逆行胰胆管造影、乳头括约肌切开配合腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆石症

为治疗伴有或可疑伴有胆总管结石的胆囊结石病人，在对胆囊结石病人行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）时，对ＬＣ术前可疑伴有胆总管继发性结石的１４２例病人（术前组）和ＬＣ术后可疑胆总管残留结石的３９例病人（术后组）选择性地行逆行性胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）检查和乳头括约肌切开术（ＥＳＴ）治疗。结果：术前组ＥＲＣＰ发现胆总管继发结石６５例，ＥＳＴ清除结石６０例，清除率９１．５％；术后组ＥＲＣＰ发现胆总管残留结石６例，ＥＳＴ清除结石５例。结果提示ＥＲＣＰ、ＥＳＴ配合ＬＣ治疗伴有胆总管结石的胆囊结石病人是一种安全有效的好方法，明显减少了ＬＣ的并发症和胆总管结石开腹手术的比例。     

逆行胰胆管造影,乳头括约肌切开配合腹腔镜胆囊切除术治…

为治疗伴有或可疑伴有胆总管结石的胆囊结石病人，在对胆囊结石病人行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）时，对ＬＣ术前可疑伴有胆总管继发性结石的１４２例病人（术前组）和ＬＣ术后可疑胆总管残留结石的３９例病人（术后组）选择性地行逆行性胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）检查和乳头括约肌切开术（ＥＳＴ）治疗。结果：术前组ＥＲＣＰ发现胆总管继发结石６５例，ＥＳＴ清除结石６０例，清除率９１．５％；术后组ＥＲＣＰ发现胆总管残留结石６例，     

奥曲肽预防ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎的疗效

目的探讨奥曲肽对内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎的预防作用．方法行ＥＲＣＰ患者２７６例，随机分为两组：预防组１６７例，分别于术前３０ｍｉｎ及术后４ｈ内ｓｃ奥曲肽０１ｍｇ；对照组１０９例，ＥＲＣＰ术前后分别予生理盐水１ｍＬｓｃ．两组患者术前后均不用其他任何抑制胰腺分泌及预防胰腺炎药物．并分别于术前、术后２ｈ，２４ｈ作血清淀粉酶测定，同时观察胰腺炎的发生情况．结果预防组ＥＲＣＰ术后２ｈ，２４ｈ血淀粉酶（Ｕ／Ｌ）分别为２４６±２２４和２５２±２９１；明显低于对照组（４９９±５９７和４６６±５５９，Ｐ＜００１）；预防组发生胰腺炎７例（４２％），对照组发生９例（８３％，Ｐ＜００１）．结论小剂量奥曲肽能有效地预防ＥＲＣＰ术后的高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术严重手术并发症的预防

目的评价腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）的安全性和有效性，对２８８０例ＬＣ及其并发症的预防加以总结．方法对２８８０例良性胆囊疾病患者行ＬＣ，术前选择性地行ＥＲＣＰ等影像学检查．结果ＬＣ时中转开腹胆囊切除术１２３例（４３％），中转原因多为Ｃａｌｏｔ三角粘连严重，解剖结构不清楚．共发生各种并发症２１例（０７２％），其中胆漏４例，出血３例，膈下积液５例，十二指肠穿孔１例，胆总管残留结石８例，均治愈．无手术死亡病例，也无胆道损伤等严重并发症发生．结论手术者的胆道外科素质，选择性术前ＥＲＣＰ检查，慎重细致的手术操作，是预防胆道损伤等严重手术并发症发生的重要因素．     

