IL-1α基因启动子-889C/T和IL-1Ra第2内含子VNTR基因型及血清水平与2型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的　研究白细胞介素 1α(IL 1α)基因启动子 889C/T多态性和白细胞介素 1受体拮抗剂 (IL 1Ra)第 2内含子可变数目串联重复(VNTR)多态性及血清水平与 2型糖尿病 (T2DM)的相关关系。方法　采用聚合酶链反应 限制性片段长度多态性 (PCR RFLP)技术 ,检测 1 35例T2DM患者和 1 4 0例健康对照者的IL 1α( 889C/T)和IL 1Ra(VNTR)基因型 ,同时采用ELISA检测T2DM患者和对照者的血清IL 1水平。结果　T2DM组血清IL 1水平显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 1 ) ,IL 1α基因 889C/T基因型频率和等位基因频率在T2DM组和对照组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5) ,等位基因频率的相对风险分析发现 ,T等位基因携带者患T2DM的风险是C等位基因的 2 0 2 3倍 (OR =2 0 2 3 ,95 %CI:1 1 4 7～ 3 567) ;IL 1Ra基因型频率和等位基因频率在T2DM组和对照组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5) ,与健康对照组比较 ,不携带IL 1RaⅡ的基因型患 2型DM的相对风险度增加 2 0 2 5倍 (OR =2 0 2 5 ,95 %CI :1 0 33～ 3 967) ,携带IL 1RaⅡ的基因型的T2DM患者血清IL 1Ra水平显著高于不携带者〔(1 4 2 6 2 5± 32 4 31 ) pg/mlVS (1 2 99 56± 2 93 47) pg/ml,P <0 0 1〕。 结论　IL 1α( 889C/T)和IL 1Ra(VNTR)基因多态性与T2DM的发病具有相关性 ,其     

白细胞介素-1α基因启动子-889C/T和白细胞1受体拮抗剂第2内含子VNTR基因多态性与脑梗死关系的研究

目的研究白细胞介素1α(IL1α)基因启动子889C/T多态性和白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂(IL1Ra)第2内含子可变数目串联重复(VNTR)多态性及血清水平与脑梗死的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性(PCRRFLP)技术,检测155例脑梗死患者和170例健康对照者的IL1α(889C/T)和IL1Ra(VNTR)基因型,同时采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测脑梗死患者和对照者的血清IL1水平。结果脑梗死组血清IL1水平显著高于对照组(P<001),IL1α基因889C/T基因型频率和等位基因频率在脑梗死组和对照组比较差异有显著性(P<005),等位基因频率的相对风险分析发现,T等位基因携带者患脑梗死的风险是C等位基因的2029倍(OR=2029,95%CI1207~3410);IL1Ra基因型频率和等位基因频率在脑梗死组和对照组比较差异有显著性(P<005),与健康对照组比较,不携带IL1RaⅡ的基因型患脑梗死的相对风险度增加1853倍(OR=1853,95%CI1010~3398),携带IL1RaⅡ的基因型的脑梗死患者血清IL1Ra水平显著高于不携带者〔(142532±32392)pg/ml,(129634±29236)pg/ml,P<001〕。结论IL1α(889C/T)和IL1Ra(VNTR)基因多态性与脑梗死的发病具有相关性,其中T等位基因可能是脑梗死发病的遗传易感基因;携带IL1RaⅡ基因的个体可能通过促进IL1Ra的高度表达而对脑梗死具有保护作用     

冠心病与白细胞介素-1受体拮抗剂基因多态性的相关性研究

目的　探讨白细胞介素 1受体拮抗剂基因 (interleukin 1receptorantagonistgene ,IL 1RN)第 2号外显子 +80 0 6T C位点基因多态性在冠心病及正常人群中的分布 ,初步分析其基因型与冠心病的相关关系。方法　采用聚合酶链反应 限制性片段长度多态性的方法 ,检测了 2 40例老年冠心病患者 (冠心病组 )和 2 2 9例老年健康对照者 (对照组 )的IL 1RN(+80 0 6T C)位点基因多态性。结果　对照组和冠心病组的 3种基因型频率分别为TT型 :0 .82 1和 0 .90 0 ;TC型 :0 .170和 0 .0 96 ;CC型 :0 .0 0 9和 0 .0 0 4。与对照组比较 ,不携带等位基因C(IL 1RN C)的基因型 ,其患冠心病的相对风险度约是携带IL 1RN C基因型的 1.96倍 ;与心绞痛组比较 ,患心肌梗死的相对风险度约是 4.0 9倍。结论　IL 1RN第 2号外显子 +80 0 6T C位点基因多态性与冠心病的发生、发展及该疾病的严重程度密切相关 ,IL 1RN C在其中可能具有保护作用。     

