石家庄市中小学生视力不良及预防视力不良KAP的调查分析

目的 了解石家庄市中小学生视力不良及预防视力不良知识、态度、行为(knowledge,attitude,behavior,KAP)现状,为防治中小学生视力不良提供科学依据。方法 采用自编结构式调查问卷对石家庄市1 796名中小学生进行预防视力不良知识、态度及行为的调查。结果 石家庄市中小学生视力不良检出率为46.77%,其中男生42.63%,女生51.21%,小学生33.15%,中学生56.36%,城市学生53.76%,农村学生39.24%。女生预防视力不良知识、态度及行为得分均高于男生(P＜0.01),中学生预防视力不良知识得分高于小学生,行为得分低于小学生(P＜0.01),农村学生预防视力不良行为得分高于城市学生(P＜0.05)。结论 石家庄市中小学生视力不良检出率较高,应采取针对性的措施加强中小学生爱眼护眼的健康教育,有效预防中小学生视力不良。     

中山市寄宿高中生营养知识态度行为调查

目的 了解中山市高中生营养知识、态度和行为现状,为开展营养教育提供科学依据.方法 随机抽取中山市4所高中学校学生735名,以问卷方式调查营养知识、态度和行为.结果 寄宿制高中学生营养知识普遍缺乏.关于B族维生素、维生素A、BMI指数以及n-6和n-3脂肪酸知识的回答正确率男生显著高于女生(P＜0.05);营养态度普遍较好;男女生均存在一些不合理的饮食行为;女生和非独生子女学生营养态度得分显著高于男生和独生子女(P＜0.05);学生的营养知识、态度和行为得分呈正相关.结论 在寄宿制高中生中开展营养知识教育是必要和可行的,但同时应加强对女生营养知识的宣传教育,重点端正男生和独生子女学生的营养态度.     

海口市高考生视力不良预防知识态度行为调查

目的了解海口市高考生视力不良预防知识、态度及行为现状,为防治中学生视力不良提供参考依据。方法采用自编结构式调查问卷,对海口市1879名参加高考体检的学生进行视力不良预防知识、态度及行为调查分析。结果海口市高考生视力不良检出率为79.7%,其中男生72.5%,女生86.1%。分别有35.8%、38.2%、40.0%的高考生知晓视力不良的原因、医学验光的作用、积极的体育锻炼可以保护视力等知识。除家庭有必要提供视力防护教育（69.1%）、好的视力比好的成绩更重要（47.8%）外,多数学生有正确的视力保护态度。除保证看书时光线良好（86.7%）、每周吃蛋、奶、内脏次数〉3次（86.5%）、每周吃深绿色蔬菜〉3次（84.2%）外,多数学生的视力不良预防行为较低。结论海口市高考生视力不良检出率较高,学校、家庭应采取有针对性的干预措施,教育引导学生养成良好的用眼卫生习惯,有效预防学生视力不良。     

太原市某小学学生健康生活方式知识·态度·行为

目的了解小学生与健康生活方式有关的知识、态度、行为现况,为相应的干预研究提供科学依据.方法采用问卷调查法对太原市桃园小学三～五年级824名学生进行调查.结果健康生活方式知识(48.35分)、态度(18.52分)、行为(59.58分)问卷得分小学生均未达到及格水平,且男生在知识方面的得分显著高于女生(P＜0.05);三、五年级小学生的知识得分显著高于四年级(P值均＜0.05),三、四年级小学生的态度得分显著高于五年级(P值均＜0.05).结论对小学生进行健康生活方式的教育干预不仅必要,而且迫切.     

《合理饮食与健康》课对大学生饮食与健康知识、态度、行为的影响

[目的]探讨高校开设<合理饮食与健康>相关营养课程的必要性、可行性. [方法]用自行编制并经检验的饮食与健康知识-态度-行为调查问卷对四川大学选修<合理饮食与健康>课的280名学生在开课前与结业时进行问卷调查. [结果]①<合理饮食与健康>课结业时,调查对象饮食与健康知识平均得分为(86.7±10.7)分,高于开课前(F=47.330,P＜0.01),其中文科、工科、医科女生知识得分高于开课前(P＜0.05).②结业时调查对象饮食健康态度平均得分为(94.4±5.2)分.④结业时,调查对象饮食行为平均得分为(71.5±8.9)分,高于开课前(F=61.314,P＜0.01),文科男女生、工科男女生,理科男生、医科女生饮食行为得分高于开课前(P＜0.05). [结论]<合理饮食与健康>课能有效提高大学生营养知识水平,促进其形成良好饮食行为.在高校开设此类营养课具有必要性和可行性.     