原发性肝癌雌激素受体表达及内分泌治疗

目的研究原发性肝癌雌激素受体（ＥＲ）的表达及内分泌治疗的临床价值．方法应用Ｌｅｅ氏荧光配体细胞化学法检测４１例手术病理确诊的原发性肝癌ＥＲ的表达．本组男３８例，女３例，年龄２５岁～７２岁．同时检测肝癌的组织类型、分化程度、肿瘤大小、血清ＡＦＰ及ＣＥＡ．６例ＥＲ阳性者采用他莫昔芬治疗（每次２０ｍｇ，２次／ｄ，长期服用）并观察疗效．结果肝癌组织ＥＲ阳性２０／４１例，阳性率４８８％．ＥＲ阳性率与患者年龄、性别、ＡＦＰ、ＣＥＡ含量及组织类型（梁状型ＥＲ阳性４５０％，腺样型３３３％，实体型７１４％，硬化型６６７％，透明细胞型２５０％；Ｐ＞００５）无明显关系，与肿瘤体积（≥１０ｃｍ，ＥＲ阳性率７５０％；＜１０ｃｍ，ＥＲ阳性２３８％；Ｐ＜００１）和分化程度（分化好２６例，ＥＲ阳性３４６％；分化差１５例，ＥＲ阳性７３３％；Ｐ＜００５）有显著关系．本组ＥＲ阳性病例中６例经他莫昔芬内分泌治疗有效５／６（８３３％），其中４例ＡＦＰ下降．结论ＥＲ阳性肝细胞癌患者进行内分泌治疗有一定疗效     

毕Ⅱ式胃切除患者行ERCP肠穿孔并发症的预防与治疗3例

１病例报告例１　男,７５岁,有多次胆道手术和胃切除史,因胆总管残余结石行ＥＲＣＰ,操作中内镜顺利到位,胆道造影成功后,采用余结石行ＥＲＣＰ,操作中内镜顺利到位,胆道造影成功后,采用针状切开刀行乳头括红肌小切开（长约０．５ｃｍ）,取石篮取石时颇困难,略用力取出直径１．０ｃｍ和０．５ｃｍ的结石各１枚,整个过程耗时１ｈ,当晚患者述腹痛,次日腹部透视发现膜后肾周及腰大肌旁有气体影,确认肠穿孔,ＥＲＣＰ后３０ｈ手术探查,术中发现十二指肠降段充血水肿,局部有少量渗血,打开侧腹膜见腹膜后有少量胆汁样渗液,考虑…     

经内镜治疗胆总管结石及Oddi括约肌狭窄

自１９９７年５月至１９９８年９月,我们选择经Ｂ超及经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）诊断的３４例胆总管结石和６例Ｏｄｄｉ括约肌狭窄者,行经内镜乳头括约肌切开术（ＥＳＴ）或经内镜乳头括约肌气囊扩张术（ＥＰＢＤ）后,采用网篮及机械碎石后取石或自然排石等方...     

经内镜机械性碎石清除胆总管结石的相关因素

对４１例经内镜乳头括约肌切开术（ＥＳＴ）难以清除的胆总管结石患者做经内镜机械性碎石术（ＥＭＬ）。结石共８９块，３１例（３４块）结石横径≥２０ｍｍ，全部结石清除率９７．６％。ＥＭＬ后１次完全清除结石率为：大切开时为７８．６％，中小切开时分别为５８．８％与０；胆管末端径≥１４ｍｍ者为８３．３％，＜９ｍｍ者为３０．８％；取石篮为６／１０，气囊导管为４／９，两者并用为８３．３％，１周内自然排石为１／５。结论：ＥＭＬ后清除结石主要与乳头切开大小、胆管末端径以及取石方法相关；结石大且与胆管壁密切接触时，向胆管内注入大量稀释的造影剂能增加其间隙，有利于套石；结石坚硬是碎石失败的原因之一。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术前ERCP的应用评价（附57例报告）

５７例临床表现为单纯胆囊良性疾患的病人行术前ＥＲＣＰ检查，成功率为９２．９％，其中发现胆道变异３例（５．２％），６例（１２．８％）合并胆总管结石，并在术前行内镜乳头切开取石术，５４例接受腹腔镜胆囊切除术。通过对ＥＢＣＰ影像特点与术中难易程度关系的分析，提出ＥＲＣＰ对于腹腔镜胆囊切除术前病例的选择，判断术中操作的难易程度有参考价值，对合并胆总管结石的处理有很大的帮助。     

