基于Westgard西格玛规则的血气分析室内质量控制及评价

目的 分析某品牌血气分析仪检测系统性能,并根据Westgard西格玛规则比较血气分析仪内部自动质量控制(简称质控)与外部室内质量控制(IQC)数据,指导IQC方案设计和仪器质量改进.方法 收集血气分析仪内部自动质控及同期外部IQC数据,根据仪器实验室内变异系数(CV)、偏移(Bias)等参数和美国临床实验室改进修正法规...     

室内质控电子化管理系统的设计与应用

目的 通过实验室信息系统（LIS）建立室内质控月报表自动统计和电子审核功能，优化失控处理、信息记录等管理功能，实现室内质控全面电子管理。方法 通过联众智慧科技LIS完善实验室质控管理系统，包括优化室内质控失控处理模块，新建室内质控电子月报表功能，新建质控月报表电子审核系统。结果 优化了室内质控失控处理模块，可支持失控在线处理与保存；建立了室内质控月报表统计模块，可按要求统计指定月份或季度、指定设备、质控批号等13项指标及失控处理明细，该模块具有显著的随机误差、系统误差超标提示功能。建立了质控月报表三级电子审核系统，实现了由技术主管总结提交月报表、组长评阅审核、主任评阅审核的电子流转与存档功能。结论 建立与优化了基于LIS的室内质控电子管理系统，实现室内质控数据全面电子化管理。     

患者数据指数加权移动均值法、室内质量控制室间化和自动审核在基层医疗机构临床实验室质量管理中的应用

目的 探讨患者数据指数加权移动均值（EWMA）法、室内质量控制（IQC）室间化和自动审核3种质量管理方法在基层医疗机构临床实验室的适用性。方法 收集2021年6—11月西安区域医学检验中心所辖3家基层社区卫生服务中心葡萄糖、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素6个检测项目的IQC数据,采用EWMA法进行分析,评估EWMA法的应用效果。基于标准差系数（SDI）、变异系数比值（CVR）等质量评价指标,进行实验室间结果一致性比对。建立24项生化检验项目自动审核规则体系,比较人工审核与自动审核的符合率和自动审核通过率,以及使用自动审核规则前后实验室样本周转时间（TAT）等关键指标的差异。结果传统IQC趋势与EWMA质控趋势一致,EWMA可早于传统IQC识别检验系统偏移,但年龄分布不均会造成EWMA假失控报警。3家基层社区卫生服务中心中,有1家尿素项目SDI超出允许范围,存在严重负偏移,与同期室间质量评价（EQA）回报结果的偏移趋势一致。验证期自动审核与人工审核符合率为100%,正式使用期间自动审核总通过率为95.33%。实验室内TAT中位数和第90百分位数分别较使用前缩短24和136 mi...     

单项目双值质控图的绘制

在临床实验室常规工作中，作为实验室生命的质量控制必须每天认真执行，但需要花费大量的时间和精力去处理质控数据、绘制质控图等。目前国外多用实验室信息系统中质控数据处理功能，自动收集仪器传人系统的数据，自动形成图形，随时可以观察失控情况；国内许多实验室还没有实验室信息管理系统，质量控制数据处理和绘图多用人工，非常费时、费力、易错。我们在实际应用中发现用Microsoft Excel工作表软件，绘制单质控物的质控图，更加方便快捷，现介绍如下。     

一张图多质控物室内质控图的绘制

作为实验室生命的质量控制必须每天认真执行,但需要花费大量的时间和精力去处理质控数据、绘制质控图等.目前国外多用实验室信息系统中质控数据处理功能,自动收集仪器传入系统的数据,自动形成图形,随时可以观察失控情况;国内许多实验室还没有实验室信息管理系统,质量控制数据处理和绘图多用人工,非常费时、费力、易错,而且为保证实验结果更加准确可靠,多数实验室采用双或多质控物进行室内质量控制,这样在绘制质控图时每个项目需要绘两张图,按质量保证措施要求,每天至少要绘50～60质控图,这样更增加了工作量.     

