖机制。方法 :　腹腔注射 STZ制备糖尿病大鼠模型 ,取成型的大鼠随机分阳性对照组、甜茶素提取物组和降糖灵组。同时设一正常组。灌胃 3 w后 ,测血糖、果糖胺、胰岛素和 SOD等指标。结果 :　甜茶素提取物能极显著地降低 STZ致高血糖大鼠血糖 ,增强其抗氧化能力 ,同时能刺激胰岛素的分泌。结论 :　甜茶素提取物通过刺激胰岛素的分泌来降低血糖     

老年糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗的注意事项

口服降糖药物的种类多，不同作用机制的药物联合使用，可取得良好的血糖控制效果。但2型糖尿病病程长，胰岛β细胞的分泌功能缓慢降低。而老年糖尿病患者多数病程漫长，适用胰岛素治疗的患者数目日渐增加。     

降糖口服液对糖尿病小鼠血液、免疫及抗氧化功能的影响

研究糖尿病小鼠血液、免疫及抗氧化功能的变化及降糖口服液的作用。测定血中白细胞、红细胞、血小板数及血红蛋白、胆固醇、甘油三脂、血钙含量；测定脾、胸腺脏器指数及吞噬率；测定心、肾、脾、肝微粒体、肝线粒体、胰腺、脑等脏器GSHpx、SOD活性及MDA含量。糖尿病小鼠血中血红蛋白含量及白细胞数下降，MDA含量升高，其中对肝线粒体、脾脏的影响较大，降糖口服液能明显逆转上述改变，并能提高正常小鼠的抗氧化功能、降低血中甘油三脂含量。降糖口服液不仅具有降糖作用，而且具有维持机体正常功能和延缓衰老的作用。     

卷柏对2型糖尿病大鼠模型葡萄糖代谢影响的实验研究

[目的]建立一种发病过程类似人类2型糖尿病的动物模型,并运用此模型评价卷柏不同溶剂提取对其降糖活性的影响. [方法]雄性SD大鼠高糖高脂饲料喂养4周后,以小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱发胰岛素代偿分泌障碍,使之产生高血糖症,观察卷柏不同溶剂提取物对糖尿病大鼠血糖、体重、摄食量、饮水量、胰岛素敏感性的影响.[结果]大鼠腹腔注射STZ 72 h后,血糖、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST及BUN明显升高,血清HDL-C明显降低.给予卷柏不同溶剂提取物3周,卷柏醇提物组血糖、摄食量、饮水量比模型组明显降低,胰岛素敏感性明显升高;卷柏水提物组胰岛素敏感性也明显升高,血糖、摄食量明显降低,但饮水量变化不明显. [结论]通过高糖高脂饲料加小剂量STZ建立了2型糖尿病模型,可用于糖尿病治疗药物的筛选;卷柏醇提物降糖作用优于卷柏水提物.     

苦瓜水提取物降血糖作用动物实验研究

目的观察苦瓜水提取物对II型糖尿病小鼠的降血糖作用。方法采用高脂饲料喂饲断乳小鼠制备II型糖尿病模型,选血糖≥8 mmol/L者分入对照组和2个剂量组。剂量组分别给予0.25、1.00 g/kg.bw剂量的苦瓜水提取物。30 d后测定小鼠空腹血糖、糖耐量、血生化指标和血清MDA、SOD。同步给予正常小鼠1.00 g/kg.bw剂量的苦瓜水提取物观察其对正常小鼠血糖的影响。结果苦瓜水提取物0.25 g/kg.bw剂量能显著降低高血糖小鼠空腹血糖,显著提高实验前后血糖下降百分率(P0.01),对高血糖小鼠的糖耐量无显著影响。1.00 g/kg.bw剂量能改善高血糖小鼠血清胆固醇升高的状态,对升高的血清MDA有降低作用。但进一步加剧了高血糖小鼠血清总蛋白、白蛋白降低的状态。苦瓜水提取物对正常小鼠的血糖无显著影响。结论苦瓜水提取物可降低II型糖尿病小鼠的高血糖,但可导致血清总蛋白、白蛋白降低。临床上应用时应加注意。     

Hypoglycemic activity of the fruit of the Momordica charantia in type 2 diabetic mice