急性胰腺炎早期ERCP及内镜治疗66例

目的探讨急性胰腺炎患者早期ＥＲＣＰ及内镜治疗应用的价值及安全性．方法急性胰腺炎患者作早期（１ｄ～７ｄ内）ＥＲＣＰ及内镜治疗（ＥＲＣＰ组，６６例），并以同期保守治疗的急性胰腺炎患者６０例作对照（对照组），观察两组患者血清淀粉酶恢复时间，腹痛缓解时间、住院天数、住院费用及并发症发生情况．结果ＥＲＣＰ组中，３６例为胆道疾病患者，４例为胰管结石，４例为胰腺分裂症，３例为乳头旁巨大憩室，１７例ＥＲＣＰ未见异常．作内镜下治疗３３例，其中ＥＰＴ及取石术１７例，４例作了副乳头切开及扩张术，１２例作了鼻胆管引流术．ＥＲＣＰ组腹痛缓解天数及平均住院天数分别为１１５ｄ±３６ｄ及２１７ｄ±５０ｄ，明显短于对照组（１５４ｄ±７８ｄ及３３０ｄ±６８ｄ，Ｐ＜００１）．血清淀粉酶恢复时间及住院费用两组相差不显著．两组均未发生严重并发症．结论急性胰腺炎早期ＥＲＣＰ及内镜治疗经济安全、有效，可缩短腹痛缓解时间及住院天数，作者认为对胆源性胰腺炎应尽早行ＥＲＣＰ及内镜治疗．     

内镜下乳头球囊扩张术和乳头括约肌切开术治疗胆总管结石的比较

目的 探讨内镜下乳头球囊扩张术(EPBD)治疗胆总管结石的有效性和安全性.方法 2005年6月至2007年5月山东大学齐鲁医院320例拟行内镜下取石的胆总管结石患者,随机分为EPBD组及内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(EST)组,每组160例.EPBD组在乳头球囊扩张后用取石网篮或气囊取石,当结石较大时先行机械碎石网篮碎石后再取石;EST组按常规操作.两组术后均常规鼻胆管引流3 d,并造影复查.结果 EST组及EPBD组分别有156例(97.5%)及157例(98.1%)成功取净结石,其中各有112例(70.0%)及104例(65.0%)一次完成;机械碎石网篮应用比例分别为20.0%(32/160)和22.5%(36/160);术后早期并发症的总发生率分别为5.6%及8.1%,无死亡病例.随访3年,EST组胆管结石复发率(7.5%)高于EPBD组(2.5%),P＜0.05.结论 EPBD取石具有与EST取石相近的成功率,经术后常规鼻胆管引流处理后,胰腺炎发生率无明显升高.EPBD可以作为胆总管结石的备选治疗措施,尤其是对不适于EST的患者.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic papillary balloon dilation( EPBD ) for the removal of common bile duct stones. Methods Three hundred and twenty consecutive patients with common bile duct stones on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) who met all eligibility criteria were randomly assigned endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) or EPBD.Complications were classified by an expert panel unaware of treatment allocation and outcome. Results After a single ERCP, all stones were removed from 112 patients ( 70% ) assigned EST and 104 ( 65% )assigned EPBD. Mechanical lithotripsy was used to fragment stones in 36 (22. 5% ) EPBD procedures and 32 ( 20. 0% ) EST procedures. Early complications occurred in 5.6% EST patients and 8.1% EPBD patients. No patient died. Gallstone disease recurrence, which is a long-term complication, is 7. 5% ( 12/160) in EST patients and 2.5% (4/160) in EPBD patients, P ＜0. 05. Conclusions The success rate of EPBD was similar to that of EST. We found no evidence of previously suggested higher risk of pancreatitis with EPBD, and suggest that EPBD is preferred in patients who are not suitable for EST, such as those with high risk of bleeding. This procedure is a valuable alternative to EST in patients with bile duct stones.     

