下段食管癌和贲门癌切除术后瓣膜式吻合术临床应用

目的研究减少和避免食管-胃吻合术后吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄、返流性食管炎等严重吻合口并发症发生的吻合方式。方法对5例食管下段癌,25例胃底贲门癌,1例Barretc食管行癌肿切除,食管-胃肌瓣胃腔内瓣膜式吻合术。其中食管下段癌行弓上吻合3例,余28例均行弓下吻合。结果全组无近期手术死亡,无吻合口瘘的发生,无进食梗噎、明显返酸、嗳气、烧心、胸痛诸症状的发生。术后8~14 d对20例患者行上消化造影,影像学表现吻合口处极象正常人的贲门管存在,通畅无狭窄;患者倒立位,亦无造影剂返流。术后14 d至1.5年对20例患者行吻合口上5 cm食管、吻合口、吻合口下5 cm的胃腔内测压及食管内24 h pH值的测定并行内镜检查,结果显示食管胃吻合口上方的压力明显高于吻合口下方,24 h食管pH值监测结果表明不存在病理性胃食管返流,胃镜检查20例患者吻合口上方的食管黏膜清亮、光洁,无潮红、充血、糜烂、溃疡等食管炎的征象发生。结论食管-胃肌瓣胃腔内瓣膜式吻合术是减少和避免食管-胃吻合术后吻合口瘘,吻合口狭窄和返流性食管炎等吻合口严重并发症有效的手术方法。     

改良胃腔内食管胃吻合法的临床应用

为防止食管、贲门癌根治术后反流性食管炎的发生 ,改善患者术后的生存质量 ,我科在采用胃腔内食管胃吻合法的基础上 [1 ] ,对此术式进行了改良。即在吻合部行胃腔内胃管成形共行食管癌、贲门癌切除术 2 1例 ,术后观察满意。1　临床资料应用该术式做食管癌、贲门癌切除术 2 1例 ,其中中段癌 8例 ,下段癌 9例 ,贲门癌 4例 ,胸腔主动脉弓上吻合 16例 ,弓下吻合 5例 ,术后切口无感染 ,无住院死亡 ,无其他合并症发生。术后 3周钡剂造影 ,显示吻合口通过顺利 ,吻合口直径均在 1.5 cm以上 ,部分病人于 3～ 6个月服稀钡剂后做各种体位检查及加腹压未…     

食管粘膜与胃粘膜吻合和胃斜形包套缝合治疗贲门癌

目的：探讨贲门癌切除后模拟贲门的重建。方法：采用肿瘤切除后食管粘膜与胃粘膜吻合和胃浆肌层对吻合口的斜形包套缝合重建贲门。结果：术后吻合口残端瘘的发生率为1.8％（3/168），无明显吻合口狭窄和胃食管返流发生；死亡率为0.6％（1/168）。结论：模拟贲门的重建可有效地预防术后吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄和胃食管返流的发生，提高患者术后的生活质量。     

胃腔内直视下食管胃全层吻合术在贲门食管癌临床应用

我科自1991年起为预防和解决食管贲门癌术后出现吻合口狭窄,吻合口瘘的问题,经过对文献复习及临床实践研究出胃腔内直视下胃食管全层吻合术式,经过动物实验于1991年末应用于临床,已经为24例患食管下段癌、贲门癌的患者应用,除了2例在开始时由于胃残端渗血、止血效果不好,改用其它术式外,其余22例均取得了良好的效果,无一吻合狭窄及吻合口     

食管胃三层套人吻合法在食管贲门癌手术中的应用

目的 探讨食管胃三层套入吻合法预防食管贲门癌术后吻合口瘘、狭窄和返流性食管炎的效果。方法 采用胃黏膜对食管黏膜、胃浆肌层对食管肌层、胃浆肌层对胸膜或颈肌的三层套入吻合法治疗胃贲门癌178例、食管癌120例。以同期采用胃食管全层吻合治疗的胃贲门癌112例、食管癌98例为对照组进行对比析。结果 术后吻合口瘘、狭窄和返流性食管炎发生率治疗组分别为0．38％、0．38％和0．77％，对照组分别为1．42％、4．76％和4．28％，两组差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。结论 本吻合法在食管、贲门癌手术中的应用对预防术后吻合口瘘、狭窄和返流性食管炎有显著作用。     