The antidiabetic activity of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) was investigated in KK-Ay mice, an animal model with type 2 diabetes with hyperinsulinemia. The water extract of the fruit of Momordica charantia L. (MC) reduced the blood glucose of KK-Ay mice 3 weeks after oral administration (p<0.01) and also significantly lowered the serum insulin of KK-Ay mice under similar conditions (p<0.01). However, MC did not affect the blood glucose in normal mice. MC-treated KK-Ay mice blood glucose significantly decreased in an insulin tolerance test. Moreover, the muscle content of facilitative glucose transporter isoform 4 (GLUT4) protein content in the plasma membrane fraction from muscle significantly increased in the orally MC-treated mice when compared with that of the controls (p<0.01). These results suggest that the antidiabetic effect of MC is derived, at least in part, from a decrease in insulin resistance because of the increase of GLUT4 protein content in the plasma membrane of the muscle.     

苦瓜皂甙对衰老小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 :　探讨苦瓜皂甙对衰老小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法 :　 1 5 mo雌性昆明小鼠 ,随机分为老年对照组 ( SC)、实验 组 ( E1 )、实验 2组 ( E2 ) ,SC饮用自来水、E1、E2两组分别饮含有1 0 0 mg/L和 2 0 0 mg/L的苦瓜皂甙水。饲养 5 w后 ,处死动物 ,取标本待测。同时制备衰老小鼠脾细胞、腹腔巨噬细胞、胸腺细胞 ,分别加入不同浓度的苦瓜皂甙 ( 2 5 mg/L和 5 0 mg/L) ,培养后待测。结果 :　苦瓜皂甙不影响脾脏指数 ,但胸腺指数有升高趋势 ,实验组吞噬指数、血清 IL- 2水平明显升高 ,且 E2高于 E1 ( P<0 .0 5 )。苦瓜皂甙能明显增加胸腺中 CD8+ - T细胞数 ,显著降低胸腺和脾脏中 CD+ CD8+ 双阳性 T细胞数。体外实验表明 ,苦瓜皂甙不但可促进脾脏分泌 IL - 2 ,还可显著增强腹腔巨噬细胞分泌 TNFα,但不影响胸腺细胞凋亡百分率。结论 :　苦瓜皂甙可通过改变 T细胞各亚群比例 ,促进 IL- 2分泌 ,增强吞噬指数 ,提高衰老小鼠免疫功能。     

The inhibitory effects of beta-momorcharin on endometrial cells in the mouse

beta-Momorcharin purified from the seeds of Momordica charantia L. suppressed the decidual response of pseudopregnant mouse uterus to mechanical stimulus. In the beta-momorcharin-treated uterus, stromal cells failed to decidualise, uterine glands distended, and a diminished cell proliferation was found in the endometrium and myometrium. beta-Momorcharin also inhibited the biosynthetic activity of the cultured endometrial cells. The rate of incorporation of 3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine was all depressed by beta-momorcharin. The termination of the early pregnancy in the mouse may have resulted from an inhibitory effect of the abortifacient protein on the differentiating endometrium.     

苦瓜水提取物对小鼠的急性经口毒性和遗传毒性实验研究

目的了解苦瓜水提取物的急性经口毒性和遗传毒性，为苦瓜的开发利用提供实验依据。方法按照GB15193—2003《食品安全性毒理学评价程序和方法》进行急性经口毒性实验、Ames实验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核实验及小鼠精子畸形实验。结果苦瓜水提取物的急性经口LD50〉21500mg/kg bw；三项遗传毒性实验结果均为阴性。结论苦瓜水提取物对小鼠的急性经口毒性属无毒，未见遗传毒性作用。     

Antioxidant properties of Momordica Charantia (bitter gourd) seeds on Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

The aim of the present study is to investigate the antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract of seeds of two varieties, namely a country and hybrid variety of Momordica charantia (MCSEt1 and MCSEt2) respectively in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of both the seed extracts at a concentration of 150 mg/kg b.w for 30 days showed a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose, hepatic and renal thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and hydroperoxides. The treatment also resulted in a significant increase in reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats. The results clearly suggest that seeds of Momordica charantia treated group may effectively normalize the impaired antioxidant status in streptozotocin induced-diabetes than the glibenclamide treated groups. The extract exerted rapid protective effects against lipid peroxidation by scavenging of free radicals there by reducing the risk of diabetic complications. The effect was more pronounced in MCSEt1 compared to MCSEt2.     

