无效食管运动在胃食管反流病中发病作用的观察

目的　探讨食管无效收缩 (IEM)在胃食管反流病 (GERD)的发病作用。方法　对GERD病人行食管测压和 2 4h食管pH监测 ,分析IEM在GERD的发生率以及比较IEM与食管酸暴露、酸清除和食管炎的关系。结果　 86例GERD病人中 5 9例 (6 8 6 % )存在非特异性食管动力障碍 (NEMD) ;其中 5 5例 (占 93 2 % )符合IEM诊断标准 ;GERD病的IEM发生率为 6 3 95 %。IEM的GERD患者总的pH <4时间 (% ) (5 91)及立位 (4 4 3)和卧位 (6 92 )pH <4时间 (% )显著大于食管正常蠕动的GERD患者 (分别为 3 16 ,1.6 1,和 4 31) ,尤以卧位明显 (P <0 0 1)。IEM患者平均卧位食管酸清除时间 (EAC)为每次 12 6 3min ,显著长于正常食管动力GERD患者的每次 3 15min(P<0 0 1) ,而立位EAC则与正常食管动力组无差异。 2 7例正常食管动力GERD有 10例 (37% )有糜烂性食管炎 ;5 5例IEM患者有 19例 (35 % )有食管炎 ,二组间食管炎发生比例差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　GERD病的食管动力障碍大多数系IEM。IEM比正常食管动力患者更易发生反流和存在食管酸清除障碍。IEM是GERD病的主要异常表现。     

胃食管反流病患者食管动力紊乱对食管外症状发生的影响

背景:近年来对胃食管反流病(GERD)的食管外症状已有了较深入的了解,但对此类患者的研究多集中于检测反流的存在,而很少正式评估食管动力紊乱在其发病中的作用。目的:研究GERD患者食管动力紊乱对食管外症状发生的影响。方法:39例根据临床表现和内镜检查结果诊断为具有食管炎的GERD患者分为两组,A组:仅有食管症状(n=21);B组:既有食管症状,又有食管外症状(n=18,其中癔球感10例,慢性咳嗽5例,咽痛3例)。采用静态食管测压和24h食管pH监测对两组患者进行研究。结果:B组患者的食管正常蠕动百分比(15.7%±23.3%)和食管不协调蠕动百分比(69.4%±33.6%)分别显著低于和高于A组(55.0%±37.3%和29.8%±32.8%),食管下括约肌(LES)和食管上括约肌(UES)压力均略低于A组,但无显著差异。B组患者的pH<4总时间(218.2min±278.8min)、pH<4反流次数(153.9±181.2)、pH<4总时间百分比(15.6%±20.0%)和立位pH<4时间百分比(17.1%±19.3%)均显著高于A组(83.9min±112.6min、61.2±83.4、5.9%±7.9%和7.1%±9.5%)。结论:食管动力紊乱可使酸反流加重,导致酸直接作用于咽喉部而引起一系列食管外症状。鉴于食管动力紊乱是GERD发病机制中的首要和关键因素,促动力药的应用必不可少。     

胃食管反流病食管酸暴露和食管动力学变化特征

目的探讨无效食管动力(IEM)在胃食管反流病(GERD)中的作用,以及体质量对食管酸暴露及食管动力的影响。方法77例GERD典型症状患者全部行食管高分辨率压力测定(HRM)和24 h食管动态pH监测,分析IEM及正常食管动力患者酸暴露情况。结果 77例典型GERD症状患者中病理性酸暴露者38例(49%),在病理性酸暴露组中IEM 9例(24%),正常酸暴露组中IEM 5例(13%)。IEM组LES压力低于食管动力正常组(15.15±3.60 vs 22.15±6.73,P0.01);IEM组总pH4时间(百分比)较正常食管动力组高[(14.78±3.8)%vs(4.30±2.68)%,P0.01];IEM组患者BMI值较高。结论 IEM在GERD中较常见,其食管动力障碍中绝大多数为IEM,IEM与食管远端酸暴露密切相关。     