荧光定量PCR测定HBV DNA室内质控方法的探讨

目的探讨实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)测定乙型肝炎病毒核酸(HBV DNA)的室内质控方法。方法统计上海地区PCR实验室HBV DNA常规条件下前20次室内质控数据的不精密度(CV),以测出的均值(x珋±s)绘制质控图,分别采用13s/22s的多规则质控方法和Levey-Jennings单规则质控方法,判断前20次室内质控数据CV分别为≥10%、5%~10%和1%~5%范围内A、B和C 3家实验室的室内质控数据,分别分析其失控检出能力。结果分别采用13s/22s多规则和Levey-Jennings单规则质控方法。当HBV DNA室内质控品低、高两个浓度分别为5×104和5×106IU/mL时,CV为14.96%和12.15%的A实验室均未正确检出失控数据;CV为6.49%和5.00%的B实验室检出2个随机误差引起的失控数据;其CV为4.36%和2.43的C实验室,采用13s/22s多规则质控方法检出3个系统误差引起的失控数据,采用单规则质控方法未检出失控。结论 PCR检测HBV DNA当实验室前20次室内质控数据CV≥10%时,无论采用单规则还是多规则质控方法均不能正确检出失控;实验室应设定自己实验室最低要求的CV,并采用多规则质控方法,以提高系统误差的失控检出率。     

改良即刻法用于酶联免疫吸附试验室内质量控制的探索

目的 建立一种适用于酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）室内质量控制（IQC）的方法。方法 采用即刻法和用控制变异系数（CV）的方法（改良即刻法）同时统计初始阶段的质控数据,制作质控图。结果 检验方法学的CV在15％左右,前3个质控数据的CV〈5％时,采用即刻法统计随后的结果会出现假失控,前3个质控数据的CV〉10％时,随后的结果会出现假在控。采用改良即刻法统计,只要设定好一个实验室或一个地区的允许CV值就没有假失控和假在控的结果。结论 改良即刻法适用于CV较大、检测频次较低的免疫学检验项目IQC初始阶段的统计,操作简便易行。     

改良即刻法用于酶联免疫吸附试验室内质量控制的探索

目的建立一种适用于酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)室内质量控制(IQC)的方法。方法采用即刻法和用控制变异系数(CV)的方法(改良即刻法)同时统计初始阶段的质控数据,制作质控图。结果检验方法学的CV在15%左右,前3个质控数据的CV<5%时,采用即刻法统计随后的结果会出现假失控,前3个质控数据的CV>10%时,随后的结果会出现假在控。采用改良即刻法统计,只要设定好一个实验室或一个地区的允许CV值就没有假失控和假在控的结果。结论改良即刻法适用于CV较大、检测频次较低的免疫学检验项目IQC初始阶段的统计,操作简便易行。     

血细胞分析仪的新型质控模式——在线质控

目的:为了我室血细胞分析的各参数结果与全世界拥有该型号仪器的实验室检测的结果具有可比性.方法:通过在线质控(Online QC)模式,XE-2100每天的质控数据经网络实时传送到日本在线质控统计服务器上,自动计算质控数据与同组统计结果进行正确度、精确度和趋势等三方面的比较,并自动判断是否失控,几分钟后可将回报结果显示出来.结果:XE-2100在线质控共45项参数,批号为60650802均在控.结论:在线质控最大的特点在于将传统的室内质控与室间质评很好地结合起来,不仅使每天的室内质控有了国际统一判断标准,而且比传统的室间质评更及时,包含的参数更多.     

利用Excel电子表格绘制单值多点质控图

目的探讨利用Excel电子表格制作单值多点质控图的方法。方法利用Excel软件的图表制作与函数计算功能,设计制作出包括失控点在内的单值多点的定量质控图。结果将质控数据输入数据表中,失控点与纠正后的在控点区别明显,单值不同批次的质控曲线在一张质控图上显示分明。结论利用Excel软件制作的质控图美观、规范、快捷,对于没有LiS系统的基层实验室判别质控的失控及处理有很好的指导作用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.