苦瓜对胰岛素抵抗鼠肾组织中一氧化氮合酶的影响

目的　研究苦瓜对胰岛素抵抗大鼠 (IR)肾组织细胞中一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)的变化 ,探讨苦瓜治疗胰岛素抵抗的作用机制。方法　将 IR大鼠随机分成 IR+苦瓜组和 IR+蒸馏水组。分别用苦瓜汁和蒸馏水每天灌胃 1次 ,连续 7天 ,然后处死动物 ,测试总 NOS及诱生型一氧化氮合酶 (i NOS)活性。结果　胰岛素抵抗大鼠经苦瓜灌胃后其总 NOS和 i NOS与试验对照组比较 ,差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,经苦瓜灌胃后的 IR大鼠与正常大鼠比较 ,总 NOS和 i NOS则明显增高 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　苦瓜对 IR大鼠肾组织中总 NOS或 i NOS的影响不明显 ,其机理有待进一步研究。     

The effect of Momordica charantia capsule preparation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus needs further studies

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Momordica charantia, locally known as Ampalaya, is being widely used and advertised for its hypoglycemic effects. However, to date, no large clinical trial has been published on the efficacy of any type of preparation. The main objective of this study is to determine if addition of M. charantia capsules to standard therapy can decrease glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c or HbA1c) levels in diabetic patients with poor sugar control. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted between April and September 2004 at the outpatient clinics of the Philippine General Hospital. The trial included 40 patients, 18 years old and above, who were either newly diagnosed or poorly controlled type 2 diabetics with A1c levels between 7% and 9%. On top of the standard therapy, the patients were randomized to either M. charantia capsules or placebo. The treatment group received two capsules of M. charantia three times a day after meals, for 3 months. The control group received placebo at the same dose. The primary efficacy endpoint was change in the A1c level in the two groups. The secondary efficacy endpoints included its effect on fasting blood sugar, serum cholesterol, and weight. Safety endpoints included effects on serum creatinine, hepatic transaminases (Alanine aminotransferase/ALT and Aspartate aminotransferase/AST), sodium, potassium, and adverse events. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics between the treatment and control groups were similar. The difference in mean change in A1c between the two groups was 0.22% in favor of M. charantia (95% CI: -0.40 to 0.84) with P=0.4825.There was no significant effect on mean fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, and weight or on serum creatinine, ALT, AST, sodium, and potassium. There were few adverse events and these were generally mild. CONCLUSION: This is the first randomized controlled trial to shed light on the issue concerning the hypoglycemic effects of M. charantia. The investigators targeted a 1% decline in A1c at the outset with an estimated power of 88%. With the observed decline of 0.24%, the achieved power was only 11%. For this reason, we are unable to make a definite conclusion about the effectiveness of M. charantia. However, the results of this study can be used estimate the sample size for bigger studies.     

Extracts of Momordica charantia suppress postprandial hyperglycemia in rats

Momordica charantia (bitter melon) is commonly known as vegetable insulin, but the mechanisms underlying its hypoglycemic effect remain unclear. To address this issue, the effects of bitter melon extracts on postprandial glycemic responses have been investigated in rats. An aqueous extract (AE), methanol fraction (MF) and methanol insoluble fraction (MIF) were prepared from bitter melon. An oral sucrose tolerance test revealed that administration of AE, MF or MIF each significantly suppressed plasma glucose levels at 30 min as compared with the control. In addition, the plasma insulin level at 30 min was also significantly lower after MF administration than in the control in the oral sucrose tolerance test. By contrast, these effects of bitter melon extracts were not observed in the oral glucose tolerance test. In terms of mechanism, bitter melon extracts dose-dependently inhibited the sucrase activity of intestinal mucosa with IC(50) values of 8.3, 3.7 and 12.0 mg/mL for AE, MF and MIF, respectively. The fraction with a molecular weight of less than 1,300 (LT 1,300) obtained from MF inhibited the sucrase activity most strongly in an uncompetitive manner with an IC(50) value of 2.6 mg/mL. Taken together, these results demonstrated that bitter melon suppressed postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity and that the most beneficial component is present in the LT 1,300 fraction obtained from MF.