白细胞介素1基因多态性与北京地区胃癌的关系

目的　了解白细胞介素 (IL) 1β 31、IL 1β 5 11和IL 1受体拮抗因子基因 (IL 1RN)多态性在北京地区胃癌患者及慢性胃炎患者中的分布情况 ,探讨IL 1基因多态性与北京地区胃癌的关系。方法　收集北京地区 5 7例胃癌患者和 12 0例慢性胃炎患者的外周血标本 ,提取DNA ,用聚合酶链反应 限制性片段长度多态性法 (PCR RFLP)检测入选患者的IL 1基因多态性情况 ,并比较这些基因多态性在胃癌组和慢性胃炎组的分布差异。结果　IL 1β 31C等位基因在慢性胃炎组和胃癌组中的分布频率分别为 4 9.2 %和 6 1.4 % ,胃癌组明显高于慢性胃炎组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,携带IL 1β 31C等位基因增加胃癌的风险性 ,IL 1β 31C/C纯合子型的胃癌风险OR值为 2 .4 (95 %CI =1.0～ 5 .9)。IL 1β 5 11T等位基因在慢性胃炎组和胃癌组中的分布频率分别为 4 7.9%和 6 5 .8% ,胃癌组明显高于慢性胃炎组 (P <0 .0 1) ,携带IL 1β 5 11T等位基因增加胃癌的风险性 ,IL 1β 5 11T/T纯合子型的胃癌风险OR值为 3.8(95 %CI =1.5～ 9.7)。IL 1RN 2等位基因在慢性胃炎组和胃癌组中的分布频率分别为 3.8%和 11.4 % ,胃癌组明显高于慢性胃炎组 (P <0 .0 1) ,携带IL 1RN 2等位基因增加胃癌的风险性 ,L/ 2杂合子型的胃癌风险OR值为 3.5 (95 %CI =1.4～ 8.9     

老年男性骨质疏松症患者白细胞介素1受体拮抗物基因多态性研究

目的　探讨老年男性骨质疏松症与白细胞介素 1受体拮抗物 (IL 1Ra)基因多态性的关系。方法　用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)方法探查IL 1Ra基因第 2内含子 86bp数目可变重复片段(VNTR)多态性在老年男性非骨质疏松症组 (对照组 )、老年骨质疏松症组的基因频率分布。结果骨质疏松症组A2 等位基因频率低于对照组 (0 .10 3vs 0 .192 ,P <0 .0 5 )。等位基因A2 与血浆IL 1Ra、IL 1Ra/IL 1β比值正相关 (r =0 .2 8,P <0 .0 5 ;r =0 .34,P =0 .0 0 5 )。与对照组相比 ,骨质疏松症组骨钙素水平较低、尿Ⅰ型胶原C末端肽水平较高、骨密度较低。与A1A1基因型相比 ,A1A2 +A2 A2 基因型的骨密度较高。结论　IL 1Ra基因A2 等位基因是老年男性患骨质疏松症的保护因素 ,可能与含A2 基因型者能产生较多的IL 1Ra相关     

冠心病患者E-选择素血清水平及其G98T、S128R基因多态性研究

目的　研究中国汉族人群E 选择素 (E selectin)基因第 2外显子G98T和第 4外显子S12 8R多态性与冠心病 (CHD)的相关性 ,以及对血清E selectin水平的影响。方法　采用聚合酶链反应 限制性片段长度多态性 (PCR RFLP)技术 ,检测 2 38例CHD患者和 199例健康人作对照者的E selectin基因多态性 ,同时采用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)检测CHD患者和对照者血清E selectin水平。结果　E selectin基因S12 8R基因型频率和等位基因频率在CHD组和对照组比较差异有显著性(P <0 0 5 ) ,基因型频率的相对风险分析发现 ,SR基因型携带者患冠心病的风险是SS基因型的 2 16 2倍 (OR =2 16 2 ,95 %CI:1 0 73～ 4 35 9) ,SR基因型携带者的E selectin血清水平显著高于SS基因型(4 2 9± 8 1比 35 7± 7 7,P <0 0 1)。E selectinG98T各基因型分布在CHD组和对照组之间比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但在心肌梗死组与心绞痛组间比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　E selectinS12 8R基因多态性与冠心病的发病有关联 ,并可影响血清E selectin水平 ,R等位基因可能是CHD发病的遗传易感基因 ;E selectin基因G98T多态性在冠心病发病中可能不起直接重要作用。     

