肝脏恶性纤维组织细胞瘤一例

患者男,59岁,因右上腹进行性肿胀,伴恶心、呕吐、食欲减退于2008年1月7日入院.体格检查:患者一般情况可,腹软,右上腹压痛,右肋下2 cm可触及肝缘,边缘钝,肝区有压痛,肠鸣音正常.肝功检查:ALT 182 U/L,AST157 U/L,ALP 579 U/L;血、尿常规无异常;肾功能及胸片无异常.     

重症急性胰腺炎合并腹腔严重感染一例

患者男,32岁.主因饮酒后上腹剧痛伴恶心、呕吐1d入院.疼痛为持续性,向后背部放射.无发热.平素身体健康.腹部B超:胆囊不大,胆管无扩张,胰腺水肿,腹腔大量积液.入院查体:体温37.8℃,脉搏120次/min,呼吸频率32次/min,血压130/80 mm Hg.体重100 kg,身高180 cm,营养状态好,被动屈曲位,皮肤巩膜无黄染,腹膨隆,腹肌紧张,全腹压痛,肝脾未及,移动性浊音(+),肠鸣音未闻及.实验室检查:血红蛋白130 g/L,白细胞21.2×109,总蛋白78 g/L,白蛋白45 g/L,丙氨酸氨基转移酶427 U/L,门冬氨酸氨基转移酶382 U/L,总胆红素37.44 μmol/L,肌酐324 μmol/L.血淀粉酶431 U/L(正常值30～110U/L),血脂肪酶1231 U/L(正常值23～300U/L),动脉血气示Ⅰ型呼衰.腹部增强CT示腹腔大量积液,腹部纵/横比大于1,胰腺形态饱满,边缘模糊,提示:急性坏死性胰腺炎.     

肝部分切除——丙泊酚——苏醒延时

1临床资料 1.1术前情况 男性患者,55岁,体重75 kg,体检发现右肝占位入院.病程中患者无相关临床表现,既往有大量烟酒史,否认高血压、糖尿病、冠心病.入院检查:血压134/85 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 KPa),心电图、胸片无特殊异常,血红蛋白140 g/L,肝功检查:ALT68.6 U/L,AST 78.8 U/L.入院后予以保肝治疗,术前ALT47 U/L,AST47 U/L.拟行右肝中叶切除.     

胰管结石压迫致胆道胰管扩张一例

<正>患者,女,45岁。因反复腹痛腹胀2年,加重伴黄疸、恶心、呕吐半个月入院。患者自诉疼痛向肩背部放射,大便灰白,小便色黄,食欲欠佳。体格检查:皮肤巩膜黄染,右上腹压痛,可触到肿大胆囊,无反跳痛及肌紧张,肝脾肋下未及。入院血生化检查:血淀粉酶1 12 U/L,尿淀粉酶180l U/L,总胆红素152.2μmol/L,直接胆红素123.3μmol/L,间接胆红素28.9μmol/L,丙氨酸氨基转移酶166 U/L,天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶891 U/L,血清总     

表现为重症坏死性胰腺炎的胰腺囊腺癌一例

患者,女,53岁,因上腹痛伴呕吐8 h入院.查体:T 38.9℃,P 80次/分,R 35次/分,BP 90/65 mm Hg.神清,双下肺叩浊,呼吸促,腹膨隆,上腹压痛,无反跳痛,肠鸣音弱.辅助检查:白细胞27×109/L,血淀粉酶1500 U/L,尿淀粉酶2860 U/L;Ca2+1.95 mmol/L;CT示胰腺肿胀,边界模糊,胰周积液(图1).诊断:急性重症胰腺炎.     

急性胃扭转一例

患者男,32岁.因2010年1月29日晚饮酒约300 ml,2 h后上腹部持续性疼痛,伴恶心、呕吐收治入当地医院.吐出物为胃内容物,不含血性或咖啡样物,无其他伴随症状.该患者既往有500 ml/d饮酒史1年.血常规检查:WBC13.9×109/L,中性粒细胞为0.84.血淀粉酶231 U/L,胰脂肪酶1416 U/L.腹部CT检查示左膈肌抬高,胃扩张明显.诊断为急性胰腺炎、急性胃扩张,予胃肠减压、生长抑素等治疗.放置胃管后,患者发生剧烈呛咳,腹痛等症状无好转.     