广东某大学新生预防近视知识及行为调查

目的了解广东某大学新生对预防近视知识的认知水平及行为现状,为预防大学生视力不良提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法选择文科生、理工科生和艺术生共693人,用统一的自制问卷进行现场调查。结果对预防近视知识的认知水平女生高于男生,文科生和理工科生的知晓率高于艺术生（P〈0．05）;对于预防近视的正确行为而言,男生的行为正确率高于女生,艺术生的行为正确率高于文科生和理工科生（P〈0．05）。结论大学新生预防近视保健知识水平仍需提高,行为正确率严重偏低,学校、家庭、社会应协调合作,努力提高大学生对预防近视的自我保健意识和能力。     

北京上海广州初一年级学生用眼知识态度行为调查

目的了解北京、上海、广州初一学生视力保护相关知识、态度及行为现况,为开展护眼健康教育提供依据。方法自编结构式问卷,采用以班级为单位统一发放问卷、当场收回的方式,对北京、上海、广州初一学生用眼卫生相关知识、态度和行为进行调查。结果女生≤12岁、父母近视的学生用眼卫生相关的知识水平较高;女生认为"有必要做眼保健操"的比例高于男生;≤12岁学生正确用眼行为得分高于12岁学生。结论应有针对性地开展护眼健康教育活动,提高学生的护眼意识和能力。     

广西某高等职业学校新生有关艾滋病的KAP调查

目的了解广西某高职新生艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为(KAP)的现状,为制定艾滋病健康教育策略提供科学依据。方法采用整群抽样的方法,应用艾滋病知识、态度、行为问卷调查,进行相关描述性研究,多因素logistic回归分析发生性行为的影响因素。结果共调查新生971人,96.29%的调查对象听说过艾滋病的相关知识,相关知识平均得分为17.60分,低于满分(30分)的60%;男生艾滋病高危行为与预防措施得分(5.45士2.55)分高于女生(4.74士2.20)分(P0.05);女生对艾滋病的态度、对HIV/AIDS患者的态度得分均高于男生(P0.05);有性行为、吸毒史、静脉注射吸毒经历的调查对象,其高危行为平均得分高于无此类行为的调查对象(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,男生、与父母同住是高职新生发生性行为的影响因素,OR值分别为4.067和2.569。结论广西高职新生的艾滋病相关知识储备不足,男生及与父母同住的高职新生更易发生性行为,学校应根据性别、年龄、居住方式等方面的不同对学生进行艾滋病相关教育。     

嘉兴市某县小学高年级学生性与生殖健康知识水平及获取途径

了解小学高年级学生性与生殖健康知识水平及接受性教育状况,为学校和家庭性教育的开展提供科学依据.方法 在浙江省嘉兴市某县对4所小学四五年级的1 098名学生进行匿名电子问卷调查,调查内容主要为性与生殖健康知识及来源、从学校和家庭获取性教育情况等.结果 小学高年级学生对青春期身体变化的知晓率在15%~54%之间,生殖生理知识的知晓率在14% ~70%之间,对身体隐私部位识别的知晓率在59%~98%之间,对性侵犯场景识别的知晓率在70% ~ 95%之间.上述4类知识相应的平均得分分别为31.89,38.21,77.03,85.72分,总知识得分为58.21分.研究对象性与生殖健康知识水平女生高于男生、城镇学生高于农村学生,五年级学生高于四年级学生(P值均<0.05).小学生性与生殖健康知识主要来源于母亲(63.02%)、父亲(40.53%)和学校老师(27.50%),其中报告父母和学校提供过人的生长发育、青春期发育与保健、自我保护等内容的比例女生高于男生,城镇高于农村,五年级学生高于四年级(P值均<0.05).结论 小学高年级学生普遍缺乏性与生殖健康知识.应提高老师和家长的性教育意识,为小学生提供适宜的性教育.     

北京西城区高中生性行为及艾滋病相关知识态度状况

了解北京市西城区高中生性行为及艾滋病相关知识态度状况,为学校开展艾滋病和性健康教育活动提供依据.方法 使用中国疾病预防控制中心儿少/学校中心编制的问卷,对以简单随机法抽取的西城区5所高中共976名学生进行艾滋病知识态度、性行为等调查.结果 高中生性行为和被迫性行为报告率分别为6.3%和1.2%,男生高于女生(P值均<0.01),职业高中学生高于普通高中和重点高中学生(P值均<0.01).学生对艾滋病病原体的知晓率为73.2%,重点高中学生高于普通高中和职业高中学生(P<0.01).部分学生对待艾滋病患者或病毒感染者持负面态度.结论 应积极开展学校性行为和艾滋病预防健康教育,促进学生预防艾滋病知识水平的提高及正确态度和技能的形成,减少危险行为.     

Investigation and Control of Anthrax Outbreak at the Human–Animal Interface,Bhutan, 2010

In 2010, we investigated anthrax outbreak in Bhutan. A total of 43 domestic animals died, and cutaneous anthrax developed in 9 persons, and 1 died. All affected persons had contact with the carcasses of infected animals. Comprehensive preparedness and response guidelines are needed to increase public awareness of anthrax in Bhutan.     

