腕管的应用解剖学

对63例上肢的腕管面积以及腕管内容9腱1神经进行了观察,腕横韧带做了组织学检查.发现腕横韧带弹力纤维仅占15～20％;腕管面积与9腱1神经面积总和之比为3.3:1。这样,腕管内的结缔组织为腕管内容提供了一定的活动空间。由于腕横韧带与正中神经接触的局部关系恒定。故此腕管综合征产生的原因,是否可以认为,腕管是缺乏伸展性的骨纤维邃道,任何足以引起腕横韧带变性都将增加正中神经与腕横韧带的接触,而致正中神经受压,尤其在腕背屈时更为明显。     

腕管综合征的解剖学基础

目的：为临床行腕管内正中神经松解术治疗腕管综合征提供解剖学资料。方法：用局部解剖法在50侧上肢标本上观察并测量腕管、腕横韧带、正中神经和腕管内容物等解剖参数。结果：腕管的左右径、腕横韧带的长度、正中神经距腕横韧带的垂直距离、腕管及内容物的横断面积以及面积比等均是近侧端大过远侧端，而腕管的前后径、正中神经的径线、腕横韧带的厚度等则为近侧端小于远侧端。结论：腕管是一个缺乏伸展性的骨-韧带管道，任何因素卡压正中神经均可导致腕管综合征。在对患者做正中神经松解治疗时，保守注射疗法一般应在掌长肌腱内侧讲针．手术治疗时府在腕横韧带远侧端切开。     

腕管内压力测定在内镜下微创治疗腕管综合征中的应用

目的探讨腕管内压力测定在内镜下微创治疗腕管综合征中的应用。方法38例47腕应用内镜下微创松解腕横韧带治疗腕管综合征,其中16例21腕手术前后分别在休息位、屈腕位、伸腕位及Okutsu试验下作腕管内压力测定。结果在同一体位下,腕横韧带松解术后腕管内的压力与术前相比有明显降低(P<0.01)。结论根据手术前后腕管内压力的变化判断松解程度,避免因腕横韧带松解不完全而影响手术疗效,具有良好的临床实用价值。     

安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开治疗腕管综合征

目的　探讨在安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开治疗腕管综合征的临床疗效。 方法　自2015年6月~2018年6月,采用在安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开术,治疗腕管综合征105例,112侧,直视下正中神经外膜松解14侧。 结果　所有切口均一期愈合,手掌瘢痕轻微,无手术并发症。112 侧获得随访,时间6~24 个月, Kelly分级评定：优93侧,良15侧,一般4侧,优良率93.1 %。 结论　安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开是治疗腕管综合征理想的微创手术之一。术式简单、安全,能达到腕管减压,神经松解的治疗要求。     

安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开治疗腕管综合征

目的　探讨在安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开治疗腕管综合征的临床疗效。 方法　自2015年6月~2018年6月,采用在安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开术,治疗腕管综合征105例,112侧,直视下正中神经外膜松解14侧。 结果　所有切口均一期愈合,手掌瘢痕轻微,无手术并发症。112 侧获得随访,时间6~24 个月, Kelly分级评定：优93侧,良15侧,一般4侧,优良率93.1 %。 结论　安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开是治疗腕管综合征理想的微创手术之一。术式简单、安全,能达到腕管减压,神经松解的治疗要求。     

掌侧逆行固定治疗腕舟骨腰部骨折三维有限元分析

目的 建立腕舟骨腰部骨折掌侧入路螺钉逆行固定与顺行固定的三维有限元模型,分析对比逆行固定与顺行固定术后的生物力学稳定性,为逆行固定提供生物力学依据.方法 通过CT扫描获取尺桡骨远端、各腕骨与掌骨近端的空间结构信息,利用三维有限元软件建立腕舟骨腰部骨折模型.接着以临床手术操作为参照,建立不同角度螺钉逆行固定模型以及将螺钉置于腕舟骨轴线的顺行固定术后的三维有限元模型.模拟腕舟骨腰部骨折螺钉内固定术后的受力情况,比较分析逆行固定不同螺钉内固定位置骨折端水平位移和螺钉所受最大应力大小,并与顺行固定模型对比.结果 在所有逆行固定模型中,螺钉在腕舟骨轴线上时螺钉所受应力最小、骨折端水平移位最小.在所有模型之中,顺行固定模型螺钉所受最大应力最小、骨折端水平移位最小,且与逆行固定螺钉在腕舟骨轴线时的模型非常接近.结论 逆行固定时将螺钉置于舟骨轴线时模型最稳定,而当螺钉置于舟骨轴线上时,逆行固定与顺行固定生物力学稳定性未见明细差异.     