食管粘膜成形两层吻合术治疗贲门癌

为减少食管吻合术后的并发症，应用食管粘膜成形两层吻合术治疗贲门癌５３例。术中将食管肌层及胃浆肌层分别剥除１５ｍｍ及５ｍｍ，保留其粘膜下层及粘膜层，依次分别行食管胃肌层及粘膜层吻合，最后以左肺下韧带及纵隔壁层胸膜包盖吻合口。本组５３例无术后早期死亡及吻合口瘘，随访３～１８个月，无继发性吻合口狭窄及返流症状出现。结果表明食管粘膜成形两层吻合术，吻合口置于不同平面，减少了吻合口狭窄的机会，食管粘膜乳头的瓣膜样作用，可有效地防止胃液的返流。     

食管胃V形端侧器械吻合术的可行性动物实验研究

<正>食管、贲门癌是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,治疗以外科手术为首选,胃带食管行食管胃吻合术是食管贲门癌的主要手术方式,与手术直接相关的常见并发症有吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄和反流性食管炎。反流性食管炎作为食管胃吻合术后晚期的常见并发症,严重影响患者的生活质量。笔者于2013年10至12月针对食管、贲门癌手术如何改进吻合方法来预防反流性食管炎的发生,进行了离体猪食管胃吻合方法的研究,报告如下。     

食管癌贲门癌机械吻合术后吻合口瘘原因分析

目的分析食管癌、贲门癌机械吻合术后吻合口瘘的原因。方法回顾性分析食管癌、贲门癌机械吻合328例临床资料;其中颈部食管胃机械吻合96例,胸内主动脉弓上食管胃机械吻合142例,主动脉弓下食管胃机械吻合78例,开腹食管空肠机械吻合12例。结果本组328例机械吻合共发生吻合口瘘7例,其中颈部吻合口瘘5例,胸内吻合口瘘1例,腹腔食管空肠吻合口瘘1例。结论食管癌贲门癌机械吻合应注意吻合r3血运及张力,选择合适型号的吻合器,同时注意纠正全身营养状况和改善基础疾病,减少吻合口瘘的发生。     

胃食管癌吻合术中吻合方式的选择与切口瘘的预防效果研究

目的 研究胃食管癌吻合术中吻合方式的选择与切口瘘的预防效果.方法 2007年至2012年收治的150例患者随机分为实验组和对照组各75例,对照组接受传统胃食管吻合术,实验组接受吻合器单层食管胃吻合术,对比两组患者术后吻合口瘘和狭窄等情况.结果 对照组发生吻合口瘘4例（5.33％）,胃食管反流8例（10.67％）,实验组无一例吻合口瘘,胃食管反流7例（9.33％）.实验组吻合口瘘发生率显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,胃食管反流发生率与对照组相近（P＞0.05）.对照组术后发生轻度狭窄4例,中度狭窄2例,重度狭窄1例,共7例（9.33％）,实验组仅发生轻度狭窄1例（1.33％）,狭窄发生率显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论 单层胃食管吻合术更接近生理结构,能减少吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄等并发症发生率,胃食管反流发生率相近.     

OB吻合胶用于食管胃吻合术

ＯＢ吻合胶用于食管胃吻合术山西省肿瘤医院（０３００１３）李澄涛，张荣生自１９９４年６月以来，我们对贲门食管恶性及良性疾患行食管胃切除，用ＯＢ吻合胶行食管胃粘合术１７例，来发生吻合口瘘及狭窄等并发症，现报告如下：资料与方法１．一般资料：本组１７例，男１...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.