内镜十二指肠乳头切开术治疗十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管结石

目的 探讨内镜乳头括约肌切开术(EST)对十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管结石治疗的方法及价值.方法 我院2005年1月至2009年4月282例EST病例,其中38例为十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管结石患者,回顾性分析十二指肠憩室对这些病例的ERCP成功率、EST及其并发症的影响.结果 该组38例十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管...     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术治疗老年胆总管巨大结石40例

目的探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗老年胆总管巨大结石的可行性及安全性。方法 40例老年胆总管巨大结石患者完善术前准备,密切监护下经十二指肠镜先行ERCP,发现胆总管结石后行内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开(EST)和机械碎石(EML)取石,视具体情况留置鼻胆管引流及支架置入引流。结果 40例患者37例取石获得成功,成功率92.5%;其中10例经过二次取石。所有患者腹痛症状明显改善,皮肤巩膜黄染迅速消褪,发热患者48 h内体温趋于正常。术后并发轻型胰腺炎4例,乳头肌切口创面轻度渗血2例,均经内科保守治疗痊愈,未发生肠穿孔、胆道撕脱等严重并发症和死亡。结论 ERCP治疗老年胆总管巨大结石是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,应考虑作为治疗的首选方案。     

Relationship between intraduodenal peri-ampullary diverticulum and biliary disease in 178 patients undergoing ERCP

BACKGROUND:The presence of intraduodenal peri-ampullary diverticulum is often observed during upper digestive tract barium meal studies and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP).A few papers in China and overseas reported that the diverticulum had something to do with the incidence of cholelithiasis. This study was undertaken to further test this notion and ascertain the relationship between intraduodenal peri- ampullary diverticulum and biliary disease,especially the formation of bile duct pigment stones. METHODS:A total of 178 patients who had undergone ERCP or endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST)were studied retrospectively.They were divided into 6 groups according to the category of biliary disease,and the incidence rates of intraduodenal peri-ampullary diverticulum were calculated. RESULTS:There were 44 patients with intraduodenal peri- ampullary diverticulum in 81 patients with primary bile duct pigment stones(54.32%),4 in 8 patients with bile duct stones and gallbladder stones(50%),7 in 33 patients with bile duct stones secondary to gallbladder stones(21.21%), 3 in 21 patients with inflammation and stricture of the end of the bile duct and papilla(14.29%),1 in 22 patients with carcinoma of the end of the bile duct and papilla(4.54%), and 5 in 13 patients with post-cholecystectomy syndrome or sphincter of Oddi dysfunction(38.46%). CONCLUSIONS:The incidence rate of intraduodenal peri- ampullary diverticulum in patients with primary bileduct pigment stones is higher than that in patients with bile duct stones secondary to gallbladder stones,patients with inflammation and stricture of the end of the bile duct and papilla,and patients with carcinoma of the end of the bile duct and papilla.These findings indicate that the anatomical abnormalities and malfunction of the sphincter of Oddi play an important role in the formation of bile duct pigment stones.     

经内镜诊治肝移植术后胆道远期并发症

目的：探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在诊断和治疗肝移植患者胆道远期并发症中的应用。方法：肝移植术后出现胆道远期并发症患者6例，共行ERCP 12次，根据患者的情况进行扩张、内镜下乳头切开取石、内支架置入等治疗。结果：1例胆总管结石行乳头切开后取石成功，1例胆道狭窄在胆道扩张后胆道梗阻症状解除，4例胆道狭窄合并胆总管结石的狭窄近端结石经乳头切开取出，狭窄远端结石行胆道扩张、内支架置入等治疗后取出。所有患者经治疗后胆红素、碱性磷酸酶等酶学指标均有不同程度的下降，无严重并发症发生。结论：ERCP是诊断和治疗肝移植患者胆道远期并发症安全、有效的手段。     

Comparison between endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation and endoscopic sphincterotomy for the treatment of common bile duct stones

Background This study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic outcome and early postoperative complications, especially pancreatitis, of endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) and endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) in patients with common bile duct stones in our department. Methods One hundred eighty patients with common bile duct stones were randomized to undergo EPBD or EST. An 8-mm dilatation balloon was used for EPBD. Modified Cotton's criteria, in which relatively mild pancreatitis is also included as a complication, were used to determine the incidence of postoperative complications. Results The rate of complete removal of stones was significantly higher in the EST group (95.6%) than in the EPBD group (86.6%); for stones less than 10 mm in diameter, however, the rate with EPBD (93.8%) was almost equivalent to that with EST (98.1%). According to modified Cotton's criteria, the incidence of postoperative pancreatitis was significantly higher in the EPBD group (16.7%) than in the EST group (6.7%). Bleeding was encountered in one patient (1.1%) in the EST group, but in none in the EPBD group. No fatal complication occurred in either the EPBD or the EST group. Conclusions Although EPBD appears to be comparable to EST for removal of small common bile duct stones, mild postoperative pancreatitis is more likely to occur with EPBD than with EST.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术联合内镜下逆行胰胆管造影和十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术治疗胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石患者疗效研究*