腕管内压测量及其临床意义

目的探讨腕管综合症的发病原因,寻找治疗腕管综合症的最佳方法。方法利用通过造改的血压测量器,测量腕管在碗横韧带上、下方的内压;观察测量腕横韧带的厚度。结果腕管内压力在韧带上方左侧为（1.39±1.14）mmHg,右侧为（1.81±0.72）mmHg,在韧带下方左侧为（3.02±1.12）mmHg,右侧为（3.15±1.23）mmHg;腕横韧带的厚度为（0.13±0.06）mm。切断腕横韧带后用此种压力测量器尚未测出腕管内压。结论腕管内压的维持与腕横韧带的厚度有一定关系,某种因素造成腕横韧带的增厚是腕管综合症的发病原因之一。     

腕管的断层解剖学研究及临床应用

采用数字化图像处理系统,对50例成人腕管面积、腕横韧带和正中神经进行观测,经分析比较发现,远端腕管各项指标意义最大,为CTS易患部位。     

横韧带损伤上颈椎C0-C3不稳定节段的三维有限元分析

目的建立寰椎横韧带损伤上颈椎C0-C3不稳定节段的三维有限元模型,探究横韧带损伤对上颈椎关节活动度ROM(the range of motion)和椎骨应力分布的影响。方法基于CT图像数据结合临床寰椎横韧带损伤特征,建立人体寰椎横韧带损伤上颈椎不稳定的三维有限元模型,比较分析横韧带损伤后上颈椎在不同工况下的关节活动度及椎骨应力分布情况。结果横韧带损伤后上颈椎寰枢关节在前屈、后伸、侧弯和轴向旋转等工况下的关节活动度均比正常组有不同程度的增大,增值分别为:3.5°、 4.8°、 1.1°和4.7°;屈伸时横韧带损伤后模型最大应力均比无损模型的大。结论寰椎横韧带损伤后上颈椎模型相比正常模型稳定性差,符合横韧带损伤后的真实情况,建立的有限元模型可用于上颈椎生物力学特性的分析。     

腕管内异常肌肉引起腕管综合征(附一例报告)

<正> 腕管内异常肌肉引起腕管综合征,国内尚未见报道。本文报告一例为女性,42岁,因左手疼痛、麻木4个月入院。检查诊断为腕管综合征。手术中见:腕横韧带肥厚,腕管内有一条异常肌肉、扁平状。起于腕横韧带,止于小指指线屈肌腱。本文认为,此为原始的指浅短屈肌的返祖表现。异常的肌肉在腕管内占据空间,使管内压力增高,容易     

Effects of dividing the transverse carpal ligament on the mechanical behavior of the carpal bones under axial compressive load: a finite element study

Transecting the transverse carpal ligament (TCL) is a routine procedure to surgically treat carpal tunnel syndrome; yet, its mechanical consequences on carpal bones are unclear. In this study, our intent was to perform a computational analysis of carpal biomechanics resulting from TCL release. A three-dimensional finite element model of the wrist was constructed, which included all the carpal bones, the distal ulna and radius, the proximal metacarpals and the interosseous ligaments. Cartilage layers of each bone were modeled manually according to anatomic visualization software. The TCL was also modeled in three dimensions and added to the bone model. A 100-Newton axial load was applied to the upper section of the second and third metacarpals. The effects of dividing the TCL on the displacements of the carpal bones and the contact stress distribution in the midcarpal joints were studied using a finite element analysis method. When the TCL was divided, the axial compressive load resulted in the carpal bones deviating more radially. More specifically, the carpal bones on the radial side of the capitate and lunate (i.e. the trapezium, trapezoid, and scaphoid) moved further toward the radius, and the carpal bones on the ulnar side of the capitate and lunate (i.e. hamate, triquetrum, and pisiform) moved further toward the metacarpals. The contact stresses and contact locations in the midcarpal joints changed as a result of dividing the TCL. The changes in displacements of carpal bones and the contact stress distributions in the midcarpal joints due to TCL release may be implicated for some of the postoperative complications associated with carpal tunnel release.     