无效食管动力对伴呼吸道症状胃食管反流病发病机制及临床意义的研究

目的 观察伴有呼吸道症状的胃食管反流病(GERD)患者食管动力异常的类型及发生率,探讨无效食管动力(IEM)在其发病机制中的作用及临床意义.方法 应用多功能胃肠动力仪对首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院2005年1月至2007年1月收治的34例伴有哮喘、慢性咳嗽和咽喉部不适等呼吸道症状的GERD患者进行食管压力测定及24h食管动态pH监测,测定下食管括约肌(LES)压力、食管体部蠕动波幅、蠕动时限及蠕动速度,计算pH＜4的时间百分比,卧位及立位pH＜4的时间百分比,平均食管酸清除时间(pH＜4的时间/酸反流次数),算出DeMeester评分.结果 伴有呼吸道症状GERD组LES压力及食管近端、远端蠕动波幅与典型反流症状GERD组及正常对照组比差异无统计学意义;伴有呼吸道症状CERD组的食管动力异常类型主要表现为IEM,IEM发生率为41.2%,明显高于典型反流症状GERD组(18.5%)及正常对照组(0);在伴有呼吸道症状GERD患者中,存在IEM组患者食管pH＜4的总时间百分比及立、卧位食管pH＜4的时间百分比均明显高于食管动力正常组;IEM组患者卧位食管酸清除时间(pH＜4的时间/酸反流次数)较食管动力正常组明显延长.结论 在伴有呼吸道症状GERD患者中,IEM是其最常见的动力异常类型;IEM与食管内酸暴露总时间及立、卧位时间,卧位食管酸清除时间均密切相关,因此,IEM在伴有呼吸道症状GERD患者的发病机制中起重要作用.     

无效食管动力在胃食管反流病中的作用

胃食管反流病(GERD)是临床上常见的胃肠动力障碍性疾病,食管黏膜的酸暴露是反流性食管炎的主要原因,而食管的酸清除能力在食管黏膜损伤中起着重要作用.近年人们将食管远端大于30%的湿咽蠕动波为低幅蠕动[波幅<30 mm Hg(1 kPa=7.5 mm Hg )]或为非传导性收缩定义为无效食管动力(IEM)[1],并将IEM作为一明确的动力异常提出[2,3].对酸清除与食管动力异常的关系研究较多[4],但目前尚无GERD患者伴IEM发生率及IEM在GERD发生中作用的研究.本研究是为明确IEM在GERD中的发生率及IEM在胃食管酸反流及酸清除、食管黏膜损伤中的作用.     

无效食管运动与胃食管反流病关系的探讨

目的 探讨无效食管运动(IEM)与胃食管反流病(GERD)的关系.方法 对90例GERD全部进行胃镜检查并做食管压力测定和24h食管动态pH监测,其中反流性食管炎(RE)组62例,非糜烂性反流病(NERD)组28例.研究IEM与食管酸暴露及RE的关系.结果 RE组中确诊IEM 30例(48.4％)明显高于NERD组6例(21.4％)(P＜0.05).36例IEM患者33例(91.7％)食管酸暴露阳性,高于食管动力正常患者( 28/49,57.2％)(P＜0.01);远端食管pH ＜4总反流时间、卧位反流时间百分比、＞5 min长反流周期数、最长反流时间、DeMeester评分IEM者明显高于食管动力正常者(P＜0.01),反流周期数前者明显高于后者(P＜0.05).结论 IEM在GERD中较常见,其食管动力障碍中绝大多数为IEM,IEM与食管远端酸暴露及RE密切相关.     

无症状贲门松弛患者酸反流食管动力检测及意义

目的:探讨无反流症状贲门松弛对胃食管酸反流及食管动力的影响.方法:对25例内镜下贲门松弛且无明显反流症状患者及10例内镜检查正常的无症状健康志愿者均进行24 h食管pH监测及食管测压检查.结果:内镜下贲门松弛组24 h食管pH监测各项指标较正常对照组增高, 其中以pH<4总时间及DeMeester评分差异更明显(38.44±50.89min vs 10.60±7.75 min, 11.98±14.84 vs 5.06±3.19, 均P<0.05). 贲门松弛组病理性酸反流发生率较正常对照组差异有统计学意义(28%vs 0%, P<0.05). 两组食管测压各项指标包括LES静息压、LES长度、食管远近端蠕动波幅、食管体部传导速度、湿咽成功率等较对照组低, 但差异无统计学意义.结论:贲门松弛易于发生酸反流, 部分贲门松驰且酸反流患者无相关临床症状.     

