200例婴幼儿法乐四联症体外循环经验

目的：总结深低温低流量灌注结合中深度血液稀释的体外循环方法在２００例婴幼儿法乐四联症的临床应用效果。方法：鼻咽温降至１７～２０℃（平均１８．８９±２．５６℃），动脉灌注流量２０～５０ｍｌ·ｋｇ－１／ｍｉｎ（平均３７．６±１３．０ｍｌ·ｋｇ－１／ｍｉｎ），稀释后血红蛋白４４～１１０ｇ／Ｌ（平均６８．７±１２．６ｇ／Ｌ）。结果：采用此种体外循环方法，术后肺部并发症明显降低，术后早期死亡率由１０．２％降至３．５％。结论：此种体外循环方法，适用于婴幼儿紫绀型心血管病手术，术后并发症少，临床效果满意，可在临床推广。     

主动脉—肺动脉间隔缺损的诊断与外科治疗

目的：探讨主动脉—肺动脉间隔缺损的诊断与外科治疗。方法：我院从１９７９年１１月至１９９５年１２月，应用外科手术治疗主动脉—肺动脉间隔缺损患者１５例，其中男８例，女７例。右心导管检查提示平均肺动脉压５．０～１０．４ｋＰａ（３８～７８ｍｍＨｇ），主动脉—肺动脉间隔缺损直经１．０～２．５ｃｍ，其中Ｉ型６例，Ｉ型７例，ＩＩ型２例。手术方法：体外循环并行下结扎主动脉—肺动脉间隔缺损１例；低温体外循环下行心内直视修补术１４例（其中１例深低温停循环），主动脉—肺动脉间隔缺损直视缝合２例，补片修补１２例。同时纠治合并畸形。结果：全组１５例，误诊加漏诊１０例，占２／３。术后死亡２例（死亡率１３．３％），其中１例死于术后昏迷，合并心室颤动，另１例死于肺动脉高压危象合并低心输出量综合征。结论：提高对主动脉—肺动脉间隔缺损的认识、减少术前的误诊和漏诊及术中及时的发现主动脉—肺动脉间隔缺损、良好的体外循环和外科手术方法，以及围绕肺动脉高压的积极术后处理，是减少手术并发症、取得良好手术效果的关键。     

85例小儿法乐四联症根治术体会

自１９８８年以来共收治小儿法乐四联症８５例，其中男５４例，女３１例，年龄２岁２个月至１４岁，其中３岁以下者１２例（１４．１％）。右心导管及右心室造影检查：右室压力１０．６７～１６．００ｋＰａ（８０～１２０ｍｍＨｇ），主动脉骑跨２５％～７５％。手术采用深低温停循环１５例，其余均在中低温（２５～２６℃）体外循环下施行心内根治术。平均机器转流时间为８５分钟，主动脉阻断５５分３４秒。手术要点：右室流出道狭窄疏通；室间隔缺损修补；体外循环灌流技术及术后监护。本组术后早期死亡８例，死亡率为９．４％，随访０．５～４年。     

婴幼儿先天性心脏病194例围术期处理体会

目的：回顾总结１９４例体重１０ｋｇ以下婴幼儿先天性心脏病围术期处理经验，探讨适合低体重婴幼儿特点的围术期处理常规。方法：患儿年龄３～３６个月，平均１４．７±１０．８个月；体重３．０～９．５ｋｇ，平均７．７±２．３ｋｇ。围术期处理主要采取以下措施：①术前完善各项检查，积极治疗肺炎、心力衰竭、贫血等并发症。②术后早期根据患儿肺部病变情况，动态地调整呼吸机参数，不主张长时间应用大潮气量、大呼气末正压的通气方式，适时选择拔管时机。③合理调整术后容量，避免短时间内输入大量库血，早期适量应用正性肌力药物改善心功能，对紫绀型小婴儿重视纠正低钙血症。结果：１９４例患儿中３０例（１５．４６％）出现术后并发症，死亡８例（４．１２％），主要原因为心跳骤停、肺动脉高压及多器官衰竭。结论：探讨并建立适合体重１０ｋｇ以下婴幼儿特点的围术期处理常规，这有助于降低术后并发症，减少死亡率。     

婴幼儿法乐氏四联症根治术围术期处理

对４２例体重４．２～１４ｋｇ,３～３６个月龄的法乐氏四联症患儿,在低温体外循环下行法四根治术。术后使用多巴胺,多巴酚丁胺２～１０μｇ／（ｋｇ．ｍｉｎ）,末梢循环欠佳或低心排时用硝普钠０．１～０．５μｇ／（ｋｇ．ｍｍ）。尿量偏少用速尿效果欠佳时加用硝酸甘油。合理搭配胶体液和晶体液的用量,控制出入量。结果：术后出现低心排５例。死亡３例,３９例康复出际,认为术前加强营养,提高血氧饱和度,能提高患儿对手术     

不同剂量国产抑肽酶对体外循环中血小板的保护作用

目的：观察体外循环中应用抑肽酶对血小板数及功能的影响。方法：２９例心内直视手术患者，分为Ｉ观察组（ｎ＝１０）预充液中一次性加入国产抑肽酶５万单位／ｋｇ，Ｉ观察组（ｎ＝１０）一次性加入抑肽酶８～１０万单位／ｋｇ，对照组（ｎ＝９）常规预充。３组均观察血小板计数、血小板聚集功能、术后２４小时胸腔引流量和血红蛋白及输血量。结果：术后血小板计数在Ｉ观察组为（１２３．０±３．０）×１０９／Ｌ，显著高于对照组的（９１．５±４．０）×１０９／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。血小板聚集功能体外循环中较体外循环前降低，在Ｉ观察组降低不明显与Ｉ观察组和对照组相比较差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），术后２４小时胸腔引流量及输血量在ＩＩ观察组较对照组分别减少４２．７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）和４８．１％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：体外循环中应用大剂量国产抑肽酶对术后血小板数及功能均有良好的保护作用，明显减少术后出血及库血的应用。     