韧带和跖腱膜在足部有限元分析中的力学作用

目前通过建立足部三维有限元系统模型进行足部生物力学仿真已经逐渐被应用,而在大多数足部三维有限元模型的静态分析中,韧带和跖腱膜等软组织是通过直接连接骨骼上相应的附着点形成的索单元来模拟,而关节软骨把相邻的骨骼直接固连在一起.这种用关节软骨固连的方式代替真实的骨骼间的滑动摩擦,增强了骨骼间的结构强度,可能会造成原本由韧带等起到维持骨骼间相互作用却完全由关节软骨代替,即在有限元模型中,可能韧带等组织对仿真不起力学作用.本文的研究目的是在双足站立、静态载荷,关节采用固连方式时,分析足部三维有限元模型中有无韧带和跖腱膜对足部各种组织应力分布以及组织结构形态变化等的影响.     

Gliding characteristics of flexor tendon and tenosynovium in carpal tunnel syndrome: a pilot study

The characteristic pathological finding in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is noninflammatory fibrosis of the synovium. How this fibrosis might affect tendon function, if at all, is unknown. The subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) lies between the flexor tendons and the visceral synovium (VS) of the ulnar tenosynovial bursa. Fibrosis of the SSCT may well affect its gliding characteristics. To investigate this possibility, the relative motion of the flexor tendon and VS was observed during finger flexion in patients undergoing carpal tunnel surgery, and for comparison in hands without CTS, in an in vitro cadaver model. We used a camera to document the gliding motion of the middle finger flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS III) tendon and SSCT in three patients with CTS during carpal tunnel release and compared this with simulated active flexion in three cadavers with no antemortem history of CTS. The data were digitized with the use of Analyze Software (Biomedical Imaging Resource, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN). In the CTS patients, the SSCT moved en bloc with the tendon, whereas, in the controls the SSCT moved smoothly and separately from the tendon. The ratio of VS to tendon motion was higher for the patients than in the cadaver controls. These findings suggest that in patients with CTS the synovial fibrosis has altered the gliding characteristics of the SSCT. The alterations in the gliding characteristics of the SSCT may affect the ability of the tendons in the carpal tunnel to glide independently from each other, or from the nearby median nerve. These abnormal tendon mechanics may play a role in the etiology of CTS.     

腕管综合征的肌电图检测与分析

目的：探讨神经电生理检测在腕管综合征中的诊断价值。方法：对22例临床诊断为腕管综合征的患者进行了神经传导速度和针极肌电图的检测。结果：22例患者中,10条正中神经感觉传导速度测定诱发波形消失,14条正中神经感觉潜伏期延长,波幅降低或（和）感觉神经传导速度减慢,感觉神经异常率为96％;伴有正中神经运动末端潜伏期延长或动作电位波幅下降19条,运动神经异常率为76％。11块拇短展肌可见失神经电位,运动单位电位平均时限延长19块。结论：神经电生理检测对腕管综合征有重要的定位诊断和鉴别诊断价值,感觉传导速度测定比运动传导速度测定的异常率高,增加掌心一腕的感觉传导速度测定可有效提高检测的敏感性。     

Collagen dysplasia in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome

Surgical biopsies of dissected transverse carpal ligaments of patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome were examined with an electron microscope revealing collagen fibrils with extremely varying diameters. Morphometric analysis was performed on electron micrographs exhibiting fibrils with a small diameter comparable to that in control tissue as well as fibrils with a far larger diameter than could be observed in control tissue. Morphometric parameters were evaluated in order to analyse the relation between the number of and the area covered by collagen fibrils in the electron micrographs. In control tissue the numerical density per image area was twice the numerical density in carpal tunnel syndrome. However, the area fraction of the electron micrographs occupied by collagen fibrils in carpal tunnel syndrome and controls were equal.     

