贵阳市中学生网络成瘾现状及其影响因素分析

目的 了解贵阳市中学生网络成瘾现状及其影响因素,为开展预防及干预中学生网络成瘾提供参考.方法 整群分层抽取贵阳城区10所中学3 340名学生进行问卷调查.结果 近0.5a内有2 875名中学生使用过网络,上网学生中157名有网络成瘾倾向,占上网人数的5.5％,且男生检出率高于女生,初中生高于高中生.上网年限越长、频率越高、每次上网时间越长,网络成瘾检出率越高;在网吧上网、上网目的为玩游戏的中学生网络成瘾倾向检出率最高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01).Logistic回归分析显示,网吧上网、每周上网次数、每次上网时间、玩网络游戏与网络成瘾倾向均呈正相关,上网获取信息与网络成瘾倾向负相关.结论 中学生网络成瘾问题需引起重视,应引导中学生健康上网,预防网络成瘾现象发生.     

中学生网络成瘾倾向情况及影响因素分析

目的了解贵州省贵阳市中学生网络成瘾倾向情况及网络使用行为特点,探讨中学生网络成瘾倾向的影响因素。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取贵阳市3 571名中学生进行网络成瘾倾向问卷调查。结果贵阳市中学生网络成瘾倾向检出率为16.9%,男生网络成瘾倾向检出率(22.1%)高于女生(11.7%)(χ2=55.338,P=0.000);上网年限越长、频率越高、每次上网时间越长者网络成瘾倾向检出率越高,上网年限>5年、频率>1次/d和上网时间>9 h/次者网络成瘾倾向检出率分别为23.1%、32.8%和48.5%;上网地点在网吧和上网目的玩游戏者网络成瘾倾向检出率较高,分别为25.1%和23.5%;多因素分析结果显示,经常在网吧上网、上网玩网络游戏、每周上网次数≥1次、上网时间≥1 h/次是网络成瘾倾向的危险因素,上网获取信息是网络成瘾倾向的保护因素。结论预防中学生网络成瘾需引导其改善网络使用相关行为。     

湘西州留守与非留守中学生精神成瘾行为及影响因素分析

了解湘西州留守与非留守中学生精神成瘾行为情况及网络成瘾影响因素,为积极开展相关健康教育提供参考.方法 分层随机整群抽取湘西州2 251名中学生,其中留守1 124名,非留守1 127名,并对其长时间上网、网络成瘾、长时间玩电子游戏行为进行问卷调查.结果 非留守中学女生长时间上网的报告率(13.69%)高于留守女生(7.19%);非留守初中生(18.84%)、高中生(18.07%)长时间玩电子游戏的报告率高于留守初中生(11.96%)、高中生(12.59%);农村非留守中学生(9.59%)网络成瘾的报告率高于农村留守中学生(6.21%),差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).Logistic回归显示,留守中学生网络成瘾的危险因素有男生,上网以游戏为主,心情很少或有时、经常或总是不愉快(OR值分别为6.452,1.850,3.263,3.045,P值均<0.05);非留守中学生网络成瘾的危险因素有男生,单亲、其他家庭类型,很少或有时、经常或总是心情不好、父亲学历为初中及高中(OR值分别为2.400,2.558,4.801,3.821,1.794,2.582,P值均<0.05),保护因素有学习成绩中等(OR=0.246,P=0.001).结论 非留守较留守中学生更易发生精神成瘾行为,应引导其正确使用计算机和网络,控制上网时间,并积极开展相关健康教育.     

温州市鹿城区中学生网络成瘾情况调查及其影响因素分析

目的了解温州市鹿城区中学生网络使用情况,探讨中学生网络成瘾相关行为,为制定预防网络成瘾措施提供依据。方法整群分层分别抽取温州市鹿城区中学生1 023名(2009年),599名(2013年),采用自制中学生危险行为调查表进行问卷调查。结果 2013年中学生网络成瘾倾向率(20.5%)明显高于2009年5.6%(P0.01)。单因素分析显示,调查时间为2013年、高中学生、男性、父母分居、非独生子女、学生住在亲戚家、家里有电脑、过去12个月内有电脑上网经历、上网场所在网吧和家里、以聊天和玩游戏为主要上网目的、过去12月内曾经遇到过由于18周岁以下而被网吧管理拒绝入内经历、以玩游戏为上网主要目的学生网络成瘾倾向率较高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),多因素分析显示上网场所在家里和网吧、过去12月内曾经遇到过由于18周岁以下而被网吧管理拒绝入内经历为网络成瘾的危险因素,没有去过网吧是网络成瘾的保护因素。结论 2013年较2009年,温州市鹿城区中学生网络成瘾倾向率增高,社会各界应高度重视,合理引导学生使用网络,远离网络游戏,禁止学生去网吧上网,合理做好家庭电脑管理,预防学生网络成瘾。     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退合并妊娠期糖尿病安阳市青少年网络成瘾现况及影响因素分析

摘要:目的 了解安阳市青少年网络成瘾行为现况及其影响因素,为青少年网络成瘾的预防和干预提供依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,对安阳市24所监测学校共5 040人进行问卷调查。SPSS17.0进行分析。结果 学生网瘾检出率3.8%,其中男生5.7%明显高于女生1.7%(χ2=56.887,P<0.01),性别、城乡、学段、母亲文化程度、学习成绩、玩电子游戏时间、孤独、抑郁、失眠等在网络成瘾和非网络成瘾学生间检出率存在差异( P值均<0.01)。logistic回归分析显示,性别、绝望、失眠、喝饮料≥1次/d、玩电子游戏时间和是否网吧上网是网络成瘾的主要影响因素。结论 青少年网络成瘾现状不容乐观,需根据网络成瘾的影响因素,尽早采取有针对性的干预措施。     