Risk for Travel-associated Legionnaires’ Disease,Europe, 2009

Legionnaires’ disease is underreported in Europe; notification rates differ substantially among countries. Approximately 20% of reported cases are travel-associated. To assess the risk for travel-associated Legionnaires’ disease (TALD) associated with travel patterns in European countries, we retrieved TALD surveillance data for 2009 from the European Surveillance System, and tourism denominator data from the Statistical Office of the European Union. Risk (number cases reported/number nights spent) was calculated by travel country. In 2009, the network reported 607 cases among European travelers, possibly associated with 825 accommodation sites in European Union countries. The overall risk associated with travel abroad was 0.3 cases/million nights. We observed an increasing trend in risk from northwestern to southeastern Europe; Greece had the highest risk (1.7). Our findings underscore the need for countries with high TALD risks to improve prevention and control of legionellosis; and for countries with high TALD risks, but low notification rates of Legionnaires’ disease to improve diagnostics and reporting.     

Travel-associated Diseases,Indian Ocean Islands, 1997–2010

Data collected by the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network for 1,415 ill travelers returning from Indian Ocean islands during 1997–2010 were analyzed. Malaria (from Comoros and Madagascar), acute nonparasitic diarrhea, and parasitoses were the most frequently diagnosed infectious diseases. An increase in arboviral diseases reflected the 2005 outbreak of chikungunya fever.     

Haemophilus ducreyi Associated with Skin Ulcers among Children,Solomon Islands

During a survey of yaws prevalence in the Solomon Islands, we collected samples from skin ulcers of 41 children. Using PCR, we identified Haemophilus ducreyi infection in 13 (32%) children. PCR-positive and PCR-negative ulcers were phenotypically indistinguishable. Emergence of H. ducreyi as a cause of nongenital ulcers may affect the World Health Organization’s yaws eradication program.     

Dengue Virus Transmission by Blood Stem Cell Donor after Travel to Sri Lanka; Germany, 2013

Three days after donation of peripheral blood stem cells to a recipient with acute myeloblastic leukemia, dengue virus was detected in the donor, who had recently traveled to Sri Lanka. Transmission to the recipient, who died 9 days after transplant, was confirmed.     

Long-Term Survival Among Histological Subtypes in Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Population-Based Study Using the Surveillance,Epidemiology, and End Results Database

BackgroundActual long-term survival rates for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) are rarely reported.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the role of histological subtypes in predicting the prognosis among long-term survivors (≥5 years) of advanced EOC.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of data among patients with stage III-IV EOC diagnosed from 2000 to 2014 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer data of the United States. We used the chi-square test, Kaplan–Meier analysis, and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model for the analyses.ResultsWe included 8050 patients in this study, including 6929 (86.1%), 743 (9.2%), 237 (2.9%), and 141 (1.8%) patients with serous, endometrioid, clear cell, and mucinous tumors, respectively. With a median follow-up of 91 months, the most common cause of death was primary ovarian cancer (80.3%), followed by other cancers (8.1%), other causes of death (7.3%), cardiac-related death (3.2%), and nonmalignant pulmonary disease (3.2%). Patients with the serous subtype were more likely to die from primary ovarian cancer, and patients with the mucinous subtype were more likely to die from other cancers and cardiac-related disease. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that patients with endometrioid (hazard ratio [HR] 0.534, P<.001), mucinous (HR 0.454, P<.001), and clear cell (HR 0.563, P<.001) subtypes showed better ovarian cancer-specific survival than those with the serous subtype. Similar results were found regarding overall survival. However, ovarian cancer–specific survival and overall survival were comparable among those with endometrioid, clear cell, and mucinous tumors.ConclusionsOvarian cancer remains the primary cause of death in long-term ovarian cancer survivors. Moreover, the probability of death was significantly different among those with different histological subtypes. It is important for clinicians to individualize the surveillance program for long-term ovarian cancer survivors.     

Outbreak of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin–Associated Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Infection in a Rugby Team,France, 2010–2011

Staphylococcus aureus strains that produce Panton-Valentine leukocidin are known to cause community infections. We describe an outbreak of skin abscesses caused by Panton-Valentine leukocidin–producing methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (clonal complex 121) in a professional rugby team in France during July 2010–February 2011. Eight team members were carriers; 7 had skin abscesses.     

大龄单身女性寻求生育力保存的伦理问题探析

近年来,在肿瘤和卵巢相关疾病发生率逐年增加、不少大龄单身女性渴望为自己购买一份“生殖保险”等社会及个人因素催化下,人类对于生育力保存的需求急剧增加,满足这一需求正在或将成为重大挑战。对于寻求进行生育力保存的大龄单身女性来说,在合适的年龄应用玻璃化冷冻技术将其卵母细胞冻存是目前可采用的最佳生育力保存手段。而单身女性卵子冷冻将面临来自伦理道德、社会乃至法律的巨大挑战。本文概述国内外大龄单身女性卵子冷冻的现状,并对其可能涉及的相关伦理问题及解决途径进行综述,以促进理性正视单身女性卵子冷冻问题。     

Reemergence and Autochthonous Transmission of Dengue Virus,Eastern China, 2014

In 2014, 20 dengue cases were reported in the cities of Wenzhou (5 cases) and Wuhan (15 cases), China, where dengue has rarely been reported. Dengue virus 1 was detected in 4 patients. Although most of these cases were likely imported, epidemiologic analysis provided evidence for autochthonous transmission.