以肝转移肿瘤为主要表现的非霍奇金淋巴瘤一例

患者,女,73岁.因“间断性发热伴体重明显下降1个月”入院.患者无明显诱因出现午后及夜间发热,体温最高达39℃,无腹痛,无恶心、呕吐,无寒战,无腹泻,在当地医院行B超检查报告,肝脏多发结节,直径最大约5 cm,考虑转移性肝癌.行腹部增强CT检查,发现肝脏肿瘤,左肾上腺及盆腔肿物,考虑为左肾上腺癌肝转移,盆腔转移.来我院住院后常规各项检查,血常规:WBC 4.41×109/L,Lymphocyte 32％,HGB 84 g/L,RBC 3.1×1012/L,PLT 75×109/L;血生化八项:TP 48.8 g/L,ALB 28 g/L,ALT 23 U/L,LDH 875 U/L,TBIL 9.9μmol/L,DBIL 3.4 μmol/L,Glu 4.2μmol/L,Cr 46 μmol/L.血清电解质正常,抗EBV(-),抗CMV(-),抗HIV(-),抗梅毒(-),乙肝检查:抗HBs(+),余(-),肿瘤标志物均正常(CA12-5 13.6 U/ml,CEA1.2 ng/ml,CA15-3 7.7 U/ml,NSCC 4.2 ng/ml,CA19-94.9 U/ml,AFP 2.1 ng/ml, CA 72-4 2.5 U/ml, NSE12.9 μg/L).肾功能、凝血功能功能、血沉等正常.仔细阅读当地医院腹部增强CT片,发现腹主动脉周围有淋巴结肿大,肝门区淋巴结肿大(图1).行全身PET-CT检查,发现:(1)子宫恶性病变,原发?(2)肝脏多发转移癌;(3)肝门区淋巴结转移癌;(4)腹膜后淋巴结转移癌;(5)全身多发骨转移癌,腰椎、双侧髂骨转移癌(图2).患者原发肿瘤难以确定,行超声引导下肝脏穿刺病理检查,结果报告:弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤,肝脏转移性淋巴瘤(图3).诊断明确后,转血液科治疗,行R-CHOP方案,给予利妥昔单抗、长春地辛、吡柔比星、环磷酰胺、地塞米松1周后,患者体温正常,LDH明显下降至146 U/L.     

胰腺腺鳞癌1例

病人女性,38岁.中上腹隐痛不适1个月于2008年5月入院,伴腰背部放射痛.疼痛与饮食无关,无恶心、发热及白陶土样便,体重下降约5kg.查体:皮肤巩膜轻度黄染,浅表淋巴结末扪及,腹部无压痛,未扪及肿块.实验室检查:丙氨酸转氨酶138 U/L,天冬氨酸转氨酶96U/L,碱性磷酸酶207U/L,CA125 64.90 kU/L,CA19-9 376.93 kU/L.     

长期服用阿德福韦酯引发继发性范可尼综合征二例

例1 患者男,63岁,因腰痛、双下肢乏力5个月于2012年7月来我院就诊.HBV血清学标志物阳性7年,2007年被诊断为乙型肝炎肝硬化代偿期,予拉米夫定(LAM,100 mg/d)抗病毒治疗,2009年因YMDD变异改为LAM联合阿德福韦酯(ADV,10 mg/d)治疗.2011年8月血清肌酐(Cr)轻度升高,尿蛋白(+).5个月前出现腰部疼痛,双下肢乏力,呈逐渐加重.入院时体格检查:慢性肝病面容,巩膜无黄染,无肝掌,蜘蛛痣(+).腹部平软,肝脾肋缘下未及,移动性浊音阴性.双上肢肌力正常,双下肢肌力Ⅳ级,肌张力正常.实验室检查:血常规正常;HBV血清学标志物:HBsAg(+),HBeAg(+),抗-HBc(+);HBV DNA载量低于检测值下限;肝功能:丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT) 54 U/L,天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)26 U/L,谷酰转肽酶(GGT)62 U/L,碱性磷酸酶(ALP) 367 U/L,其余指标正常;肾功能:血Cr137.8 μmol/L;电解质:P-0.5 mmol/L,K+3.4 mmol/L,Cl-110.6 mmol/L,其余正常.空腹血糖正常.甲状旁腺激素:1 pmol/L(1.3～9.3 pmol/L).血25-羟维生素D3正常.     

无肝素血液透析联合血液灌流成功救治肝性脑病一例

肝性脑病是由严重肝病引起的、以代谢紊乱为基础、中枢神经系统功能失调的综合征,其主要临床表现是意识障碍、行为失常和昏迷.有腹液、黄疸、出血倾向的患者多数肝功能很差,其预后也差.我们采用无肝索血液透析联合血液灌流成功救治1例,现报道如下.患者男性,38岁,因肝性脑病、肝肾综合征、原发性肝癌术后(腹腔淋巴结转移)、乙型肝炎(肝硬化)、低蛋白血症、低钠血症、高钾血症、急性肾功能衰竭入院.患者主要症状表现为谵妄、烦躁,重度腹液,双下肢浮肿,全身黄染.人院查体:患者为留置腹腔引流管(引流液呈血性),可进少量流质.实验室检查显示血肌酐322 μmol/L,尿素氮19.76 mmol/L,尿酸584μmol／L,碱性磷酸酶915 U/L,谷丙转氨酶801 U/L,谷草转氨酶6189 U/L,总胆红素496.3 μmol/L,直接胆红素219.3 μmol/L,间接胆红素277 μmol/L,总胆汁酸359 mol/L,血钠125 mmol/L,血氯90 mmol/L,血钙1mmol/L,总二氧化碳20.1.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.