河南留守中学生网络成瘾与社会支持心理健康的关系

探查留守中学生网络成瘾与社会支持、心理健康的关系,为预防和干预留守中学生网络成瘾提供依据.方法 采用网络成瘾诊断量表、SCL-90心理健康量表和社会支持评定量表,以随机分层取样法选取河南省4个县的584名初、高中学生进行问卷调查分析.结果 中学生网络成瘾者共有53人,占全体被试的9.1%,留守与非留守中学生网络成瘾检出率分别为12.6%,4.4%,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.58,P<0.01);其中,留守男生、留守女生网络成瘾检出率分别为15.0%,5.0%,留守高一、留守初二学生网络成瘾检出率分别为17.0%,8.3%,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);非网络成瘾组留守中学生SCL-90量表各因子得分均低于网络成瘾组(P值均<0.01);留守中学生的网络成瘾得分与主观社会支持呈负相关(P<0.01)、与心理健康总分及各个因子分均呈正相关(P值均<0.01).多元线性回归分析显示,心理健康、主观社会支持、性别和年级对留守中学生网络成瘾有显著影响(P值均<0.05).结论 应对留守中学生网络成瘾开展心理健康教育和辅导,并重视留守中学生对社会支持的主观感受.     

合肥市中学生网络成瘾现况及其相关因素分析

目的 了解中学生网络成瘾现况及相关因素,为进一步研究其形成机制提供基础资料.方法 在合肥市区采用方便抽样选取5所中学,以班级为单位整群抽取初一、初二、高一和高二年级共76个班级的3 798名学生进行问卷调查.调查内容包括中学生的人口统计学特征、网络使用情况、网络成瘾情况、自尊和自杀意念情况.结果 在所有使用网络的3 507(92.3%)名学生中,有182(5.2%)名学生被诊断为网络成瘾;网络成瘾的检出率男生高于女生,差异有统计学意义.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,男生、上网年限长、平均每周上网次数多、平均每次上网时间长、在网吧上网和有自杀意念均是网络成瘾的危险因素,而自尊得分高是网络成瘾的保护因素.结论 在控制学生上网时间、上网地点的同时,关心学生的各种心理问题,防止中学生网络成瘾的发生.     

网络游戏对贵州省中学生自杀态度的影响

了解网络游戏对中学生自杀态度的影响,以期为自杀危机干预提供参考.方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,在贵州省抽取贵阳、凯里和毕节共5 109名中学生,运用自行设计的问卷及自杀态度问卷(QSA)进行调查,应用PSM匹配出玩网络游戏中学生与不玩网络游戏的中学生各1 680名.结果 倾向得分匹配前,协变量性别、民族、年龄、年级、有无宗教信仰、身心健康和父亲文化程度在是否玩网络游戏中学生间分布差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);倾向得分匹配后,所有协变量在是否玩网络游戏中学生间分布差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).倾向得分匹配前,玩网络游戏与不玩网络游戏的中学生在自杀行为、自杀者家属和安乐死上的态度得分差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-6.394,-4.658,-5.449,P值均<0.01).倾向得分匹配后,玩网络游戏与不玩网络游戏的中学生在自杀行为、自杀者家属和安乐死上的态度得分差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-2.635,2.679,-3.718,P值均<0.05).结论 玩网络游戏是中学生自杀态度的影响因素,预防中学生自杀行为发生,应关注玩网络游戏中学生的健康教育.     

大学生网络成瘾与自尊孤独感的相关研究

探讨大学生网络成瘾与自尊、孤独感之间的关系,为预防和控制大学生网络成瘾提供科学依据.方法 采用青少年病理性互联网使用量表(APIUS)、自尊量表(SES)、孤独量表(UCLA),对随机选取的合肥工业大学506名大学生进行团体施测.结果 大学生网络成瘾在性别间差异有统计学意义(P=0.003),年级间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);大学生网络成瘾总分及各维度(除突显性外)与自尊均存在显著负相关(P值均<0.05);强迫性上网、消极后果与孤独感呈显著负相关(P值均<0.05).回归分析结果表明,自尊是耐受性、强迫性上网、心境改变、社交抚慰、消极后果及网络成瘾的保护因素,孤独感是强迫性上网和消极后果的保护因素(P值均<0.05).结论 自尊能显著预测大学生网络成瘾倾向;孤独感能显著预测大学生强迫性上网和消极后果的程度.     

中学生网络成瘾的定性研究

目的初步探讨中学生网络成瘾的特点以及中学生对网络成瘾的认识与干预的态度和需求,为开展针对网络成瘾的学校教育、社会宣传和预防治疗提供依据。方法应用定性研究中专题小组讨论的方法,对网络成瘾中学生及家长19人进行访谈。结果中学生网络成瘾者多数以网络游戏作为上网的主要目的,多在网吧上网,且时间较长;多数中学生把上网视为一种休闲;家长普遍认为中学生上网成瘾与性格特点和缺少关爱有关;过度上网对中学生造成的负面影响极大;中学生和家长普遍缺乏对于网络成瘾的正确认识,但对于网络成瘾的干预均有需求。结论应广泛地开展学校健康教育,提高家庭、学校、专业人员和政府对中学生网络成瘾问题的知晓和重视,以利开展预防和干预。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.