胰十二指肠切除改良胰管空肠吻合预防胰瘘的临床研究

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术改良的胰管空肠端侧黏膜对黏膜胰管空肠套入式吻合方式预防胰瘘的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析111例胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料,其中残胰重建方式为胰管空肠黏膜对黏膜套入式端侧精确吻合(改良胰管空肠吻合)者41例(改良组),胰空肠端端常规套入吻合手术者70例(常规组),比较两种胰肠吻合方法对术后胰瘘发生率的影响。结果改良组41例术后恢复顺利,无一例发生胰瘘;常规组发生胰瘘13例(18.57%)。两种术式间胰瘘发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组其他并发症发生率如消化道出血、胃排空障碍、胆瘘、腹腔感染、肺感染和切口感染以及生存率方面的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论胰十二指肠切除术胰管空肠端侧黏膜对黏膜套入式吻合在预防胰瘘发生方面具有明显优势,值得在临床工作中推广运用。     

改进胰肠吻合技术在胰十二指肠切除术中预防胰瘘的治疗体会

目的 探讨改进胰肠吻合技术在胰十二指肠切除术(pancreatoduodenectomy,PD)中预防胰瘘的作用.方法 将改进胰管空肠黏膜对拢吻合技术应用于24例PD胰肠重建.结果 效果满意,无一例胰瘘并发症,无一例死亡.结论 改进胰管空肠黏膜对拢吻合技术应用于PD胰肠重建,可有效降低术后胰瘘的发生率,降低死亡率.     

改良式胰管空肠黏膜吻合术对胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的影响

目的探讨改良式胰管空肠黏膜吻合术对胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生率的影响。方法回顾性分析78例胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料。胰肠吻合采用改良式胰管空肠黏膜吻合术(改良组)和传统胰空肠端侧吻合术(传统组)两种术式,分别观察两组术后胰瘘发生的情况及临床效果。结果改良组48例,术后出现并发症5例(10.4%),其中胰瘘1例(2.1%);传统组30例术后出现并发症11例(36.7%),其中胰瘘5例(16.7%),1例死于术后胰瘘并发腹腔感染、出血。其余患者均痊愈出院。结论改良式胰管空肠黏膜吻合术应用于胰十二指肠切除术中,术后胰瘘的发生率低,是预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的较好方法。     

胰管空肠粘膜吻合技术预防胰瘘的临床应用

目的探讨胰管空肠粘膜吻合在胰十二指肠切除术中预防胰瘘的治疗经验。方法回顾性分析自2010年4月至2014年9月在安徽医科大学第三附属医院微创外科的19例采用胰管空肠粘膜吻合的胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料。结果 19例行胰十二指肠切除术的患者胰肠粘膜吻合的平均时间为(30±4.2)min,术后胰瘘1例,胰瘘发生率为5.26%(1/19)。结论胰管空肠吻合可降低胰瘘的发生率,且操作简单易行,值得在胰十二指肠切除术中推广应用。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的防治体会

目的分析胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的防治措施,以减少胰十二指肠切除术后并发症发生率。方法2001年1月至2005年12月对106例患者行胰十二指肠切除术,其中常规胰十二指肠切除术87例,保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术4例,扩大胰十二指肠切除术15例。结果术后共出现胰瘘11例(10.4%),胰腺空肠端端套入式吻合、胰腺空肠端侧套入式吻合、胰管空肠黏膜吻合三种吻合方式胰瘘发生率分别为9.6%、12.9%和8.7%。术后平均胰瘘持续时间为(14.7±4.5)d。所有胰瘘患者均应用生长抑素类药物抑制胰腺外分泌治疗。结论防治胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的关键是改善胰肠吻合口的质量和保持引流通畅。术后应用生长抑素类药物有助于胰瘘的愈合。     