汉族脑卒中与N5,N10亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因多态性的相关性研究

目的　探讨人体 N5,N1 0亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶 (MTHFR)的基因多态性与脑卒中的遗传相关性。方法　采用限制性内切酶片段长度多态性方法 (PCR- RFLP) ,对 67例脑卒中病人和 78例健康人 MTHFR基因 C677T多态性位点进行检测。结果　病例组 MTHFR基因 T、C等位基因频率分别为 53%、47%,对照组为 39.7%、60 .3%,两组显著性差异 (χ2 =5.0 9,P<0 .0 5)。 TT型携带者较 CC型携带者罹患脑卒中的相对风险度为 2 .35(95%CI1 .0 2～ 5.43)。 T等位基因携带者较 C等位基因携带者罹患脑卒中的相对风险度为 1 .71 (95%CI1 .0 7～ 2 .74)。出血性卒中与缺血性卒中之间等位基因及等位基因型频率无明显差异。结论　脑卒中汉族人群 MTHFR基因 C677T位点多态性与脑卒中有相关性 ,MTHFR基因可能是脑卒中的一个易感基因。     

胰蛋白酶原基因reflNG4599多态性与汉族胰腺癌遗传易感性的关系

目的探讨福建地区汉族胰腺癌患者外周血胰蛋白酶原(protease serine 1,PRSS1)基因reflNG4599单核苷酸多态性与胰腺癌风险的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术,对159例胰腺癌患者和368例正常对照者的PRSS1基因reflNG4599多态性进行基因型分析,统计胰腺癌组和正常对照组不同PRSS1基因型的基因频率,使用OR及95%CI对各基因型携带者发生胰腺癌相对风险度进行评估,同时比较各组不同基因型血清胰蛋白酶浓度的差异性。结果单变量Logistic回归分析显示PRSS1基因reflNG4599 T/C基因型与胰腺癌发生的风险相关(OR=1.58,95%CI:1.52~1.64);胰腺癌组血清胰蛋白酶浓度是正常对照组的4.92倍,且胰腺癌组中T/C杂合基因型携带者的血清胰蛋白酶浓度高于T/T和C/C纯合基因型者,分别为1.22倍和1.60倍。结论 PRSS1基因reflNG4599 T/C基因型与胰腺癌遗传易感性相关,血清胰蛋白酶可以作为胰腺癌的新型标志物。     

内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因T786C多态性与缬沙坦降压疗效的关系

目的　探讨内皮型一氧化氮合酶 (eNOS)基因T786C多态性对缬沙坦降压疗效的影响。方法　采用多聚酶链式反应结合限制性内切酶片段长度多态分析方法检测 16 7例健康人和 2 6 7例高血压患者的eNOS基因T786C多态性。其中 10 9例病人口服缬沙坦治疗 4周。结果　 (1)EH组CT CC基因型和C等位基因频率显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;高血压患者中CT CC基因型携带者的舒张压 (99.6 6± 6 5 9)mmHg均高于TT基因型携带者 (97 32± 7 4 4 )mmHg ,且有显著性差异。(2 )缬沙坦对CT CC基因型患者降低收缩压和舒张压的作用强于TT基因型 ,(P <0 0 5 )。结论　eNOST786C基因多态性可作为高血压病人选用血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂的参考指标之一。     

内皮细胞型一氧化氮合酶基因多态性与高血压病的相关性研究

目的　探讨内皮细胞型一氧化氮合酶 (endothelialnitricoxidesynthase ,eNOS)基因第 4内含子数目可变性串联重复序列 (variablenumberoftandemrepeatspolymorphism ,VNTR)多态性与高血压病(essentialhypertension,EH)的相关性。方法　依据VNTR位点侧翼序列设计引物 ,PCR方法分别自血压正常 (normotension ,NT)和EH人群基因组DNA扩增VNTR片段 ,琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析VNTR基因型 ,对两组VNTR的基因型与等位基因频率进行统计对比。结果　NT和EH人群eNOS基因VNTR均存在重复 4次、5次和 6次 3种等位基因 ,以及 4/4纯合、4/5杂合、5/5纯合和 5/6杂合 4种VNTR基因型 ,但等位基因与基因型的分布频率存在差异。EH人群重复 4次的等位基因频率 (χ2 =30 80 ,P <0 0 0 0 1 ) ,4/5杂合 (χ2 =2 1 45 ,P <0 0 0 0 1 )和 4/4纯合 (χ2 =4 0 6 ,P <0 0 5)的基因型频率明显高于NT人群。结论　eNOS基因VNTR重复 4次的等位基因与EH相关 ,携带重复 4次等位基因的人具有罹患EH的一定危险性 (χ2 =33 96 ,P <0 0 0 0 1 ,OR =3 2 ,95 %可信区间为 2 0 97～ 4 495)。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.