人精子血管内皮生长因子及其受体2的表达和顶体酶活性的关系

目的:探讨人精子血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体2(VEGFR2)表达和精子顶体酶活性的关系。方法:收集92例精液标本,按照世界卫生组织(WHO)颁布的标准对精液进行常规分析检测。免疫印迹法检测VEGF蛋白在人精子中的表达,免疫荧光法观察VEGFR2在人精子上的定位,采用改良明胶底物膜法检测精子顶体内顶体酶活性(顶体酶阳性反应率、顶体酶活性强度)。结果:免疫印迹检测结果显示,不育各组精子VEGF/GAPDH平均光密度均明显低于正常生育组;免疫荧光染色检测结果显示,不育各组精子VEGFR2阳性率均明显低于正常生育组;不育各组的顶体酶活性(顶体酶阳性反应率、顶体酶活性强度)与正常生育组比较均有显著下降。相关性分析提示精子VEGF蛋白表达量与顶体酶活性存在正相关性;精子VEGFR2阳性率与顶体酶活性存在正相关性。结论:男性不育患者精子VEGF蛋白及其受体2表达降低并伴随顶体酶活性减弱。     

精子顶体酶检测对男性不育症辅助诊断的价值分析

目的分析人精子顶体酶检测对男性不育症的诊断意义.方法收集200例男性不育症患者,根据精液常规分析结果分为精液参数正常不育组(59例)和精液参数异常不育组(141例);另40例正常生育男性作为对照组.对所有患者及对照组的精液进行精子顶体酶检测.结果精液参数正常组酶活性阳性率为56.21%,酶活性亮区直径为40.03μm.精液参数异常组酶活性阳性率为33.74%,酶活性亮区直径为26.88μm.正常对照组的精子顶体酶活性阳性率为88.79%,酶活性亮区直径为44.13μm.男性不育组精子顶体酶阳性率与正常生育组比较差异具有显著性(P＜0.05).结论精子顶体酶阳性率降低和活性低下是导致男性不育的一个重要原因.     

解脲支原体感染对精液主要参数和精子顶体酶活性的影响

目的　研究解脲支原体对精液主要参数和精子顶体酶活性的影响。方法　分光光度比色法测定精子顶体酶活性 ,培养法检测精液UU感染。结果　 4 0 6 1例不育就诊者UU阳性率 4 5 19%。UU阳性组精子密度、精子活率、a ,b活力精子率均明显低于相应的UU阴性组 (P <0 0 0 1,P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1)。UU阳性组畸形精子率明显高于UU阴性组 (P <0 0 5 )。UU阳性组与阴性组顶体酶活性比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　解脲支原体对精液主要参数有影响 ,而对精子顶体酶活性没有影响。     

司机职业对男性精液质量的影响

目的探讨司机职业与男性精液质量的相关性.方法422例不育男性(司机63例、非司机359例)和61例生育男性精液进行计算机辅助分析(CASA)和精子形态学分析.结果(1)不育组和生育组比较,不育组精子密度、活动率、前项运动级别显著性降低,畸形率显著性升高(P＜0.01).(2)不育司机组和不育非司机组比较,不育司机组精子密度、活动率和前项运动级别显著性降低,畸形率显著性升高(P＜0.05).不育司机组精子密度、活动率和前项运动级别与驾龄之间呈显著性负相关,畸形率与驾龄之间呈显著性正相关(P＜0.01).结论司机职业可能对男性精液质量有不良影响.     

饮酒对男性精液质量的影响

目的探讨饮酒对男性精液质量的影响。方法应用伟力彩色精子质量分析系统对217例不育男性(不育饮酒组127例和不育非饮酒者90例)和112例正常生育男性精液的精液量、液化时间、精子总数、精子密度、精子活力、精子活率等参数进行分析。结果(1)不育饮酒组、不育非饮酒组与正常对照组比较,精子密度、精子活力、精子活率等参数显著降低(P<0.05~0.01),而精液量、液化时间、和精子总数之间无显著性差异(P>0.05);(2)不育饮酒组与不育非饮酒组相比,精子活力、精子活率显著降低(P<0.05);(3)不同酒量组分别与不育非饮酒组相比,精液量、精子活力、精子活率之间差异均有显著性(P<0.05~0.01)。精液量、精子活力和精子活率与饮酒量之间呈一定程度负相关(P<0.05~0.01);(4)不同酒龄组分别与不育非饮酒组相比,精液量、精子活力、精子活率之间均有显著性差异(P<0.05~0.01)。精子活力和精子活率与酒龄之间呈一定程度负相关(P<0.05~0.01)。结论(1)饮酒对男性精液参数的影响存在量效和时效关系。(2)中、大量饮酒(>250g/日)或长期饮酒者(烟龄>10年)可能对男性生育有不良影响。     