胰十二指肠切除胰腺空肠端侧吻合156例分析

目的:探讨胰十二指肠切除术中胰腺空肠端侧吻合技术。方法:回顾性分析山东大学齐鲁医院肝胆外科2004年3月—2012年6月156例胰十二指肠切除术行胰腺空肠端侧吻合患者的临床资料。根据胰腺的质地、厚度、胰管直径、胰管后壁胰腺组织的厚度、有无炎症,结合空肠的直径、空肠壁的厚度选择胰管-空肠黏膜-黏膜吻合、端侧套入式吻合等不同的吻合方式。结果:术中胰肠重新吻合8例。术后胰瘘3例、胆瘘2例、死亡2例。结论:胰十二指肠切除术中胰腺空肠吻合应根据患者的胰腺和空肠情况进行个体化选择。     

Effect and appraisals of three different pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy

目的 比较胰十二指肠切除术后三种不同胰肠吻合方式的胰肠吻合口瘘发生率,探讨实施不同吻合方式的适用条件及其合理性.方法 回顾性分析92例胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料.按吻合方式不同分为捆绑式胰肠吻合组(A组)、胰管对空肠粘膜端侧吻合组(B组)和套入式端侧吻合组(C组),观察其术后胰瘘的发生率.结果 胰肠吻合口瘘的发生率为:A组1例(1/41,2.44％);B组无胰肠吻合口瘘发生;C组3例(3/19,15.79％).A、B两组间胰肠吻合口瘘发生率无统计学差异(P＞0.05);C组胰肠吻合口瘘发生率显著高于A、B两组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论胰管对空肠粘膜吻合法和捆绑式吻合法均为较安全的胰肠吻合方法.在条件许可下,胰管对粘膜吻合法应作为胰十二指肠切除术首选的胰肠吻合方法.     

胰肠吻合方式和保留幽门对胰瘘发生的影响

目的探讨胰肠吻合方式和保留幽门对胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的影响。方法回顾性分析我院1994年1月至2007年5月间142例胰十二指肠切除术患者临床资料，探讨胰瘘发生的危险因素，比较胰肠黏膜对黏膜胰管空肠端-侧吻合、胰腺空肠端-端套入式吻合及保留幽门与否对胰瘘发生率的影响。结果术后胰瘘总发生率22％（32／142），其中黏膜对黏膜吻合组21％（29／132），传统胰腺空肠端-端套入组33．33％（3／9）。结论胰肠吻合方式、保留幽门与否对胰瘘发生率无显著性的影响。     

胰十二指肠切除术中改进胰肠吻合预防胰瘘（附9例报告）

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术中预防胰瘘的方法。方法 回顾分析我科9例胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料。采用胰空肠端端套入式吻合，辅助应用医用胶，主胰管内置入导管，留在空肠内，超过胆肠吻合口，胆总管内不放T形管。结果 9例患者术后无胰瘘、胆瘘，并发肺部感染1例，切口感染1例，术后随访无胆道梗阻、糖尿病。结论 此吻合法操作简便，吻合牢靠，胰液引流通畅，肠袢张力低，能较好地预防胰瘘的发生。     

腹腔镜胰肠吻合术式选择与评价

历经20年的临床实践，腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术在我国发展迅速，胰肠吻合方式也不断有所创新及改良，不仅在理念层面深化了对吻合的认知，也推动了开放胰肠吻合术式的更新与进步。腹腔镜胰肠吻合多是在传统套入与胰管-黏膜吻合的基础上，结合腹腔镜手术操作的特点，围绕胰腺残端处理与胰管空肠重建进行的改良，尚无任何一种方式能适用于所有病人或完全避免胰瘘的发生。腹腔镜手术具有和开放手术完全不同的视角和操作方式，术者应结合本单位的设备条件、技术特点及熟练程度，根据病人的具体情况选择适宜的胰肠吻合方式。高质量的胰肠吻合应建立在安全、简便、可重复性好的基础上，并显著减少术后胰瘘的发生。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.