目的 探讨采用腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)、内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)和十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)联合治疗胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石患者的疗效。方法 2018年1月～2020年10月我院治疗的胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石88例,在47例观察组采用LC联合ERCP和EST手术,在41例对照组采用开腹胆囊切除和胆总管探查取石治疗。采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价术后疼痛程度。结果 两组结石一次性清除率比较无显著性差异(93.6%对95.1%,P>0.05);观察组术中出血量为(28.1±6.2)ml,显著少于对照组【(43.9±7.5)ml,P<0.05】,手术时间、术后禁食时间和住院时间分别为(105.7±25.5)min、(2.2±0.4)d和(7.6±1.0)d,显著短于对照组【分别为(130.2±26.7)min、(3.0±0.6)d和(12.7±1.3)d,P<0.05】;术后48 h和72 h VAS评分分别为(3.7±0.6)分和(2.5±0.5)分,均显著低于对照组【分别为(4.0±0.7)分和(2.9±0.5)分,P<0.05】;术后7 d,观察组血清ALT和AST水平分别为(46.1±5.6)U/L和(42.5±5.2)U/L,显著低于对照组【分别为(59.8±5.4)U/L和(64.7±5.1)U/L,P<0.05】,而血脂肪酶水平为(808.2±105.7)U/L,显著高于对照组【(721.9±103.0)U/L,P<0.05】;术后观察组并发症发生率为4.3%,显著低于对照组的14.1%(P<0.05)。结论 采用LC联合ERCP和EST治疗胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石患者可促进术后恢复,改善肝功能,减少并发症的发生。     

十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张治疗难治性胆总管结石的疗效评价

目的 探讨乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张治疗难治性胆总管结石的效果和安全性.方法 将2008年3月至2009年12月收治的难治性胆总管结石患者随机分为两组,分别为乳头括约肌切开组及乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张组,比较两组间结石取净率、取石次数、机械碎石使用率、并发症发生率.结果 两组间结石取净率、早期并发症发生率,差异无统计学意义（2/61比2/62,6/61比4/62;P＞0.05）;乳头括约肌切开组需多次及需要使用机械碎石才能取净结石的比例以高于乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张组,率差异有统计学意义（15/61比5/62,12/6l比4/62;P＜0.05）.结论 乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张与乳头括约肌切开两种方法同样安全有效;乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张操作更简便.     

Preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy in the treatment of patients with cholecystocholedocholithiasis

Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) are the most common methods for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cholecystocholedocholithiasis. We evaluated the selection criteria for preoperative ERCP examination and the results of endoscopic‐laparoscopic treatment of patients with choledocholithiasis. Between January 1993 and December 1998, 1630 patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis were admitted for surgical intervention. Preoperative ERCP was performed in 247 patients according to the selection criteria. The criteria to perform ERCP were dilated common bile duct (CBD; more than 8mm), abnormal serum liver test results, and a recent history of pancreatitis. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) was performed if CBD stones were found during the procedure. LC was then carried out within 3 days after ES. Of the 247 patients selected for preoperative ERCP, CBD stones were confirmed in 146 patients (59.1%). ES was successful in 141 patients, and stone clearance was achieved in 133 patients, resulting in a 94.3% success rate. Eight patients (5.5%) had complications after endoscopic intervention, all of which resolved uneventfully. Open operative procedures were carried out in a total of 31 patients. Overall, 115 patients were successfully treated by this endoscopic laparoscopic sequence. The length of hospital stay in these groups was significantly lower than that for patients in whom an open method was employed. Preoperative ES combined with LC is a safe and effective therapy for cholecystocholedocholithiasis, and the criteria that we used for the selection of patients seem to be appropriate.