无效食管动力在胃食管反流病中作用的探讨

目的探讨无效食管动力(IEM)在胃食管反流病(GERD)发病中的作用。方法选取2014年7月至2016年2月在上海同济大学附属东方医院就诊的GERD患者,所有患者均接受高分辨率(HRM)食管测压和24h动态pH监测,排除食管-胃连接处(EGJ)压力和(或)形态异常的情况,共纳入49例GERD患者。根据HRM测压下食管远端收缩积分(DCI)将GERD患者分为IEM组、异常动力组和正常动力组。比较各组间食管动力及反流情况。结果 49例GERD患者中,IEM组19例,异常动力组15例,正常动力组15例。IEM组中反流性食管炎所占比例显著高于异常动力组和正常动力组(P0.05),正常动力组与异常动力组相比较差异无统计学意义。IEM组平均吞咽DCI显著低于异常动力组及正常动力组(P0.01),异常动力组显著低于正常动力组(P0.01)。IEM组食管体部蠕动中断长度相较于异常动力组及正常动力组显著延长(P0.01),异常动力组较正常动力组显著延长(P0.01)。各组间酸反流次数、弱酸反流次数、非酸反流次数和总反流次数比较差异无统计学意义。IEM组DeMeester得分及合计酸反流时间较异常动力组及正常动力组显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),异常动力组及正常动力组DeMeester得分及合计酸反流时间比较差异无统计学意义。49例GERD患者中,平均吞咽DCI与食管蠕动中断长度呈负相关(P0.01),平均吞咽DCI与合计酸反流时间呈负相关(P0.01)。结论 GERD患者中食管动力障碍与酸反流相关,食管体部收缩力度减弱,蠕动中断延长,与酸反流严重程度相关。IEM患者食管收缩力度较弱,酸反流时间较长,更易导致食管炎发生。     

正常人和胃食管反流病人的昼夜食管pH和动力变化

目的:为探讨正常人和胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD)病人昼夜食管运动规律以及食管运动与酸反流的关系。方法:45例GERD病人和10名正常人均接受食管测压和动态食管pH及压力同步监测。结果:(1)下食管括约肌压、远端食管蠕动压及有效食管蠕动百分比在酸反流DeMeester高计分组明显低于低计分组(P<0.05),在反流性食管炎组也明显低于非反流性食管炎组(P<0.05)。(2)有GERD症状或食管炎的卧位有效蠕动百分比明显低于立位(P<0.05)。反流性食管炎组80％有夜间或伴有夜间反流,而不伴反流性食管炎的GERD无1例出现夜间反流。结论:昼夜食管pH和压力动态监测有利于进一步探讨GERD的运动病理,除LES功能外,食管清除功能在GERD发病中起重要作用。     

无效食管动力临床特征分析

目的 分析无效食管动力(IEM)的临床特征。方法 选择2021年7月至2022年7月因胃食管反流病(GERD)样症状或吞咽梗阻于四川大学华西医院行高分辨率食管测压及食管24 h pH监测的患者338例。根据IEM发生情况将其分为正常食管动力组(n=264)和IEM组(n=74)。比较两组人口学特征、食管测压数据、酸暴露时间百分比(AET)、临床症状及对质子泵抑制剂治疗的反应情况。结果 IEM组男性人数比例大于正常食管动力组,胃食管结合部(EGJ)基础压低于正常食管动力组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组年龄、体质量指数、EGJ分型比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组反酸/烧心、胸痛、咽喉不适、吞咽梗阻、非特异症状发生情况比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IEM组总AET>4.0%、立位AET>6.0%及卧位AET>2.0%人数比例均高于正常食管动力组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组抑酸治疗有效率差异无统计学意义(52.08%vs 47.37%;χ²=0.341,P=0.559)。多因素logisti...     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.