吸入低浓度一氧化氮在先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者围体外循环期临床应用研究

目的：体外循环对肺血管平滑肌细胞有一定的损害作用，本研究旨在观察体外循环对吸入一氧化氮（ＮＯ）气体效应的影响。方法：先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者２８例，体外循环前、后分别吸入９０％Ｏ２和４０ｐｐｍ（１ｐｐｍ＝１０－６）ＮＯ混合气体。结果：体外循环前基础肺血管阻力（ＰＶＲ）３６．４±９．７ｋＰａｓ／Ｌ者６例，吸入ＮＯ后降低了（３５．６±１６．４）％（Ｐ＜０．０５），体外循环后基础ＰＶＲ全部恢复正常（１３．４±９．０ｋＰａｓ／Ｌ）。体外循环前基础ＰＶＲ７４．９±１５．３ｋＰａｓ／Ｌ者１４例，吸入ＮＯ后降低了（２６．５±１２．８）％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；体外循环后基础ＰＶＲ高于正常的患者９例，吸入ＮＯ后降低了（３８．４±２８．７）％（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＰＶＲ降低幅度在体外循环前、后无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。体外循环前基础ＰＶＲ１５５．６±６４．６ｋＰａｓ／Ｌ者８例，体外循环前、后吸入ＮＯ气体肺动脉压和ＰＶＲ降低均不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者，体外循环前、后吸入４０ｐｐｍＮＯ有选择性肺血管松弛作用，且该作用不受体外循环影响     

小儿先天性心脏病体外循环前、中、后不同阶段液体管理的临床观察

目的：观察小儿先天性心脏病体外循环（ＣＰＢ）前、中、后不同阶段液体出入量平衡，为围ＣＰＢ期的液体管理提供参考。方法：各类先天性心脏病患儿共计８０例，分别统计ＣＰＢ前、中、后有关血液动力学指标、尿量、输入晶体液量、输血量和时间等，同时取静脉血样进行血气分析。结果：小于１岁患儿液体总入量：ＣＰＢ前２２．３±８．４ｍｌ／（ｋｇｈ），ＣＰＢ中７８．３±３２．８ｍｌ／ｋｇ，ＣＰＢ后１８．７±１４．５ｍｌ／（ｋｇｈ）。１～３岁（包括３岁）患儿液体总入量：ＣＰＢ前１７．６±８．０ｍｌ／（ｋｇｈ），ＣＰＢ中４８．３±１６．１ｍｌ／ｋｇ，ＣＰＢ后６．９±１８．１ｍｌ／（ｋｇｈ）。３～６岁患儿液体总入量：ＣＰＢ前１４．８±５．０ｍｌ／（ｋｇｈ），ＣＰＢ中３７．２±１４．２ｍｌ／ｋｇ，ＣＰＢ后４．４±９．６ｍｌ／（ｋｇｈ）。结论：不同年龄段及患儿ＣＰＢ心脏手术不同阶段液体总入量不同     

14962 例急性心肌梗塞患者临床特征──中国心脏研究-Ⅰ 专题报告之五

目的分析１４９６２例急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）患者的临床特征。方法用ＳＡＳ６０４软件统计分析１４９６２例ＡＭＩ患者的４周总病死率和并发症。结果１４９６２例ＡＭＩ患者临床特征为：男性病人７３．９％；平均年龄６１．２±１０．７岁；有心肌梗死、高血压、糖尿病病史者分别占１２．２％，４０．４％，９．４％；基础血压１２６．６±２４．３／８１．３±１４．６ｍｍＨｇ；基础心率７９．３±１８．８ｍｉｎ－１。试验４周期间主要并发症心力衰竭为１７．９％，休克４．６％，心室颤动３．２％，其他类型的心跳骤停２．３％，Ⅱ～Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞５．２％，室性心动过速３．６％，梗塞扩展４．８％，脑卒中１．２％，心脏破裂０．５％。总病死率（２８ｄ）为９．４３％，死于泵衰竭为３．２５％，死于心律失常为４．５６％。     

360例五岁以下小儿法乐四联症根治术报告

目的：本文通过３６０例３个月至５岁小儿法乐四联症的根治术，介绍如何降低手术死亡率的经验。方法：１９９３年１月至１９９５年９月，为３６０例（男２６５例，女９５例）３个月至５岁的患儿行法乐四联症根治术，平均年龄２．７６±１．４９岁，平均体重１１．４５±３．２５（５～１９）ｋｇ。全麻、深低温（鼻温２０℃）、低流量（２０～４０ｍｌ·ｋｇ－１／ｍｉｎ）体外循环下行根治术，包括修补心室间隔缺损，右心室流出道加宽。１３８例（３８．３３％）跨环补片，１０７例至左右肺动脉分叉处或左肺动脉起始部，２６例用液氮保存的同种带瓣升主动脉（１９例取自新生儿，７例取自成人），手术同期纠正其他心内畸形１８７例（５１．９４％）。结果：手术死亡４例（１．１１％），死因为灌注肺２例，心包填塞及呼吸衰竭各１例。结论：尽管手术适应证较宽，但手术死亡率近年明显下降，这主要与术前纠正贫血、畸形纠正满意、心肺保护良好和正确的术后处理有关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.