Unusual presentation of carpal tunnel syndrome with cutaneous signs: a case report and review of the literature

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a neurological impairment caused by compression of the median nerve throughout the carpal tunnel, which consequently induces ischemia and mechanical disruption, dysfunctional axonal transport, and epidural blood flow. Most common symptoms include numbness, rather than pain, with a typical night exacerbation, weakness, paresthesia, and loss of sensitive discrimination. In rare cases, such syndrome may present with cutaneous manifestations localized on the distal phalanges of the hands, even without the above mentioned neurological symptoms. We describe a case of a woman who came to our attention complaining of the appearance of recurrent bullous eruptions involving the distal phalanges innervated by the median nerve. She did not report any neurological signs whatsoever. After excluding a bullous disease, we further investigated through additional analysis that revealed a CTS. Hence, physicians should consider CTS as a differential diagnosis when assessing cutaneous lesions of the first three fingers of the hands.     

A Knowledge-Based Approach for Carpal Tunnel Segmentation from Magnetic Resonance Images

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) has been reported as one of the most common peripheral neuropathies. Carpal tunnel segmentation from magnetic resonance (MR) images is important for the evaluation of CTS. To date, manual segmentation, which is time-consuming and operator dependent, remains the most common approach for the analysis of the carpal tunnel structure. Therefore, we propose a new knowledge-based method for automatic segmentation of the carpal tunnel from MR images. The proposed method first requires the segmentation of the carpal tunnel from the most proximally cross-sectional image. Three anatomical features of the carpal tunnel are detected by watershed and polygonal curve fitting algorithms to automatically initialize a deformable model as close to the carpal tunnel in the given image as possible. The model subsequently deforms toward the tunnel boundary based on image intensity information, shape bending degree, and the geometry constraints of the carpal tunnel. After the deformation process, the carpal tunnel in the most proximal image is segmented and subsequently applied to a contour propagation step to extract the tunnel contours sequentially from the remaining cross-sectional images. MR volumes from 15 subjects were included in the validation experiments. Compared with the ground truth of two experts, our method showed good agreement on tunnel segmentations by an average margin of error within 1 mm and dice similarity coefficient above 0.9.     

Anatomic variations of the median nerve in carpal tunnel release

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a well-known clinical entity. Release of the transverse carpal ligament is considered to be the treatment of choice. Both open and endoscopic release of the transverse carpal ligament in CTS has yielded satisfactory results. Although these procedures are very common in surgical practice, inadequate release and intraoperative damage to neural elements are very frustrating complication for both the patient and the surgeon. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate incidental intraoperative findings of variations of the standard median nerve anatomy. We obtained incidental intraoperative identification of median nerve variations in 110 consecutive patients operated with open release of the transverse carpal ligament in CTS. Using the Amadio classification, we found intraoperatively variations of median nerve at the wrist in 11 patients. In three patients, there was an aberrant sensory branch arising from the ulnar side of the median nerve and piercing the ulnar margin of the transverse carpal ligament. Neural variations arising from the ulnar aspect of the median nerve were common and could be a cause of iatrogenic injury during endoscopic or open release. Surgeons should be aware of anomalous branches, which should be recognized and separately decompressed if needed.     

神经电生理常规法和环指法检测腕管综合征的对比研究

目的:比较神经电生理常规法和环指法在腕管综合征(CTS)诊断中的应用价值。方法:应用常规法、环指法对48例(68侧)临床诊断为CTS的患者进行检测。结果:常规组正中神经运动传导速度(MCV)减慢12条,异常率17.6%。远端潜伏期(DML)延长28条,异常率41.2%。正中神经感觉传导异常46条,异常率67.6%。环指组:异常65条,异常率95.6%。常规法同环指法异常率相比P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论:环指法优于常规法,是确诊CTS的重要方法。     

腕关节关节囊内韧带的解剖观察及其创伤学意义

本文描绘了腕关节关节囊内韧带的解剖,其中首次描述了中腕关节的韧带连结,即大、小多角骨,头状骨至舟状骨的韧带和钩骨至三角骨的韧带.本文还论述了与这些韧带连结方式密切相关的腕骨生理运动特点及维持腕关节稳定性的因素.文章还讨论了与腕关节关节囊内韧带有关的腕部创伤学特点.