2165例男性不育患者精液分析

目的探讨精液分析各参数在男性不育的诊断与治疗中的临床应用价值.方法采用WLJY-9000伟力彩色精子质量分析系统对2165例男性不育患者与58例已生育的正常健康体检男性的精液标本进行分析.结果不育组精液量、pH值、STR、LIN、WOB、MAD略低于生育组,而ALH、BCF略高于生育组,但均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).与生育组比较,不育组30min内完全液化者率、精子密度、A级精子率、B级精子率、精子活率、VCL、VSL、VAP均呈显著性降低(P＜0.01),而畸形精子率、WBC ～ 者率、无精子症者率均呈显著性升高(P＜0.01).结论采用伟力彩色精子质量分析系统对不育患者的精液进行多项参数分析,可为男性不育的诊断和治疗提供有力的临床依据.     

应用人精子头-尾膜完整性试验对生育力组及不育组精液的评价

目的应用人精子头-尾膜完整性试验,比较生育力组与不育组男性精液4种精子膜完整性类型的差异.方法精液标本分为生育力组(n=32)和不育组(n=50),采用"低渗肿胀-伊红拒染"结合试验,检测人精子头-尾膜完整性.结果头膜尾膜均损伤的Ⅰ型精子和头膜损伤-尾膜完整的Ⅲ型精子,生育组和不育组存在明显差异(P<0.01);头膜完整-尾膜损伤的Ⅱ型精子,生育组和不育组无明显差异(P>0.05);头膜-尾膜均完整的Ⅳ型精子,生育组明显高于不育组(P<0.01);Ⅳ型精子率与生育组精子活动率(n=32, r=0.82,P<0.01)和不育组精子活动率(n=50,r=0.80,P<0.01)均呈显著相关性.结论生育组具有较多头膜-尾膜均完整的精子."低渗肿胀-伊红拒染"结合试验能够清晰显示包括过渡型膜损伤的4种膜完整性类型的精子,精子头-尾膜完整性可以作为评价精子生理学的一项检测指标.     

精子凝集素受体含量与体外受精率的关系

目的研究常规检查精液的精子膜麦芽凝集素受体(WGA)、精子畸形率和精子顶体酶的临床意义。方法收集单纯因输卵管梗阻行体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)并于促排卵周期获取成熟卵8个以上患者258例,在患者丈夫精液常规检查均正常后,进行精子WGA受体含量、精子畸形率和精子顶体酶含量的检测,并统计患者受精率。结果体外受精率<65%组64例,受精率≥65%组为194例,两组比较,WGA受体含量有显著性差异,顶体酶活性和精子畸形率差异不显著。结论精子膜麦芽凝集素受体的含量、精子畸形率与精子顶体酶均能影响体外受精,但WGA受体含量更能预见体外受精率。     

人精子膜蛋白P34H表达与透明质酸酶活性的关系

目的探讨人精子膜蛋白P34H表达和顶体内透明质酸酶活性的关系。方法收集88例精液标本,其中正常生育组20例,不育男性68例。参照世界卫生组织(WHO)标准对标本进行精液常规分析,根据精液参数的不同,将68例不育标本分为正常精液参数不育组和精液参数异常不育组。Western blotting检测P34H蛋白在人精子中的表达,免疫荧光观察P34H蛋白在精子表面的阳性表达率,采用改良透明质酸钠-明胶底物膜法检测精子顶体内透明质酸酶(HYD)活性(HYD阳性反应率、HYD活性强度)。结果正常精液参数不育组和精液参数异常不育组的精子P34H/β-actin平均吸光度、精子P34H标记阳性率均明显低于正常生育组,经统计学分析差异均有显著性(P0.05);正常精液参数不育组和精液参数异常不育组的HYD活性(HYD阳性反应率、HYD活性强度)与正常生育组比较均有显著下降(P0.05)。相关性分析提示,精子P34H蛋白表达量与HYD活性(HYD阳性反应率、HYD活性强度)存在正相关性,相关系数r=0.449、0.431,P0.01;精子P34H阳性率与HYD活性(HYD阳性反应率、HYD活性强度)存在正相关性,相关系数r=0.727、0.691,P0.01。结论男性不育患者精子P34H蛋白表达减少,精子P34H阳性率降低以及HYD活性(HYD阳性反应率、HYD活性强度)减弱。     

不育男性精浆免疫抑制物与精液各参数的比较研究

<正> 糖浆免疫抑制物(Seminal Plasma Inhi-bition Material,SPIM)与男性不育症的关系已有一些报道。最近,我们对不育男性SPIM活性与精子密度、精子活率、循环抗精子抗体(AsAb)、精子顶体酶和精浆果糖浓度的关系进行了研究,并与正常生育男性进行了比较,现报告如下。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.